Evolutionary and anthropological implications of mitochondrial DNA variation in African Brazilian populations

Human Biology

Volumn 69, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 141-159

  Bortolini, Maria Cátira ^a   Zago, Marco A ^b   Salzano, Francisco M ^a   Silva JÚNIOR, Wilson A ^b,c   Bonatto, Sandro Luiz ^a   Silva, Maria Cristina B O D A ^d   Weimer, Tania A ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARÁ   (Brazil)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

AFRICAN BRAZILIANS; mtDNA; NUCLEOTIDE DIVERSITY

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031127198     PISSN: 00187143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Anderson, S., A.T. Bankier, B.G. Barrel et al. 1981. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290:457-465.
2. Azevedo, E. 1980. Subgroup studies of black admixture within a mixed population of Bahia, Brazil. Ann. Hum. Genet. 44:55-60.
3. Azevedo, E, A. Alves, M.C.B.O. da Silva et al. 1980. Distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in 1200 school children of Bahia, Brazil. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:509-512.
4. Azevedo, E., M.C.B.O. da Silva, A.M.V.M. Lima et al. 1979. Human aconitase polymorphism in three samples from northeastern Brazil. Ann. Hum. Genet. 43:7-10.
5. Azevedo, T. 1975. Democracia Racial: Ideologia e Realidade. Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Vozes.
6. Bailliet, G., F. Rothhammer, F.R. Carnese et al. 1994. Founder mitochondrial haplotypes in Amerindian populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55:27-33.
7. Bendall, K.E., and B.C. Sykes. 1995. Length heteroplasmy in the first hypervariable segment of the human mtDNA control region. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:248-256.
8. Bergmann, M. 1977. Nasce um Povo. Petrópolis, Brazil: Editora Vozes.
9. Blau, P.M., T.C. Blum, and J.E. Schwartz. 1982. Heterogeneity and intermarriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 47:45-62.
10. Bortolini, M.C. 1991. Estudos genéticos em comunidades negras isoladas sul-americanas. M.Sc. Dissertation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
11. Bortolini, M.C., T.A. Weimer, M.H.L.P. Franco et al. 1992. Genetic studies in three South American black populations. Gene Geogr. 6:1-16.
12. Bortolini, M.C., T.A. Weimer, F.M. Salzano et al. 1994. The ethnic origin of South American blacks: An estimate using genetic data. Anthropol. Biol. 2:53-62.
13. Bortolini, M.C., T.A. Weimer, F.M. Salzano et al. 1995. Evolutionary relationships between black South American and African populations. Hum. Biol. 67:547-559.
14. Bortolini, M.C., T.A. Weimer, F.M. Salzano et al. 1997. Genetic structure of two urban Afro-Brazilian populations. Int. J. Anthropol. (in press).
15. Bortolini, M.C., M.A. Zago, F.M. Salzano et al. 1996. The genetic structure of two Afro-Brazilian populations: A comparison of mitochondrial and protein data. Unpublished.
16. Cabot, E.L. 1988. ESEE (Eyeball Sequence Editor), version 1.06. Burnaby, Canada: Simon Fraser University.
17. Cann, R.L. 1994. mtDNA and native Americans: A southern perspective. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55:7-11.
18. Cann, R.L., and A.C. Wilson. 1983. Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA. Genetics 104:699-711.
19. Cann, R.L., M. Stoneking, and A.C. Wilson. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325:31-36.
20. Chen, Y., A. Torroni, L. Excoffier et al. 1995. Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:133-149.
21. Curtin, P. 1969. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
22. Da Silva, M.C.B.O., A.M.V.M. Lima, C.A.S. Santiago et al. 1985. Alkaline phosphatase polymorphism of the human placenta: A study in Brazilians. Braz. J. Genet. 8:79-87.
23. Degler, C.N. 1986. Neither Black or White: Slavery and Race Variations in Brazil and the United States. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
24. Di Rienzo, A., and A.C. Wilson. 1991. Branching pattern in the evolutionary tree for human mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1597-1601.
25. Efron, B. 1982. The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. Philadelphia, PA: Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
26. Excoffier, L., and A. Langaney. 1989. Origin and differentiation of human mitochondrial DNA, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44:73-85.
27. Felsenstein, J. 1981 Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach. J. Molec. Evol. 17:368-376.
28. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791.
