Direct fullerenation of polycarbonate via simple polymer reactions

Macromolecules

Volumn 30, Issue 10, 1997, Pages 2848-2852

  Tang, Ben Zhong ^a   Leung, Shuk Mei ^a   Peng, Han ^a   Yu, Nai Teng ^a   Su, Kai C ^b  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

^b Technol Rsrc Intl Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CHEMICAL REACTIONS; CROSSLINKING; INITIATORS (CHEMICAL); MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOLECULES; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; PHOTOLYSIS; POLYVINYL CHLORIDES; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

CHLOROFORM; FULLERENATION; THERMOLYSIS;

POLYCARBONATES;

EID: 0031140953     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma961731f     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. For reviews, see: (a) Jones, D. E. H. Nature 1996, 381, 384. (b) Diederich, F.; Thilgen, C. Science 1996, 271, 317. (c) Taylor, R.; Walton, D. R. M. Nature 1993, 363, 685.
2. For reviews, see: (a) Jones, D. E. H. Nature 1996, 381, 384. (b) Diederich, F.; Thilgen, C. Science 1996, 271, 317. (c) Taylor, R.; Walton, D. R. M. Nature 1993, 363, 685.
3. For reviews, see: (a) Jones, D. E. H. Nature 1996, 381, 384. (b) Diederich, F.; Thilgen, C. Science 1996, 271, 317. (c) Taylor, R.; Walton, D. R. M. Nature 1993, 363, 685.
4. (a) Friedman, S. H.; DeCamp, D. L.; Sijbesma, R. P.; Srdanov, G.; Wudl, F.; Kenyon, G. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6506.
5. (b) Tutt, L. W.; Kost, A. Nature 1992, 356, 225.
6. (c) Hebard, A. F.; Rosesernsky, M. J.; Haddon, R. C.; Murphy, D. W.; Glarum, S. H.; Palstra, T. T. M.; Ramirez, A. P.; Kortan, A. R. Nature 1991, 350, 600.
7. (d) Allemand, P.-M.; Khemani, K. C.; Koch, A., Wudl, F.; Holczer, K.; Donovan, S.; Gruner, G.; Thompson, J. D. Science 1991, 253, 301.
8. (a) Ruoff, R. S.; Tse, D. S.; Malhotra, R.; Lorents, D. C. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 3379.
9. (b) Kroto, H. W.; Allaf, A. W.; Balm, S. P. Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 1213.
10. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
11. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
12. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
13. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
14. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
15. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
16. For selected recent publications, see: (a) Benincori, T.; Brenna E.; Sannicolo, F.; Trimacro, L.; Zotti, G.; Sozzani, P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 648. (b) Gugel, A.; Belik, P.; Walter, M.; Kraus, A.; Harth, E.; Wagner, M.; Spickermann, J.; Mullen, K. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 5007. (c) Liu, B.; Bunker, C. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1241. (d) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3826. (e) Fedurco, M.; Costa, D. A.; Balch, A. L.; Fawcett, W. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 194. (f) Nigam, A.; Shekharam, T.; Bharadwaj, T.; Giovanola, J.; Narang, S.; Malhotra, R. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1547. For an excellent recent review on fullerene functionalized polymers, (g) Patil, A. O. In Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia; Salamone, J. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1996; Vol. 4, p 2603.
17. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
18. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
19. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
20. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
21. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
22. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
23. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
24. E.g.: (a) Cloutet, E.; Gnanou, Y.; Fillaut, J.-L.; Astruc, D. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1565. (b) Wignall, G. D.; Affholter, K. A.; Bunick, G. J.; Hunt, M. O.; Menceloglu, Y. Z.; Desimone, J. M.; Samulski, E. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6000. (c) Weis, C.; Friedrich, C.; Mulhaupt, R.; Frey, H. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 403. (d) Bourdelande, J. L.; Font, J.; Gonzalez-Moreno, R. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem. 1995, 90, 65. (e) Hawker, C. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4836. (f) Manolova, N.; Rashkov, I.; Damme, H. V.; Beguin, F. Polym. Bull. 1994, 33, 175. (g) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850. (h) Patil, A. O.; Schriver, G. W.; Carstensen, B.; Lundberg, R. D. Polym. Bull. 1993, 30, 187.
25. (a) Rabek, J. F. Photodegradation of Polymers: Physical Characteristics and Applications; Springer: Berlin, 1996; Polymer Photodegradation: Mechanisms and Experimental Methods; Chapman & Hall: London, 1995.
26. (a) Rabek, J. F. Photodegradation of Polymers: Physical Characteristics and Applications; Springer: Berlin, 1996; Polymer Photodegradation: Mechanisms and Experimental Methods; Chapman & Hall: London, 1995.
