Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 202-215

  Hart, Thomas C ^a   Kornman, Kenneth S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INTERLEUKIN 1; PROSTAGLANDIN E2;

BIOSYNTHESIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; PERIODONTITIS; REVIEW;

ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; DINOPROSTONE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INTERLEUKIN-1; PERIODONTITIS; PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC;

EID: 0031152179     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00198.x     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Alaluusua S, Asikainen S, Lai C. Intrafamilial transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 207-210.
2. Ambrosino DM, Schiffman G, Gotschlich EC, Schur PH, Rosenberg GA, DeLange GG, van Loghem E, Siber GR. Correlation between G2m(n) immunoglobulin allotype and human response and susceptibility to polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria. J Clin Invest 1985: 75: 1935-1942.
3. Anderson DC, Springer TA. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency: an inherited defect in the Mac-1, LFA-1, and GP150.95 glycoproteins. Annu Rev Med 1987: 38: 175-194.
4. Baer P, Lieberman J. Periodontal disease in six strains of inbred mice. J Dent Res 1960: 39: 215.
5. Beaty TH, Boughman JA, Yang P, Astemborski JA, Suzuki JB. Genetic analysis of juvenile periodontitis in families ascertained through an affected proband. Am J Hum Genet 1987: 40: 443-452.
6. Beck JD, Koch GG, Rozier RG, Tudor GE. Prevalence and risk indicators for periodontal attachment loss in a population of older community-dwelling blacks and whites. J Periodontol 1990: 61: 521-528.
7. Benjamin SD, Baer PN. Familial patterns of advanced alveolar bone loss in adolescence (periodontosis). Periodontics 1967: 5: 82-88.
8. Birkedal-Hansen H. Role of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in tissue destruction. J Periodont Res 1993: 28: 500-510.
9. Blakemore AIF, Tarlow JK, Cork MJ, Gordon C, Emery P, Duff GW. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism as a disease severity factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994: 37: 1380-1385.
10. Boughman JA, Halloran SL, Roulston D, Schwartz S, Suzuki JD, Weitkamp LR, Wenk RE, Wooten R, Cohen MM. An autosomal-dominant form of juvenilé periodontitis: its localization to chromosome 4 and linkage to dentinogenesis imperfecta and Gc. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1986: 6: 341-350.
11. Boughman JA, Astemborski JA, Suzuki JB. Phenotypic assessment of early onset periodontitis in sibships. J Clin Periodontol 1992: 19: 233-239.
12. Bradwell AR. IgG subclasses in childhood infections. Acta Paediatr Sin 1995: 36: 164-169.
13. Bredius RGM, de Vries CEE, Troelstra A, van Alphen L, Weening RS, van de Minkel JGJ, Out TA. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzas type Bna opsonized with polyclonal human IgG1 and: IgG2 antibodies. Functional hFc-gamma-RIIa polymorphism to IgG2. J Immunol 1993: 151S: 1463-1472.
14. Bredius RG, Derkx BH, Fijen CA, de Wit TP, de Haas M, Weening RS, van de Winkel JG, Out TA. Fcγ receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism in fulminant meningococcal septic shock in children. J Infect Dis 1994: 170: 848-853.
15. Butler JH. A familial pattern of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis). J Periodontol 1969: 40: 115-118.
16. Cerami A. Inflammatory cytokines. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992: 62(1 pt 2): S3-10.
17. Choi JI, Ha MH, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Immunoglobulin allotypes and immunoglobulin G subclass responses to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in early-onset periodontitis. Infect Immun 1996: 64: 4226-4230.
18. Christersson LA, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, Machtei EE, Genco RJ. Dental plaque and calculus: risk indicators for their formation. J Dent Res 1992: 71: 1425-1430.
19. Cohen DW, Goldman HM. Clinical observations on the modification of human oral tissue metabolism by local intraoral factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1960: 85: 68.
20. Corey LA, Nance WE, Hofstede P, Schenkein HA. Self-reported periodontal disease in a Virginia twin population. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 1205-1208.
