In search of a bacterial species definition

Revista de Biologia Tropical

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 753-771

  Moreno, Edgardo ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL   (Costa Rica)

Author keywords

Afipia; Agrobacterium; Bacterial species; Bartonella; Bradyrhizobium; Brucella; Ochrobactrum; Phyllobacterium; Proteobacteria; Review; Rhizobium; Rhodopseudomonas

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BARTONELLA; BRUCELLA; CLASSIFICATION; GENETICS; RHIZOBIUM; RHODOPSEUDOMONAS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

BARTONELLA; BRUCELLA; RHIZOBIUM; RHODOPSEUDOMONAS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0031151274     PISSN: 00347744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Allardet-Servent, A. G. Bourg, M. Ramuz, M. Pages M. Bellis, & G. Roizes. 1988. DNA polymorphism in strains of the genus Brucella. J. Bacteriol. 170: 4603-4607.
2. Amábile-Cuevas, C. F. & M. E. Chicurel. 1992. Bacterial plasmids and gene flux. Cell 70: 189-199.
3. Anderson, S. & J. K. Jones-Jr. 1984. Orders and families of recent mammals of the word. A Wiley-Interscience Publications, John Wiley & Sons, New York pp. 1-686.
4. Avise, J. C. & R. M. Ball. 1990. Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol. 7: 45-67.
5. Avise, J. C. 1994. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Chapman & Hall Inc. , New York, London pp. 1-511.
6. Ayala, F. J. 1976. Molecular genetics and evolution, p.1-20. In F. J. Ayala (ed.). Molecular evolution. Sinauer, Sunderland MA.
7. Birtles, R. J. T. G. Harrison, N. A. Saunders & D. H. Molyneux. 1995. Proposal to unify the genera Grahamella and Bartonella with description of Bartonella talpae comb. nov. Bartonella peromysci comb. nov. and the new species Bartonella grahamii sp. nov. Bartonella taylorii sp. nov. and Bartonella doshiae sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 1-8.
8. Bouzar, H. D. Ouadah, Z. Krimi, J. B. Jones, M. Trovato, A. Petit & Y. Dessaux. Correlative association between resident plasmids and the host chromosome in a diverse Agrobacterium soil population. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1310-1317.
9. Breitschwerdt, E. B. D. L. Kordick, D. E. Malarkey, B. Keene, T. L. Hadfield & K. Wilson. 1994. Endocarditis in dogs due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 154-160.
10. Brenner, D. J. D. G. Hollis, C. W. Moss, C. K. English, G. S. Hall, J. Vincent, J. Radosevic, K. A. Birkness, W. F. Bibb, F. D. Quinn, B. Swaminathan, R. E. Weaver, M. W. Reeves, S. P. O'Connor, P. S. Hayes, F. C. Tenover, A. G. Steigerwalt, B. A. Perkins, M. I. Daneshvar, B. C. Hill, J. A. Washington, T. C. Woods, S. B. Hunter, T. L. Hadfield, G. W. Ajello, A. F. Kaufmann, D. J. Wear & J. D. Wenger. 1991. Proposal of Afipia gen. nov. with Afipia felis sp. nov. (formerly the cat scratch disease bacillus), Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov. (formerly the cleveland clinic foundation strain), Afipia broomeae sp. nov. and Three Unnamed Genospecies, J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2450-2460.
11. Brenner, D. J. S. P. O'Connor, H. H. Winkler & A. G. Steigerwalt. 1993. Proposals to unify the genera Bartonella and Rochalimaea, with descriptions of Bartonella quintana comb. nov. Bartonella vinsonii comb. nov. Bartonella henselae comb. nov. and Bartonella elizabethae comb. nov. and to remove the family Bartonellaceae from the order Rickettsiales. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 777-786.
12. Brunham, R. C. F. A. Plummer & R. S. Stephens. 1993. Bacterial antigenic variation, host Immune response, and pathogen-host coevolution. Infect. Immun. 61: 2273-2276.
13. Castresana, J. M. Lübben, M. Saraste & D. G. Higgins. 1994. Evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospeheric oxigen. EMBO J. 13: 2516-2525.
