Modeling of heat transfer and crystallization in thermoplastic composite tape placement process

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 198-240

  Sonmez, Fazil O ^a   Hahn, H Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SOFTWARE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DEGRADATION; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; HEAT TRANSFER; LAMINATED COMPOSITES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MORPHOLOGY; REACTION KINETICS;

THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE TAPE PLACEMENT PROCESS;

THERMOPLASTICS;

EID: 0031142987     PISSN: 08927057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/089270579701000301     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Lee, I. L. and G. S. Springer. 1987. "A Model of the Manufacturing Process of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, 21:1017-1055.
2. Velisaris, C. N. and J. C. Seferis. 1988. "Heat Transfer Effects on the Processing-Structure Relationship of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Based Composites," Polymer Engineering and Science, 28(9):583-591.
3. Blundell, D. J. and F. M. Willmouth. 1986. "Crystalline Morphology of the Matrix of PEEK-Carbon Fiber Aromatic Polymer Composites," SAMPE Quarterly, 17(2):50-57.
4. Hwang, S. J. and C. L. Tucker. 1990. "Heat Transfer Analysis of Continuous Fiber/Thermoplastic Matrix Composites during Manufacture," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 3:441-51.
5. Saliba, T. E., D. P. Anderson and R. A. Servais. 1989. "Process Modeling of Heat Transfer and Crystallization in Complex Shape Thermoplastic Composites," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2:91-103.
6. Maffezzoli, A. M., J. M. Kenny and L. Nicolais. 1989. "Welding of PEEK/Carbon Fiber Composite Laminates," SAMPE Journal, 25(1):35-39.
7. Maffezzoli, A. M., J. M. Kenny and L. Nicolais. 1989. "Modeling of Thermal and Crystallization Behavior of the Processing of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites," Materials and Processing - Move into 90's, pp. 133-143.
8. Xiao, X. R., S. V. Hoa and K. N. Street. 1992. "Processing and Modeling of Resistance Welding of APC-2 Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, 26(7):1031-1049.
9. Beyeler, E. P. and S. I. Guyceri. 1988. "Thermal Analysis of Laser Assisted ThermoplasticMatrix Composite Tape Consolidation," Journal of Heat Transfer, 110:424-430.
10. Astrom, B. T. and R. B. Pipes. 1993. "A Modeling Approach to Thermoplastic Pultrusion. I-Formulation of Models," Polymer Composites, 14(3):173-183.
11. Grove, S. M. 1988. "Thermal Modeling of Tape Laying with Continuous Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics," Composites, 19:367-375.
12. Nejhad, M. N. G., R. D. Cope and S. I. Guceri. 1991. "Thermal Analysis of In-Situ Thermoplastic Composite Tape Laying," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 4:20-45.
13. Mantell, S. C. and G. S. Springer. 1992. "Manufacturing Process Models for Thermoplastic Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, 26(16):2348-2377.
14. Nejhad, M. N. G. 1993. "Issues Related to Processability during the Manufacture of Thermoplastic Composites Using On-Line Consolidation Techniques," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 6:130-145.
15. Pitchumani, R., R. C. Don, J. W. Gillespie and S. Ranganathan. 1994. "Analysis of On-Line Consolidation during Thermoplastic Tow-Placement Process," in Thermal Processing of Materials: Thermo-Mechanics, Controls and Composites (ASME), HTD, 289:223-234.
16. Sarrazin, H. and G. S. Springer. 1994. "Thermochemical and Mechanical Aspects of Composite Tape Laying," Journal of Composite Materials, 29(14):1908-1943.
17. Brage, A. and C. Lamrell. 1988. "Heat Flow Analysis in Connection with Thermoplastic Filament Winding," SAMPE Quarterly, 19(3):31-35.
18. James, D. L. and W. Z. Black. 1994. "Experimental Analysis and Process Window Development for Continuous Filament Wound APC-2," in Thermal Processing of Materials: Thermo-Mechanics, Controls and Composites (ASME), HTD, 289:203-212.