21. Cox A, Duff GW. Cytokines as genetic modifying factors in immune and inflammatory diseases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996: 9: 129-132.
22. Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, Smith MW, Allikmets R, Goedert JJ, Buchbinder SP, Vittinghoff E, Gomperts E, Donfield S, Vlahov D, Kaslow R, Saah A, Rinaldo C, Detels R, O'Brien SJ. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science 1996: 273: 1856-1862.
23. Deplazes P, Smith NC, Arnold P, Lutz H, Eckert J. Specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses of dogs to Leishmania infantum and other parasites. Parasite Immunol 1995: 17: 451-458.
24. Derkx HHF, Bruin KF, Jongeneel CV, de Waal LP, Brinkman BMN, Verweij CL, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Rosendaal FR, van Devanter SJH. Familial differences in endotoxininduced TNF release in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: relationship to TNF gene polymorphism. J Endotox Res 1995: 2: 19-25.
25. di Giovine FS, Duff GW. Association between psoriasis, IL-1B gene polymorphism and IL-1β production. Submitted.
26. Dimock KA, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Th1-like antifilarial immune responses to predominant in antigen-negative persons. Infect Immun 1996: 64: 2962-2967.
27. Duff GW. Molecular genetics of cytokines: Cytokines in chronic inflammatory disease. In: Thompson A, ed. The cytokine handbook, 2nd edn. London: Academic Press, 1994: 21-30.
28. Fourel J. Periodontosis: a periodontal syndrome. J Periodontol 1972: 43: 240-255.
29. Fourel J. Periodontosis, juvenile periodontosis or Gottlieb syndrome? A report of 4 cases. J Periodontol 1974: 45: 234.
30. Frank MO, Mandell GL. Adjuncts to antibacterial therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995: 9: 769-781.
31. Genco RJ, Van Dyke TE, Levine MJ, Nelson RD, Wilson ME. Molecular factors influencing neutrophil defects in periodontal disease. J Dent Res 1986: 65: 1379-1391.
32. Granoff DM, Holmes SJ. G2m(23) immunoglobulin allotype and immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Infect Dis 1992: 165(suppl 1): S66-69.
33. Grundy HO, Peltz G, Moore KW, Golbus MS, Jackson LG, Lebo RV. The polymorphic Fc-gamma receptor II gene maps to human chromosome 1q. Immunogenetics 1989: 29: 331-339.
34. Gunsolley JC, Burmeister JA, Tew JG, Best AM, Ranny RR. Relationship of serum antibody to attachment level patterns in young adults with juvenile periodontitis or generalized severe periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 1987: 58: 314-320.
35. Haber J. Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis. Curr Opin Periodontol 1994: 12-18.
36. Hart TC, Schenkein HA, Marazita ML, Brooks CN, Gunsolley JG, Diehl SR. No female predominance in juvenile periodontitis after correction for ascertainment bias. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 745-749.
37. Hart TC, Marazita ML, Schenkein HA, Diehl SR. Reinterpretation of the evidence of X-linked dominant inheritance of juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 169-173.
38. Hart TC, Marazita ML, McCanna KM, Schenkein HA, Diehl SR. Re-evaluation of the chromosome 4q candidate region for early onset periodontitis. Hum Genet 1993: 91: 416-422.
39. Hart TC. Genetic considerations of risk in human periodontal disease. Curr Opin Periodontol 1994: 3-11.
40. Hart TC, Shapira L, Van Dyke TE. Neutrophil defects as risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 521-529.
41. Hart TC. Genetic risk factors for early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 355-366.
42. Hassell TM, Harris EL. Genetic influences in caries and periodontal diseases. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995: 6(4): 319-342.
43. Ishikawa I, Nakashima K, Koseki T, Nagasawa, Watanabe H, Arakawa S, Nitta H, Nishihara T. Induction of the immune response to periodontopathic bacteria and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1997: 14: 79-111.