27. (b) Handbook of Polymer Degradation; Hamid, S. H., Amin, M. B., Maadhah, A. G., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1992.
28. (c) Allen, N. S.; Edge, M. Fundamentals of Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation; Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1992.
29. (d) Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation; Scott, G., Ed.; Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1990.
30. (e) Grassie, N.; Scott, G. Polymer Degradation & Stabilisation; Cambrige University Press: Cambridge, 1985.
31. (f) Hawkins, W. L. In Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; Kroschwitz, J. I., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1990; p 1078.
32. (a) Morton, J. R.; Preston, K. F.; Krusic, P. J.; Hill, S. A.; Wasserman, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5454.
33. (b) McEwen, C. N.; McKay, R. G.; Larsen, B. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 4412.
34. (c) Morton, J. R.; Preston, K. F.; Krusic, P. J.; Hill, S. A.; Wasserman, E. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 114, 3576.
35. (d) Krusic, P. J.; Wasserman, E.; Parkinson, B. A.; Malone, B.; Holler, E. R.; Keizer, P. N.; Morton, J. R.; Preston, K. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 6274.
36. Yang, C. C.; Hwang, K. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4693.
37. -1.
38. Polymer Handbook, 3rd ed.; Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1989.
39. 60 had reacted.
40. Emanuel, N. M.; Buchachenko, A. L. Chemical Physics of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization; VNU Science Press: Utrecht, 1987.
41. n = 2.1. The UV and IR spectra of the product were similar to those of the fullerenated PC prepared by the radiation-induced fullerenation reaction (cf. note 9).
42. (a) Stewart, D.; Imrie, C. T. Chem. Commun. 1996, 1383.
43. (b) Bunker, C. E.; Lawson, G. E.; Sun, Y.-P. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 3744.
44. (c) Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 3741.
45. (a) Geckeler, K. E.; Hirsch, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 3850.
46. (b) Suzuki, T.; Li, Q.; Khemani, K. C.; Wudl, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 7301.
47. (a) Our discovery of the unusual optical properties of the fullerene polymers was reported by United Press International (UPI) as science news on August 28, 1996 in Orlando, Florida during the ACS National Meeting. Our work has also been reported by Advanced Materials in its "Materials Forum"; see: Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 939. (b) Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Au, C. F.; Wu, X.; Yu, N.-T.; Tang, B. Z. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1996, 75, 247. (c) Tang, B. Z.; Yu, N.-T.; Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Wu, X. U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/729 724, 1996.
48. (a) Our discovery of the unusual optical properties of the fullerene polymers was reported by United Press International (UPI) as science news on August 28, 1996 in Orlando, Florida during the ACS National Meeting. Our work has also been reported by Advanced Materials in its "Materials Forum"; see: Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 939. (b) Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Au, C. F.; Wu, X.; Yu, N.-T.; Tang, B. Z. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1996, 75, 247. (c) Tang, B. Z.; Yu, N.-T.; Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Wu, X. U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/729 724, 1996.
49. (a) Our discovery of the unusual optical properties of the fullerene polymers was reported by United Press International (UPI) as science news on August 28, 1996 in Orlando, Florida during the ACS National Meeting. Our work has also been reported by Advanced Materials in its "Materials Forum"; see: Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 939. (b) Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Au, C. F.; Wu, X.; Yu, N.-T.; Tang, B. Z. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1996, 75, 247. (c) Tang, B. Z.; Yu, N.-T.; Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Wu, X. U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/729 724, 1996.
50. (a) Camp, A. G.; Lary, A.; Ford, W. T. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7959.
51. (b) Chiang, L. Y.; Wang, L. Y.; Kuo, C.-S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7574.
52. (c) Dai, L.; Mau, A. W. H.; Griesser, H. J.; Spurling, T. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 17302.
53. (a) Tang, B. Z.; Yu, N.-T.; Ge, W.; Wu, X. U.S. Patent Appl. No. 08/563 577, 1995.
54. (b) Peng, H.; Leung, S. M.; Poon, W. H.; Yu, N.-T.; Hiraoka, H.; Tang, B. Z. Abstr. Asian Photochem. Conf. 1996, 78.
55. (c) Tang, B. Z.; Wu, X.; Song, C. Y.; Yu, N.-T.; Ge, W.; Leung, S. M.; Poon, W. H. Polym. Prepr. Chin. 1995, 450.