14. Corbel, M. J. 1989. Microbiol.ogy of the genus Brucella, p 53. In E. J. Young & M. J. Corbel (eds.). Brucellosis: chemical and laboratory aspects. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
15. Cracraft, J. 1983. Species concept and speciation analysis, p.159-187. In R. F. Johnson (ed.). Current ornithology, Plenum Press, NY.
16. Danto, A. 1985. Narration and knowledge. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
17. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origen of species, p. 469. Murray, London.
18. Deng, W. Y. M. P. Gordon & E. W. Nester. 1995. Sequence and distribution of IS1312: evidence for horizontal DNA transfer from Rhizobium meliloti to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 177: 2554-2559.
19. Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York.
20. Dooley, J. J. S. P. Harrison, L. R. Mytton, M. Dye, A. Cresswell, L. Skot, & J. R. Beeching. 1993. Phylogenetic grouping and identification of Rhizobium isolates on the basis of random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles. Can. J. Microbiol. 39: 665-673.
21. Dryden, S. C. & S. Kaplan. 1990. Localization and structural analysis of the ribosomal RNA operons of Rhodobacter sphaeroides Nucleic. Acids Res 18: 7267-7277.
22. Eardly, B. D. F. S. Wang, T. S. Whittam & R. K. Selander. 1995. Species limits in Rhizobium populations that nodulate the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 507-512.
23. Eberhard, W. G. 1990. Evolution in bacterial plamids and levels of selection. Quarterly Rev. Biol. 65: 3-22.
24. Eldredge, N. & S. J. Gould. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism, p.82-115. In T. J. M. Schopf (ed.). Models in paleobiology, Freeman, Cooper & Co. San Francisco CA.
25. Elzer, P. H. M. E. Kovach, R. W. Phillips, G. T. Robertson, K. M. Peterson & R. M. Roop-II. 1995. In vivo and in vitro stability of broad-host-range cloning vector pBBiMCS in six Brucella species. Plasmid 33: 51-57.
26. Ewald, P.W. 1993. Evolution of Infectious Disease, Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
27. Ewalt, D. R. J. B. Payeur, B. M. Martin, D. R. Cummins & W. G. Miller. 1994. Characteristics of a Brucella species from bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 6: 448-452.
28. Fekete, A. J. A. Bantle, S. M. Halling & R. W. Stich. 1992. Amplification fragment length polymorphism in Brucella strains by use of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers. J. Bacteriol. 174: 7778-7783.
29. Ficht, T. A. H. A. Husseinen, J. Derr & W. Bearden. 1992. Species specific sequences at the o mp2 locus for Brucella type strains. Int. J. Syst. Bact. 46: 329-331
30. Flores-Castro, R. & G. M. Baer. 1979. Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) - Zoonotic implications, p. 195-216. In J. H. Steele (ed.). Handbook series in zoonoses CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
31. Forterre, P. N. Benachenhou-Lahfa, F. Confalonieri, M. Duguet, C. Elie & B. Labedan, 1993. The nature of the universal ancestor and the root of the tree of life, still open questions. BioSystems 28: 15-32.
32. Gao, J. L. J. G. Sun, Y. Li, E. T. Wang & W. X. Chen, 1994. Numerical taxonomy and DNA relatedness of tropical rhizobia isolated from Hainan province, China. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 151-158.
33. Graham, P. H. M. J. Sadowsky, H. H. Keyser, Y. M. Barnet, R. S. Bradley, J. E. Cooper, D. J. De-Ley, B. D. W. Jarvis, E. B. Roslycky, B. W. Strijdom & J. P. W. Young. 1984. Proposed minimal standards for the description of new genera and species of root- and steam-nodulating bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 582-587.
34. Grasseschi, H. A. & M. F. Minnick. 1994. Transformation of Bartonella bacilliformis by electroporation. Can. J. Microbiol. 40: 782-786.
35. Gray G. C. A. A. Johnson, S. A. Thornton, W. A. Smith, J. Knobloch, P. W. Kelly, L. O. Escudero, M. A. Huayd & R. L. Hoover. 1990. An epidemic of Oroya fever in Peruvian Andes. Ame. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42: 215.