19. Nejhad, M. N. G., R. D. Cope and S. I. Guceri. 1991. "Thermal Analysis of In-Situ Thermoplastic-Matrix Composite Filament Winding," Transactions of ASME, 113:304-313.
20. Gruber, M. B. "Thermoplastic Tape Laydown and Consolidation," SME Technical Paper, EM86-905, pp. 1-15.
21. Curry, W. R. 1986. "Flat Thermoplastic Tape Laying," 2nd ASM Conference on Advanced Composites, Dearborn, Michigan, pp. 45-50.
22. Anderson, B. J. and J. S. Colton. 1989. "A Study in the Lay-Up and Consolidation of High Performance Thermoplastic Composites" Tomorrow's Materials: Today, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 24:1952-1963.
23. Grove, S. M. and D. Short. 1988. "Evaluation of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced PEEK Composites Manufactured by Continous Local Welding of Prepreg Tape," Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, 10:1.
24. Mantell, S., Q. Wang and G. S. Springer. 1992. "Processing Thermoplastic Composites in a Press and by Tape Laying-Experimental Results," Journal of Composite Materials, 26:2378-24301.
25. Hinkley, J. A. R. W. Grenoble and J. M. Marchello. 1995. "Rapid Welding of Thermoplastic Towpreg Ribbon, 40th International SAMPE Symposium, 1560-1571.
26. Wood, D. and S. C. Mantell. 1993. "Application of Statistical Design of Experiments to Thermoplastic Tape Laying," 38th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 152-162.
27. Beyeler, E., W. Phillips and S. I. Guceri. 1988. "Experimental Investigation of Laser-Assisted Thermoplastic Tape Consolidation," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 1:107-121.
28. Fedro, M. J., D. W. Jensen and H. T. Hah. "Filament Winding of Thermoplastic Composites Using Commingled Yarns," SME Technical Paper, EM89-584, pp. 1-18.
29. Rowan, J. H. C. and R. N. Askander. 1989. "Filament Winding of High Performance Thermoplastic Composites," Materials and Processing-Move into 90's, Elsevier, pp. 11-20.
30. Werdermann, C., K. Friedrich, M. Cirino and R. B. Pipes. 1989. "Design and Fabrication of an On-Line Consolidation Facility for Thermoplastic Composites," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 2:293-306.
31. Astrom, B. T. and R. B. Pipes. 1990. "Thermoplastic Filament Winding with On-Line Impregnation," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 3:314-324.
32. Hardtmann, D. and Bubeck, K. 1990. "Technical Evaluation of ROWS Thermoplastic Composite Fiber Placement System," 22nd International SAMPE Technical Conference, pp. 1092-1105.
33. Enders, M. L. 1990. "Developments in Thermoplastic Filament Winding," 22nd International SAMPE Technical Conference, pp. 88-97.
34. Roychowdhury, S. and S. G. Advani. 1991. "An Experimental Investigation of Consolidation in Thermoplastic Filament Winding," Composite Manufacturing, 2(2):97-104.
35. Colton, J. A. and D. Leach. 1991. "Processing Parameters for Thermoplastic Filament Winding," Processing and Manufacturing of Composite Materials-ASME, PED-Vol. 49/MD-Vol. 27, pp. 231-245.
36. Hummler, J., S.-K. Lee and K. V. Steiner. 1991. "Recent Advances in Thermoplastic Robotic Filament Winding," 36th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 2142-2156.
37. Cirino, M., T. P. Watson and D. W. Hauber. 1991. "Composite Structure Fabrication, with InSitu Consolidation of APC-2/AS4," 36th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 2184-2196.
38. Felderhoff, K. D. and K. V. Steiner. 1993. "A New Compact Robotic Head for Thermoplastic Fiber Placement," 38th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 138-151.