44. Johnson NW, Griffiths GS, Wilton JMA, Maiden MFJ, Curtis MA, Gillett IR, Wilson DT, Sterne JA. Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases. Evidence for the existence of high-risk groups and individuals and approaches to their detection. J Clin Periodontol 1988: 15: 276-282.
45. Jorgenson RJ, Levin LS, Hutcherson ST, Salinas CE. Periodontitis in sibs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1975: 39: 396-402.
46. Kalmar JR, Arnold RR, Van Dyke TE. Direct interaction of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans with normal and defective (LJP) neutrophils. J Periodont Res 1987: 22: 179-181.
47. Kargman S, Charleson S, Cartwright M, Frank J, Riendeau D, Mancini J, Evans J, O'Neill G. Characterization of prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 in rat, dog, monkey, and human gastrointestinal tracts. Gastroenterology 1996: 111: 445-454.
48. Kawano Y, Noma T, Yata J. Regulation of human IgG subclass production by cytokines. IFN-gamma and IL-6 act antagonistically in the induction of human IgG1 but additively in the induction of IgG2. J Immunol 1994: 153: 4948-4958.
49. Konradsen HB, Hahn-Zoric M, Nagao AT, Hanson LA. Differences within mono- and dizygotic twin-pairs in spectrotypes and clones of IgG2 antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide type 1 and C-polysaccharide after vaccination. Scand J Immunol 1994: 40: 423-428.
50. Konradsen HB, Oxelius VA, Hahn-Zoric M, Hanson LA. The importance of G1m and 2 allotypes for the IgG2 antibody levels and avidity against pneumococcal polysaccharide type 1 within mono- and dizygotic twin-pairs. Scand J Immunol 1994: 40: 251-256.
51. Korkhaus G. Über die erbliche Disposition zur paradentose. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1952: 7: 441-448.
52. Kornman KS, Crane A, Wang HY, di Giovine FS, Newman MG, Pirk FW, Wilson TG, Higginbottom FL, Duff GW. The interleukin 1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 72-77.
53. Kuijpers TW, Weening RS, Out TA. IgG subclass deficiencies and recurrent pyogenic infections, unresponsiveness against bacterial polysaccharide antigens. Allergol Immunopathol 1992: 20: 28-34.
54. Lander PS, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994: 265: 2037-2048.
55. Lee SH, Soyoola F, Chanmugam P, Hart S, Sun W, Zhong H, Liou S, Simmons D, Hwant D. Selective expression of mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1992: 267: 25934-25938.
56. Lee HJ, Kang IK, Chung CP, Choi SM. The subgingival microflora and gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in refractory periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 885-890.
57. Levin M, Newport MJ, D'Souze S, Kalabalikis P, Brown IN, Lenicker HM, Agius PV, Davies EG, Thrasher A, Klein N, Blackwell JM. Familial disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in childhood: a human mycobacterial susceptibility gene? Lancet 1995: 345: 79-83.
58. Lindhe J, Hamp SE, Löe H. Plaque induced periodontal disease in beagle dogs. A 4-year clinical, roentgeno-graphical and histometrical study. J Periodont Res 1975: 10: 243-255.
59. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 co-receptor accounts for resistance of some multiple-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996: 86: 367-377.
60. Liu C-M, Hou L-T, Wong M-Y, Rossomando EF. Relationships between clinical parameters, interleukin-1β and histopathologic findings of gingival tissue in periodontitis patients. Cytokine 1996: 8: 161-167.
61. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E. Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment of Sri Lankan laborers 14 to .46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 1986: 13: 431-440.
62. Long JC, Nance WE, Waring P, Burmeister JA, Ranney RR. Early onset periodontitis: a comparison and evaluation of two proposed modes of inheritance. Genet Epidemiol 1987: 4: 13-24.
63. Lopez NJ. Clinical, laboratory, and immunological studies of a family with a high prevalence of prepubertal and juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 457-468.
64. Lu H, Wang M, Gunsolley JC, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Serum immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations in periodontally healthy and diseased individuals. Infect Immun 1994 62: 1677-1682.