36. Guttman, D. S. & D. E. Dykhuizen. 1994. Clonal divergence in Escherichia coli as a result of recombination, not mutation. Science 266: 1380-1382.
37. Halling, S. M. & E. S. Zeher. 1990. Analysis of Brucella genotypic DNA for polymorphism and plasmids, p. 476. In L. G. Adams (ed.). Advances in brucellosis, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.
38. AL, p.1658. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1. William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
39. Isenberg, H. D. 1988. Pathogenicity and virulence: another view. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1: 40-53.
40. AL, p. 234. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
41. Kalogeraki, V. S. & S. C. Winans. 1995. The octapine-type Ti plasmid pTiA6 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a gene homologous to the chromosomal virulence gene acvB. J. Bacteriol. 177: 892-897.
42. Koehler, J. E. Quinn, F. D. Berger, T. G. LeBoit, P. E. & J. W. Tappero. 1992. Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis. New Engl. J. Med. 327: 1625-1631.
43. Kordick, D. L. & E. B. Breitschwerdt. 1995. Intraerythroytic presence of Bartonella henselae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1655-1656.
44. Krawiec, S. & M. Riley. 1990. Organization of bacterial chromosome. Microbiol. Rev. 54: 502-539.
45. Krieg, N. R. & J. G. Holt. 1984. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
46. Krueger, C. M. K. L. Marks & G. M. Ihler. 1994. Bartonella bacilliformis genome size estimate and preliminary macrorestriction map. Abstracts of th 94th general meeting, Ame. Soc. Microbiol. H-187: 233.
47. Kumada, Y. D. R. Benson, D. Hillemann, T. J. Hosted, D. A. Rochefort, C. J. Thompson, W. Wohlleben & Y. Tateno. 1993. Evolution of the glutamine synthetase gene, one of the oldest existing and functioning genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 90: 3009-3013.
48. Kündig, C. H. Hennecke & M. Göttfert. 1993. Correlated physical and genetic map of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 Genome. J. Bacteriol. 175: 613-622 .
49. Ladha, J. K. & R. B. So. 1994. Numerical taxonomy of photosynthetic nodulating Aeschynomene species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 62-73.
50. Laguerre, G. M. Allard, F. Revoy & N. Amarger, 1993. Isolation from soil of symbiotic and nonsymbiotic Rhizobium leguminosarum by DNA hybridization. Can. J. Microbiol. 39:1142-1149.
51. Laguerre, G. M. Bardin & N. Amarger. 1994. Rapid identification of Rhizobia by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 56-63.
52. Lambert, B. H. Joos, S. Dierickx, R. Vantomme, J. Swings, K. Kersters & M. Van-Montagu. 1990. Identification and plant interaction of Phyllobacterium sp. a predominant rhizobacterium of young sugar beet plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 1093-1102.
53. AL, p. 427-458. In N. R. Krieg & J. G .Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
54. Leung, K. S. R. Strain, F. J. DeBruijn & P. J. Bottomley. 1994. Genotypic and phenotypic comparisons of chromosomal types within an indigenous soil population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 416-426.
55. Ludwing, W. J. Neumaier, N. Klugbauer, E. Brockmann, C. Roller, S. Jilg, K. Reetz, I. Schachtner, A. Ludvigsen, M. Bachleitner, U. Fischer & K. H. Schleifer. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of elongation factor Tu and ATP-synthase beta subunit genes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Int J. Gen. Mol. Biol. 64: 3-4.
56. Meyer, M. E. 1990. Current concepts in the taxonomy of the genus Brucella, p. 1-17. In K. Nielsen &B. Duncan (eds.). Animal brucellosis, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
57. Michaux-Charachon, S. J. Paillisson, M. G. Carles-Nurit, G. Bourg, A. Allardet-Servent & M. Ramuz. 1993. Presence of two independent chromosomes in the Brucella melitensis 16M genome. J. Bacteriol. 175: 701-705.