39. Mazumdar, S. K. and S. V. Hoa. 1993. "Processing of PEEK/Carbon Thermoplastic Composites Using Hot Nitrogen Gas by Tape Winding Technique," Heat and Mass Transfer in Materials Processing and Manufacturing-ASME, HTD-Vol. 261, pp. 115-126.
40. Carpenter, C. E. and J. S. Colton. 1994. "On-Line Consolidation Mechanisms in Thermoplastic Filament Winding," Polymer Composites, 15(1):55-63.
41. Agarwal, V., S. I. Guceri, R. L. McCullough and J. M. Schultz. 1992. "Thermal Characterization of the Laser Assisted Consolidation Process," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 115-135.
42. Wagner, P. and J. Colton. 1994. "On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Towpreg Composites in Filament Winding," Polymer Composites, 15(6):436-441.
43. Mazumdar, S. K. and S. V. Hoa. 1993. "Experimental Determination of Process Parameters for Laser Assisted Processing of PEEK/Carbon Thermoplastic Composites," 38th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 189-204.
44. Steiner, K. V., B. M. Bauer, R. Pitchumani and J. W. Gillespie. 1995. "Experimental Verification of Modeling and Control for Thermoplastic Tow Placement," 40th International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 1550-1559.
45. Sandusky, D. A., J. M. Marchello, R. M. Baucom and N. J. Johnston. 1992. "Customized ATP Towpreg," 24th International SAMPE Technical Conference, pp. T591-T605.
46. Mazumdar, S. K. and S. V. Hoa. 1995. "Application of Taguchi Method for Process Enhancement of On-Line Consolidation Technique," Composites, 26:669-673.
47. Sandusky, D. A. J. M. Marchello, R. M. Baucom and N. J. Johnston. 1992. "Customized ATP Towpreg," 24th International SAMPE Technical Conference, pp. T591-T605.
48. Cogwell, F. N. 1992. "Thermoplastic Aromatic Polymer Composites," Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
49. Scobbo, J. J. and N. Nakajima. "Time-Temperature Processing Windows for Thermoplastic/Graphite Fiber Composites," ANTEC '90, pp. 1397-1400.
50. Moddeman, W. E., W. C. Bowling, E. E. Tibbetts and R. B. Whitaker. 1986. "Thermal Stability and Compatibility of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with an Oxidizer and Pyrotechnic Blend," Polymer Engineering and Science, 26(21):1469-1477.
51. Prime, R. B. and J. C. Seferis. 1986. "Thermo-Oxidative Decomposition of Poly (Ether Ether Ketone)," Journal of Polymer Science: Part C: Polymer Letters, 234:641-644.
52. Hay, J. N. and D. J. Kemmish. 1987. "Thermal Decomposition of Poly (Aryl Ether Ether Ketone)," Polymer, 28:2047-2051.
53. Day, M., J. D. Cooney and D. M. Wiles. 1990. "The Thermal Degradation of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) as Monitored by Pyrolysis-Gc/Ms and Tg/Ms," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 18(2):163-173.
54. Day, M., J. D. Cooney and D. M. Wiles. 1989. "A Kinetic Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK) in Nitrogen," Polymer Engineering and Science, 29(1):19-22.
55. Day, M., J. D. Cooney and D. M. Wiles. 1989. "The Thermal Stability of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone) as Assessed by Thermogravimetry," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 38:323-337.
56. Day, M., J. D. Cooney and D. M. Wiles. 1989. "The Kinetics of the Oxidative Degradation of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone) (PEEK), Thermochimica Acta, 147(1):189-187.
57. Day, M., D. Sally and D. M. Wiles. 1990. "Thermal Degradation of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone)-Experimental Evaluation of Crosslinking Reactions," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 40:1615-1625.