65. Malo D, Skamene E. Genetic control of host resistance to infection. Trends Genet 1994: 10: 365-371.
66. Malo D, Vogan K, Vidal S, Hu J, Cellier M, Schurr E, Fuks A, Bumstead N, Morgan K, Gros P. Haplotype mapping and sequence analysis of the mouse Nramp gene predict susceptibility to infection with intracellular parasites. Genomics 1994: 23: 51-61.
67. Marazita ML, Burmeister JA, Gunsolley JC, Koertge TE, Lake K, Schenkein HA. Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance and race-specific heterogeneity in early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 623-630.
68. Marazita ML, Lu H, Cooper ME, Quinn SM, Zhang J, Bermeister JA, Califano JV, Pandey JP, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Genetic segregation analyses of serum IgG2 levels. Am J Hum Genet 1996: 58: 1042-1049.
69. McDowell TL, Symons JA, Ploski R, Forre O, Duff GW. A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1α polymorphism. Arthritis Rheum 1995: 38: 221-228.
70. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D. Variation in the TNFα promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 1995: 371: 508-510.
71. McKusick VA. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OM-IM™. Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore MD) and National Center for Biotechnology Information. National Library of Medicine (Bethesda MD), 1996.
72. Melnick M, Shields ED, Bixler E. Periodontosis: a phenotype and genetic analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1976: 42: 32-41.
73. Michalowicz BS, Aeppli DP, Kuba RK, Bereuter JE, Conry JP, Segal NL, Bouchard TJ Jr, Pihlstrom BL. A twin study of genetic variation in proportional radiographic alveolar bone height. J Dent Res 1991: 70: 1431-1435.
74. Michalowicz BS, Aeppli D, Virag JG, Klump DG, Hinrichs JE, Segal NL, Bouchard TJ Jr, Pihlstrom BL. Periodontal findings in adult twins. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 293-299.
75. Michalowicz BS. Genetic and inheritance considerations in periodontal disease. Curr Opin Periodontol 1993: 11-17.
76. Michalowicz BS. Genetic and heritable risk factors in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 479-488.
77. Moore WEC. Microbiology of periodontal disease. J Periodont Res 1987: 22: 335-341.
78. Offenbacher S, Heasman PA, Collins JG. Modulation of host PGE2 secretion as a determinant of periodontal disease expression. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 432-444.
79. Offenbacher S. Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis. Ann Periodontol 1996: 1: 821-878.
80. Ohga S, Okada K, Asahi T, Ueda K, Sakiyama Y, Matsumoto S. Recurrent pneumococcal meningitis in a patient with transient IgG subclass deficiency. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1995: 37: 196-200.
81. Ohtonen S, Kontturri-Narki L, Markkanen H, Synjanen S. Juvenile periodontitis - a clinical and radiological familial study. J Pedod 1983: 8: 28-33.
82. Osborne R. Respective role of twin, sibling, family and population methods in dentistry and medicine. J Dent Res 1963: 42: 1276-1287.
83. Osborne JM, Chacko GW, Barndt JT, Anderson CL. Ethnic variation in frequency of an allelic polymorphism of human Fc-gamma-RIIA determined with allele specific oligonucleotide probes. J Immunol Methods 1994: 173: 207-217.
84. Oxelius VA. Serum IgG and IgG subclass contents in different Gm phenotypes. Scand J Immunol 1993: 37: 149-153.
85. Oxelius VA, Carlsson AM, Hammarström L, Björkander J, Hanson LA. Linkage of IgA deficiency to Gm allotypes: the influence of Gm allotypes on IgA-IgG subclass deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 1995: 99: 211-215.
86. Page RC, Sims TJ, Geissler F, Altman LC, Baab DA. Abnormal leukocyte motility in patients with early-onset periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1984: 19: 591-594.
87. Page RC, Beatty P, Waldrop TC. Molecular basis for the functional abnormality in neutrophils from patients with generalized prepubertal periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1987: 22: 182-183.
88. Petit MDA, van Steenbergen TJM, de Graaff J, van der Velden U. Epidemiology and transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans among children and their family members. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 641-650.