58. Moreno, E. 1992. Brucella evolution, p. 198-218. In M. Plommet (ed.). Prevention of brucellosis in mediterranean countries. International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands.
59. Moulder, J. W. 1985. Comparative biology of intracellular parasitism. Microbiol. Rev. 49: 298-337.
60. Nielsen, K. & B. Duncan. 1990. Animal brucellosis. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
61. O'Hara, R. J. 1993. Systematic generalization, historical fate, and the species problem. Syst. Biol. 42: 231-146.
62. O'Hara, R.J. 1994. Evolutionary history and the species problem. Am Zoologist 34: 12-22.
63. Ochman, H. & A. Wilson. 1987. Evolution in bacteria: evidence for a universal substitution rate in Cellular Genomes. J. Mol. Evol. 26: 74-86.
64. Olsen, G. J. C. Woese & R. Overbeek. 1994. the winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into mirobiology. J. Bacteriol. 176: 1-6.
65. Olsen, G.J. & C.R. Woese. 1993. Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny. FASEB J. 7: 113-123.
66. Ouahrani, S. S. Michaux, J. S. Widada, G. Bourg, R. Tournebize, M. Ramuz & J. P. Liautard. 1993. Identification and sequence analysis of IS6501, an insertion sequence in Brucella spp. Relationship between genomic structure and number if IS6501 copies. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3265-3273.
67. al (Nom. con. Opin. 5, jud. Comm. 1952, 237), p. 141-199. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
68. Paterson, H. E. H. 1985. The recognition concept of species, p. 21-29. In E. S. Vrba (ed.). Transvaal Museum Monograph No 4, Pretoria, South Africa.
69. Pitt, T. L. 1994. Bacterial typing: the way ahead. J. Med. Microbiol. 40: 1-2.
70. Prakosh, R. K. & R. A. Schilperoort. 1982. The relationship between nif plasmids of fast growing Rhizobium species and Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 149: 1129-1134.
71. Regnery, R. L. C. L Spruill,. & B. D. Plikaytis. 1991. Genotypic identification of Rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J. Bacteriol. 173: 1576-1589.
72. Regnery, R. L. B. E. Anderson, J. E. Carridge-III, M. C. Rodriguez-Barradas, D. C. Jones & J. H. Carr. 1992. Characterization of a novel Rochalimaea species, R. henselae sp. nov. isolated from blood of a febrile, human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 265-274.
73. Reschke, D. K. M. E. Fraizer & L. P. Mallavia. 1990. Transformation of Rhochalimaea quintana, a member of the family Rickettsiaceae. J. Bacteriol. 172: 5130-5134.
74. Rice, S. J. Bieber, J. Chung, G. Stacey & B. C. Lampson. 1993. Diversity of retrons elements of rhizobia and other gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4250-4254.
75. AL p.717. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
76. AL, p.719. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
77. Rivilla, R. & J. A. Downie. 1994. Identification of Rhizobium leguminosarum gene homologous to nodT but located outside the symbiotic plasmid. Gene 144: 87-91.
78. Roux, V. & D. Raoult. 1993. Genotypic identification and phylogenetic analysis of the spotted fever group rickettsiae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4895-4904.
79. Saitou, N. & M. Nei. 1987. The neighbour-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 406-425.
80. Sawada, H. H. Ieki, H. Oyaizu & S. Matsumoto. 1993. Proposal for rejection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and revised description for the genus Agrobacterium and for Agrobacterium radiobacter and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 694-702.
81. Schadewald, R. 1986. Creationism pseudoscience p.305-317. In K. Fraizier (ed.). Science confronts the paranormal, Prometheus books, NY.
82. Schwartzman, W. A. 1992. Infections due to Rochalimaea. The expanding clinical spectrum. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15: 893-902.
83. Schwedock, J. & S. R. Long. 1994. An open reading frame downstream of Rhizobium meliloti nod Q1 shows nucleotide sequence similarity to an Agrobacterium tumefaciens insertion sequence. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7: 151-153.
