Drug Abuse in East-Central Europe

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 35-42

  Kramer, John M ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031138884     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1997.11655730     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. For an extended discussion of these issues, see John M. Kramer, "Drug Abuse in Central and Eastern Europe," in The Social Legacy of Communism, ed. James R. Millar and Sharon L. Wolchik (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 149-77. In this study, East-Central Europe includes Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.
2. Quoted in Los Angeles Times (July 19, 1994).
3. While acknowledging its inherent ambiguity, the present study employs the term "drug abuse" both because there exists no more precise term to substitute for it and because most people possess at least a common-sense, albeit imperfect, understanding of the behavior it denotes.
4. U.S. Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Bulgaria (March 1996).
5. BTA [Sofia] (April 19, 1993).
6. Ibid.; BTA (April 1, 1993, and April 29, 1993).
7. Ibid.; BTA (April 1, 1993, and April 29, 1993).
8. Česky denik [Prague] (August 24, 1993).
9. Interview with the author, June 1996.
10. U.S. Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Czech Republic (March 1996).
11. Lidové noviny [Prague] (August 10, 1994).
12. Author's interview with the head of one of Prague's principal drug-treatment and counseling centers, June 1996.
13. Interview with the author, June 1996.
14. Lidové noviny (August 10, 1994).
15. Prognosis Weekly [Prague] (December 28, 1994).
16. Lidové noviny (August 10, 1994).
17. Magyar Hirlap [Budapest] (February 8, 1995).
18. Nepszabadsag [Budapest] (August 13, 1996).
19. Manchester Guardian (February 11, 1980).
20. U.S. Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Poland (March 1996).
21. Quoted in Wprost [Poznan] (July 11, 1993).
22. The 25 percent figure is quoted in Los Angeles Times (July 19, 1994), while the 10 percent figure is reported by the official Polish news agency PAP [Warsaw] (May 10, 1996).
23. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Poland.
24. As reported by ČTK [Prague] (October 2, 1996).
25. SME [Bratislava] (October 22, 1994).
26. Slovenska republika [Bratislava] (October 3, 1996).
27. SME (October 18, 1995).
28. ATA [Tiräna] (September 25, 1996).
29. Rompres [Bucharest] (September 6, 1996).
30. This estimate is reported in New York Times (December 30, 1993). For a detailed treatment of this subject by two Western analysts, see Rensselaer W. Lee III and Scott B. MacDonald, "Drugs in the East," Foreign Policy, no. 90 (spring 1993): 89-107.
31. This estimate is reported in New York Times (December 30, 1993). For a detailed treatment of this subject by two Western analysts, see Rensselaer W. Lee III and Scott B. MacDonald, "Drugs in the East," Foreign Policy, no. 90 (spring 1993): 89-107.
32. The claim that Poland is becoming a narcotics exporter similar to Colombia is made in Prawo i Życie [Warsaw] (February 8, 1992). For a highly informative commentary on the scale of Poland's exports of illegal amphetamines to Western Europe, especially Germany and Sweden, see Życie Warszawy [Warsaw] (September 26, 1994).
33. The claim that Poland is becoming a narcotics exporter similar to Colombia is made in Prawo i Życie [Warsaw] (February 8, 1992). For a highly informative commentary on the scale of Poland's exports of illegal amphetamines to Western Europe, especially Germany and Sweden, see Życie Warszawy [Warsaw] (September 26, 1994).
34. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Poland.
35. The quotation on the situation in the Czech Republic is from Prague Post (August 22, 1995); data on Poland from Życie gospodarcze [Warsaw] (June 12, 1994); Gazeta wyborcza [Warsaw] (August 7, 1995).
36. The quotation on the situation in the Czech Republic is from Prague Post (August 22, 1995); data on Poland from Życie gospodarcze [Warsaw] (June 12, 1994); Gazeta wyborcza [Warsaw] (August 7, 1995).
37. The quotation on the situation in the Czech Republic is from Prague Post (August 22, 1995); data on Poland from Życie gospodarcze [Warsaw] (June 12, 1994); Gazeta wyborcza [Warsaw] (August 7, 1995).
38. Quoted in Pavel Mates, "Drug Abuse and Trafficking in the Czech and Slovak Republics," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report 2, no. 4 (January 22, 1993): 57.
39. Prague Post (September 11-17, 1996).
40. Quoted by the news agency CSTK (April 30, 1992).
41. As a former speaker of the Polish Sejm and an opponent of increased police powers to combat drug-related crime argued: "The police are demanding special authorization to organize provocations, to offer to sell drugs to people and then arrest them. They are asking for the right to access bank accounts to see who has illegal money and where it's from. They are also asking to listen in on telephone conversations. I ask, where is this leading? To a police dictatorship. I'm saying it erodes our democracy.... Therefore, I'm against all of these special privileges for the police." Quoted from an interview with Warsaw Voice (January 13, 1995).
42. For background material on this subject, see Prague Post (February 27, 1996, and June 5-11, 1996).
43. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Bulgaria.
44. See, for example, the comments to this end made by a high-ranking official of the EU quoted in Prague Post (December 20, 1994).
45. Albania has ratified none of these conventions, while Hungary has ratified the 1961 and 1971 conventions and signed, but not ratified, the 1988 convention.
46. Washington Post (August 20, 1996).
47. For a discussion and explication of these initiatives, see U.S. Department of State, Office of International Criminal Justice, Anti-Crime Training and Technical Assistance Program (1995).
48. For a highly informative commentary on the activities of MONAR and the criticisms these have engendered, see Nowa Europa [Warsaw] (July 8, 1994).