58. Nam, J.-D. and J. C. Seferis. 1992. "Generalized Composite Degradation Kinetics for Polymeric Systems under Isothermal and Nonisothermal Conditions," Journal of Polymer Science: Part B (Polymer Physics), 30(5):455-463.
59. Carpenter, J. F. 1988. "Thermal Analysis and Crystallization Kinetics of High-Temperature Thermoplastics," SAMPE Journal, 24:36-39.
60. Jonas, A. and R. Legras. 1993. "PEEK Degradation and Its Influence on Crystallization Kinetics," in Advanced Thermoplastic Composites-Characterizing Processing, Hanser, pp. 57-81.
61. Corrigan, E., D. Leach and T. McDaniels. 1989. "The Influence of Processing Conditions on the Properties of PEEK Matrix Composites," Materials and Processing-More into 90's, pp. 121-131.
62. Davies, P., W. J. Cantwell. P. Y. Jar, H. Richard, D. J. Neville and H. Kausch. 1991. "Cooling Rate Effects in Carbon Fiber/PEEK Composites," Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, Third Volume, ASTM STP 110:70-88.
63. Grossman, S. and M. F. Ameteau. 1988. "The Effect of Processing on a Graphite Fiber/Polyetheretherketone Thermoplastic Composite," Proceedings of 33rd SAMPE Symposium, pp. 681-692.
64. Curtis, P. T., P. Davies, I. K. Partridge and J. P. Sainty. 1987. "Cooling Rate Effects in PEEK and Carbon Fiber-PEEK Composites," Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Composite Materials, pp. 4.401-4.412.
65. Folkes, J. J., G. Kalay and A. Ankara. 1993. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Properties of PEEK and APC-2," Composites Science and Technology; 46:77-83.
66. Xiao, X. R., J. Denault and T. Vu-Khanh. 1992. "The Effect of Low Melt Temperature on Morphology and Mode-I Fracture Toughness of PEEK/Carbon Composite," Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 5:64-75.
67. Cantwell, W. J. P. Davies and H. H. Kausch. 1990. "The Effect of Cooling Rate on Deformation and Fracture of IM6/PEEK Composites," Composite Structures, 14:151-171.
68. Tregub, A., H. Harel and G. Marom. 1993. "The Influence of the Thermal History on the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Matrix Composite Materials," Composite Science and Technology, 48:185-190.
69. Saib, K. S., W. J. Evans and D. H. Isaac. 1993. "The Role of Microstructure during Fatigue Crack Growth in Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK)," Polymer, 34(15):3199-3203.
70. Talbott, M. F., G. S. Springer and L. A. Burglund. 1987. "The Effects of Crystallization on the Mechanical Properties of PEEK Polymer and Graphite Fiber Reinforced PEEK," Journal of Composite Materials, 21:1056-1081.
71. Cantwell, W. J. and H. H. Kausch. 1992. "An Evaluation of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Thermoplastic Composite with Offset Center Flies," Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, 4:476-483.
72. Lustiger, A., F. S. Uralil and G. M. Newaz. 1990. "Processing and Structural Optimization of PEEK Composites," Polymer Composites, 11:65-75.
73. Cebe, P., S. Y. Chung and S.-D. Hong. 1987. "Effect of Thermal History on Mechanical Properties of Polyetheretherketone below the Glass Transition Temperature," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33:487-503.
74. Tung, C. M. and P. J. Dynes. 1987. "Morphological Characterization of Poly Ether Ether Ketone-Carbon Fiber Composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33:505-520.
75. D'Amore, A. and L. Nicolais. 1992. "The Effect of Fibre and Crystallinity Content on the Structural Relaxation of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)," Composites Manufacturing, 3:25-31.
76. Lawrence, W. E., J. C. Seferis and J. W. Gillespie. 1992. "Material Response of a Semicrystalline Thermoplastic Polymer and Composite in Relation to Process Cooling History," Polymer Composites, 13(2):86-96.
77. Sichina, W. and P. S. Gill. 1988. "Characterization of Composites Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis" 33rd International SAMPE Symposium, pp. 1-11.