89. Pociot F, Molvig J, Wogensen L, Worsaae H, Nerup J. A Taq1 polymorphism in the human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene correlates with secretion in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 1992: 22: 396-402.
90. Polak B, Vance JB, Dyer JK, Bird PS, Gemmell E, Reinhardt RA, Seymour GJ. IgG antibody subclass response to Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane antigens in gingivitis and adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 363-368.
91. Potter RH. Genetic studies of juvenile periodontitis. J Dent Res 1991: 69: 94-94.
92. Preiss DS, Meyle J. Interleukin-1 beta concentration of gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 423-428.
93. Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC, Schenkein JG, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Influence of smoking and race on immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations in early onset periodontitis patients. Infect Immun 1996: 64: 2500-2505.
94. Rautonen N, Sarvas H, Makela O. One allele of [g2m(n)] of the human IgG2 locus is more productive than the other. Eur J Immunol 1989: 19: 817-822.
95. Salmon JE, Millard S, Schachter LA, Arnett FC, Ginzler EM, Gourley MF, Ramsey-Goldman R, Peterson MGE, Kimberly RP. Fc-gamma-RIIA alleles are heritable risk factors for lupus nephritis in African Americans. J Clin Invest 1996: 97: 1348-1354.
96. Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Liesnard C, Farber CM, Saragosti S, Lapoumeroulie C, Cognaux J, Forceille C, Muyldermans G, Verhofstede C, Burtonboy G, Georges M, Imai T, Rana S, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Collman RG, Doms RW, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 1996: 382: 722-725.
97. Sanders LA, van de Winkel JG, Rijkers GT, Voorhorst-Ogink MM, de Haas M, Capel PJ, Zegers BJ. Fc gamma receptor lia (CD32) heterogeneity in patients with recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections. J Infect Dis 1994: 170: 854-861.
98. Sanders LA, Rijkers GT, Tenbergen-Meekes AM, Voorhorst-Ogink MM, Zegers BJ. Immunoglobulin isotypespecific antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Res 1995: 37: 812-819.
99. Sanders LA, Feldman RG, Voorhorst-Ogink MM, de Haas M, Rijkers GT, Capel PJ, Zegers BJ, van de Winkel JG. Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fe receptor IIA (CD32) polymorphism and IgG2-mediated bacterial phagocytosis by neutrophils. Infect Immun 1995: 63: 73-81.
100. Saxén L, Nevalinna HR. Autosomal recessive inheritance of juvenile periodontitis: test of a hypothesis. Clin Genet 1984: 25: 332-335.
101. Saxén L, Murtomaa HR. Age related expression of juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1985: 12: 21-26.
102. Schanfield MS. Forensic applications of immunoglobulin allotypes (GM, AM, and KM). In: Lee CJ, Gaensslen RE, ed. DNA and other polymorphisms in forensic science. St. Louis: Year Book Publishers, 1990: 160-213.
103. Schenkein HA, Van Dyke TE. Early-onset periodontitis: systemic aspects of etiology and pathogenesis. Periodontol 2000 1994: 6: 7-25.
104. Schenkein HA, Gunsolley JC, Koertge TC, Schenkein JG, Tew JG. Smoking and its effects on early-onset periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 1995: 126: 1107-1113.
105. Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K, Hauser S, Masferrer J, Perkins W, Lee L, Isakson P. Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994: 91: 12013-12017.
106. Shapira L, Eizenberg S, Sela MN, Soskolne A, Brautbar H. HLA A9 and B15 are associated with the generalized form, but not the localized form, of early-onset periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 219-223.
107. Sheffield VC, Nishimura DY, Stone EM. Novel approaches to linkage mapping. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1995: 5: 335-341.
108. Smith WL. Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. Am J Physiol 1992: 263: F181-F191.
109. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Evidence of bacterial etiology: a historical perspective. Periodontol 2000 1994: 5: 7-25.