84. Simpson, G. G. 1951. The species concept. Evolution 5: 285-298.
85. Smith, D. T. & D. S. Martin. 1949. Zinsser's texbook of bacteriology. Appl.eton-Century-Crofts, Inc. New York, NY.
86. Sneath, P. H. A. 1984a. Numerical taxonomy, p. 5-7. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
87. Sneath, P. H. A. 1984b. Bacterial nomenclature, p.19-23. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
88. So, R. B. J. K. Ladha & J. P. W. Young. 1994. Photosynthetic symbionts of Aeschynomene spp. form a cluster with Bradyrhizobia on the basis of fatty acid and rRNA analysis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 392-403.
89. Sonea, S. 1991. Bacterial evolution without speciation, p. 95. In L. Margulis & R. Fester (eds.). Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
90. Stackebrandt, E. & B. M. Goebel. 1994. A place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 846-849.
91. Staley, J. T. & N. R. Krieg. 1984. Calssification of procaryotic organisms: an overview, p. 1-4. In N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
92. Statkin, M. 1985. The descent of genes. Science 85, 6: 80-83.
93. Syvanen, M. 1994. Horizontal gene transfer: evidence and possible consequences. Ann. Rev. Genet. 28: 237-261.
94. Templeton, A. R. 1989. The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspective, p.3-27. In D. Otte & J. A. Endler (eds.). Speciation and its consequences, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
95. Verger, J. F. Grimont, P. A. D. Grimont & M. Grayon. 1985. Brucella a monospecific genus as shown by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 292-295.
96. Viale, A. M. A. K. Arakaki, F. C. Soncini & R. G. Ferreyra. 1994. Evolutionary relationships among eubacterial groups as inferred from GroEL (chaperonin) sequence comparisons. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44: 527-533.
97. Wallington, E. J. & P. A. Lund. 1994. Rhizobium leguminosarum contains multiple chaperonin (cpn60) genes. Microbiology 140: 113-122.
98. Wayne L. G. D. J. Brenner, R. R. Colwell, P. A. D. Grimont, O. Kandler, I. Krichevsky, L. H. Moore, W. E. C. Moore, R. G. E. Murray, E. Stackebrandt, P. Star & H. G. Trüper. 1987. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics Int J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 463-464.
99. Weisburg, W. G. M. E. Dobson, J. E. Samuel, G. A. Dasch, L. P. Mallavia, O. Baca, L. Mandelo, J. E. Sechrest, E. Weiss & C. R. Woese. 1989. Phylogenetic diversity of rickettsiae. J. Bacteriol. 171: 4202-4206.
100. AL, p. 687-717. In N.R. Krieg & J. G. Holt (eds.). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1, William & Wilkins, Baltimore.
101. Wheeler, J. A. & W. H. Zurek. 1983. Quantum theory and measurement, Princenton University Press.
102. Willems, A. & M. D. Collins. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of rhizobia and agrobacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 305-313.
103. Williams, E. E. H. Rand, S. Rand & R. J. O'Hara. 1995. A computer approach to the comparison of species in difficult taxonomic groups. Breviora 502: 1-47.
104. Woese, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. 51:221-271.
105. Woese, C. R. 1994. There must be a prokaryote somewhere: microbiology's search for itself. Microbiol. Rev. 58: 1-9.
106. Wong, F. Y. K. E. Stackebrandt, J. K. Ladha, D. E. Fleischman, R. A. Date & J. A. Fuerst. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and photosynthetic stem-nodulating bacteria from Aeschynomene species grown in separated geographical regions Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 940-946.
107. Wong, J. D. J. M. Janda & P. S. Duffey, 1992. Preliminary studies on the use of carbon substrate utilization patterns for the identification of Brucella species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15: 109-113.
108. Yang, D. Y. Oyaizu, H. Oyaizu, G. J. Olsen & C. R. Woese, 1985. Mitochondrial origens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 4443-4447.
109. Yanagi, M. & K. Yamasato. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhizobiaceae and related bacteria by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene using PCR and DNA sequencer. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107: 115-120.
110. Yubin, D. A. M. Dmitri & K. Chang. 1994. Monophyletic origen of a-division proteobacterial endosymbionts and their coevolution with insect trypanosomatid protozoa Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia spp. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8437-8441