78. Stober, E. J., J. C. Seferis and J. D. Keenan. 1984. "Characterization and Exposure of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to Fluid Environments," Polymer, 25:1845-1852.
79. Unger, W. J. and J. S. Hansen. 1993. "The Effect of Cooling Rate and Annealing on Residual Stress Development in Graphite Fibre Reinforced PEEK Laminates," Journal of Composite Materials, 27(2):108-135.
80. Avrami, M. 1939. "Kinetics of Phase Change I, General Theory," Journal of Chemical Physics, 7:1103-1112.
81. Avrami, M. 1940. "Kinetics of Phase Change II, Transformation-Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei," Journal of Chemical Physics, 8:212-224.
82. Avrami, M. 1941. "Kinetics of Phase Change. III, Granulation, Phase Change and Microstructure," Journal of Chemical Physics, 9:177-184.
83. Tobin, M. C. 1974. "Theory of Phase Transition Kinetics with Growth Site Impingement. I. Homogeneous Nucleation," Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, 12:399-406.
84. Tobin, M. C. "The Theory of Phase Transition Kinetics with Growth Site Impingement. II. Heterogeneous Nucleation," Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, 14:2253-2257.
85. Tobin, M. C. 1977. "Theory of Phase Transition Kinetics with Growth Site Impingement. III. Mixed Heterogeneous-Homogeneous Nucleation and Noninternal Exponents of the Time," Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, 15:2269-2270.
86. Malin, A. Y., V. P. Beghishev. I. A. Keapin and S. A. Bolgov. 1984. "General Treatment of Polymer Crystallization Kinetics-Part 1. A New Macrokinetic Equation and its Experimental Verification," Polymer Engineering and Science, 24(18):1396-1401.
87. Malkin, A. Y., V. P. Beghishev, I. A. Keapin and Z. P. Andrianova. 1984. "General Treatment of Polymer Crystallization Kinetics-Part 2. The Kinetics of Nonisothermal Crystallization," Polymer Engineering and Science, 24(18):1402-1408.
88. Valisaris, C. N. and J. C. Seferis. 1986. "Crystallization Kinetics of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Matrices" Polymer Engineering and Science, 26(22):1574-1581.
89. Seferis, J. C., C. Ahlstrom and S. H. Dillman. 1987. "Cooling Rate and Annealing as Processing Parameters for Semicrystalline Thermoplastic Based Composites," ANTEC, pp. 1467-1471.
90. Patel, R. M. and J. E. Spruiell. 1991. "Crystallization Kinetics During Polymer Processing-Analysis of Available Approaches for Process Modeling," Polymer Engineering and Science, 31(10):730-738.
91. Cebe, P. 1988. "Application of Parallel Avrami Model to Crystallization of Poly(Etheretherketone)," Polymer Engineering and Science, 28(18):1192-1197.
92. Cebe, P. 1988. "Non-Isothermal Crystallization of Poly(Etheretherketone) Aromatic Polymer Composite," Polymer Composites, 9(4):271-279.
93. Cebe, P. and S.-D. Hong. "Crystallization Behavior of Poly(Ether-Ether-Ketone)," Polymer, 27:1183-1192.
94. Choe, C. R. and K. H. Lee. 1989. "Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly (Etheretherketone) (PEEK)," Polymer Engineering and Science, 29(12):801-805.
95. Blundell, D. J. and B. N. Osborn. 1985. "Crystalline Morphology of the Matrix of PEEK-Carbon Fiber Aromatic Polymer Composites, II. Crystallizaton Behaviour," SAMPE Quarterly, 17(1):1-16.
96. Tai, H.-J., W.-Y. Chiu, L.-W. Chen and L.-H. Chu. 1991. "Study of Crystallization Kinetics of PP/GF Composites," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 42:3111-3122.