110. Sofaer JA. Genetic approaches to the study of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1990: 7: 401-408.
111. Stashenko P, Fujiyoshi P, Obernesser MS, Prostak L, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Levels of interleukin-1β in tissue from sites of active periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1991: 18: 548-554.
112. Sussman HI, Baer PN. Three generations of periodontosis: case reports. Ann Dent 1978: 37: 8-11.
113. Tewari DS, Qian Y, Tewari M, Pieringer J, Thorton RD, Taub R, Mochan EO. Mechanistic features associated with induction of metalloproteinases in human gingival fibroblasts by interleukin-1. Arch Oral Biol 1994: 39: 657-664.
114. van der Giessen M, Freyee W, Rossouw E, van Loghem E. Qualitative and quantitative studies on IgG2 globulins in individual human sera with an antiserum capable of differentiating between Gm(n+) and Gm(n-) proteins. J Exp Immunol 1973: 14: 127-139.
115. Van Dyke TE, Schweinebraten M, Cianciola LJ, Offenbacher S, Genco RJ. Neutrophil chemotaxis in families with localized juvenile periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1985: 20: 503-514.
116. Van Dyke TE, Vaikuntam J. Neutrophil function and dysfunction in periodontal disease. Curr Opin Periodontol 1994: 19-27.
117. Vane JR, Botting RM. New insights into the mode of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflamm Res 1995: 44: 1-10.
118. Venuta A, Penza R, Cellini M, Garetti E, Bregomi A, Pastorelli S, Massolo F. Primary hypergammaglobulinemic purpura associated with IgG2 deficiency. A case report. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995: 13: 663-665.
119. Wang CY, Stashenko P. The role of interleukin-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of periapical bone destruction in a rat model system. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993: 8: 50-56.
120. Wang S, Sun C, Gillanders E, Wang Y-F, Duffy D, Bock C, Freas-Lutz D, Zhang Y-J, Lopez N, Schenkein H, Diehl S. Genome scan for susceptibility loci to the complex disorder early onset periodontitis. Am J Hum Genet 1996: 59: abstr 1386.
121. Warmerdam PA, van de Winkel JG, Gosselin EJ, Capel PJ. Molecular basis for a polymorphism on human Feγ receptor II (CD32). J Exp Med 1990: 172: 19-25.
122. Warmerdam PA, van de Winkel JG, Vlug A, Westerdaal NA, Capel PJ. A single amino acid in the second Ig-like domain of the human Fcγ receptor II is critical for human IgG2 binding. J Immunol 1991: 147: 1338-1343.
123. Warmerdam PA, Parren PW, Vlug A, Aarden LA, van de Winkel JG, Capel PJ. Polymorphism of the human Fc gamma receptor II (CD32): molecular basis and functional aspects. Immunobiology 1992: 185: 175-182.
124. Wheeler TT, McArthur WP, Magnusson I, Marks RG, Smith J, Sarrett DC, Bender BS, Clark WB. Modeling the relation-ship between clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic parameters and alveolar bone levels in an elderly population. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 68-78.
125. Wilson ME, Hamilton RG. Immunoglobulin G subclass response of localized juvenile periodontitis patients to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1992: 60: 1806-1812.
126. Wilson ME, Hamilton RG. Immunoglobulin G subclass response of juvenile periodontitis subjects to principal outer membrane proteins of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun 1995: 63: 1062-1069.
127. Wilson ME, Bronson PM, Hamilton RG. Immunoglobulin G2 antibodies promote neutrophil killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun 1995: 63: 1070-1075.
128. Wilson ME, Kalmar JR. Fc-gamma-RIIA (DC32) - a potential marker defining susceptibility to localized juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 323-331.
129. Yavuzyilmaz E, Yamalik N, Bulut S, Ozen S, Ersoy F, Saatci U. The gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis. Aust Dent J 1995: 40: 46-49.
130. Zhang JB, Quinn SM, Rausch M, Gunsolley JC, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Hyper-immunoglobulin G2 production by B-cells from patients with localized juvenile periodontitis and its regulation by monocytes. Infect Immun 1996: 64: 2004-2009.