97. Nakamura, K. K. Katayama and T. Amano. 1973. "Some Aspects of Nonisothermal Crystallization of Polymers. II. Consideration of the Isokinetic Condition," Journal of Applied Polynmer Science. 17:1031-1041.
98. Ozaza, T. 1971. "Kinetics of Nonisothermal Crystallization," Polymer, 12:150-158.
99. Kamal, M. R. and E. Chu. 1983. "Isothermal and Nonisothermal Crystallization of Polyethylene," Polymer Engineering and Science, 23(1):27-31.
100. Kenny, J. M., A. Maffezzoli, and L. Nicolais. 1993. "A New Kinetic Model for Polymer Crystallization Derived by Calorimetic Analysis," Thermochimica Acta, 227:83-95.
101. Lee, K. H. and S. C. Kim. "Reaction-Induced Crystallization Kinetics during the Anionic Polymerizaton of ε-Caprolactam," Polymer Engineering and Science, 28(1):13-19.
102. Eder, G., H. Kaneschitzkriegl and S. Liedauer. 1990. "Crystallization Process in Quiescent and Moving Polymer Melts under Heat Transfer Conditions," Progress in Polymer Science, 15(4):629-714.
103. Blundell, D. J., R. A. Crick, B. Fife, J. Peacock and A. Keller. 1989. "Spherulitic Morphology of the Matrix of Thermoplastic PEEK/Carbon Fiber Aromatic Polymer Composites," Journal of Material Science, 24:2057-2064.
104. Blundell, D. J. and B. N. Osborn. 1983. "The Morphology of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone)" Polymer, 24:953-958.
105. Kumar, S. and D. P. Anderson. 1986. 1986. "Crystallization and Morphology of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone)," Polymer, 27:329-336.
106. Deslandes, Y., M. Day, N. F. Sbir and T. Suprunchuk. 1989. "Crystallization of Poly(Aryl-Ether-Ether-Ketone): Effect of Thermal History of the Melt on Crystallization Kinetics," Polymer Composites, 10:360-366.
107. Nejhad, M. N. G., J. W. Gillespie and R. D. Cope Jr. 1992. "Prediction of Process-Induced Stresses for In-Situ Thermoplastic Filament Winding of Cylinders," Proceedings of 3rd International Conference, Computer Aided Design in Composite Material Technolgy, Newark, Delaware, Vol. 3, pp. 277-295.
108. Rodkey, R. S. and H. C. Hershey. "Transport Phenomena," McGraw-Hill, 1988.
109. Mandelkern, L. 1964. "Crystallization of Polymers," McGraw Hill, New York.
110. Cormia, R. L., F. P. Price and D. Turnbull. 1962. "Kinetics of Crystal Nucleation in Polyethylene," The Journal of Chemical Physics, 37(6):1333-1340.
111. Blundell, D. J., J. M. Chalmes, MacKenzie and W. F. Gaskkin. 1985. "Crystalline Morphology of the Matrix of PEEK-Carbon Fiber Aromatic Polymer Composites, 1. Assessment of CrystalUnity," SAMPE Quarterly, 16(4):22-30
112. Kenny, J., A. D'Amore and L. Nicolais. 1989. "Processing of Amorphous PEEK and Amorphous PEEK Based Composites," SAMPE Journal, 25:27-34.
113. Konnecke, K. 1994. "Crystallization of Poly(Aryl Ether Ketones). I. Crystallization Kinetics," Journal of Macromolecular Science-Physics, B33(1):37-62.
114. Geankoplis, C. J. 1983. "Transport Process and Unit Operations," Allyn and Bacon Inc.
115. Sonmez, F. O. 1995. "Modeling of the Thermoplastic Composite Tape Placement Process," Ph.D. thesis, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1995.
116. Yang, T. Y. 1986. "Finite Element Structural Analysis," Prentice-Hall.
117. Rao, S. S. 1989. "The Finite Element Method in Engineering," Pergamon Press.