29. Felsenstein, J. 1994. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package), version 3.4. Seattle, WA: Department of Genetics, University of Washington.
30. Fernandes, F. 1965. A Integração do Negro na Sociedade de Classes. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Dominus.
31. Ferreira da Silva, D. 1989. Revisando a democracia social: raça e identidade nacional no pensamento brasileiro. Estud. Afro-Asìáficos 16:157-170.
32. Franco, M.H.L.P., F.M. Salzano, and F.A. Maia de Lima. 1981. Blood groups and serum protein types in two Brazilian populations. Braz. J. Genet. 4:689-704.
33. Franco, M.H.L.P., T.A. Weimer, and F.M. Salzano. 1982. Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 58:127-132.
34. Franco, M.H.L.P., D.M. Moreira, F.M. Salzano et al. 1986. New data on the association between the glyoxalase 1 and haptoglobin loci. Hum. Hered. 36:126-128.
35. Freire, G. 1956. The Masters and the Slaves. New York: Knopf.
36. Fundação de Economia e Estatística. 1981. De Província de São Pedro a Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (censos do RS, 1803-1950). Porto Alegre, Brazil: Fundação de Economia e Estatística and Museu de Communicação Social Hipólito da Costa.
37. Giles, R.E., H. Blanc, H.M. Cann et al. 1980. Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:6715-6719.
38. Graven, L., G. Passarino, O. Semino et al. 1995. Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample. Molec. Biol. Evol. 12:334-345.
39. Harpending, H., S.T. Sherry, A. Rogers et al. 1993. The genetic structure of ancient human populations. Curr. Anthropol. 34:483-496.
40. Heidrich, E.M., M.H. Hutz, F.M. Salzano et al. 1995. DIS80 locus variability in three Brazilian ethnic groups. Hum. Biol. 67:311-319.
41. Hertzberg, M., K.N.P. Mickleson, S.W. Serjeantson et al. 1989. An Asian-specific 9-bp deletion of mitochondrial DNA is frequently found in Polynesians. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 4:504-510.
42. Horai, S., and K. Hayasaka. 1990. Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences in the major noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46:828-842.
43. Horai, S., K. Hayasaka, R. Kondo et al. 1995. Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:532-536.
44. Horai, S., N. Kondo, J. Nakagawa-Hattori et al. 1993. Peopling of the Americas, founded by four major lineages of mitochondrial DNA. Molec. Biol. Evol. 10:23-47.
45. Jin, L. 1989. SEND (Average Number of Nucleotide Substitutions per Site within and between Populations and Their Standard Errors), version 1.0. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University.
46. Jorde, L.B., M.J. Bamshad, W.S. Watkins et al. 1995. Origins and affinities of modern humans: A comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:523-538.
47. Klein, R. 1992. The archeology of modern human origins. Evol. Anthropol. 1:5-14.
48. Knecht, H., A. Pike-Tay, and R. White. 1993. Introduction. In Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay, and R. White, eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1-4.
49. Kumar, S., K. Tamura, and M. Nei. 1993. MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis), version 1.0. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University.
50. Lorenz, J.G., and D. Smith. 1994. Distribution of the 9-bp mitochondrial DNA region V deletion among North American Indians. Hum. Biol. 66:777-788.
51. Lum, J.K., O. Rickards, C. Ching et al. 1994. Polynesian mitochondrial DNAs reveals three deep maternal lineage clusters. Hum. Biol. 66:567-590.
52. Macedo, F.R. 1968. Porto Alegre: Origem e Crescimento. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Editora Sulina.
53. Macedo, F.R. 1975. Porto Alegre: História e Vida da Cidade. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
54. Macedo, F.R. 1993. História de Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
55. Mattoso, K.M.Q. 1982. Ser Escravo no Brasil. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Brasiliense.
56. Melton, T., R. Peterson, A. Redd et al. 1995. Polynesian genetic affinities with Southeast Asian populations as identified by mtDNA analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:403-414.
57. Merriwether, D.A., F. Rothhammer, and R.E. Ferrell. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence variation in native South Americans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53(3)(suppl.):833.
58. Miller, S.A., D.D. Dykes, and F. Polesky. 1988. A simple salting-out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:1215.
59. Nei, M., and L. Jin. 1989. Variances of the average numbers of nucleotide substitutions within and between populations. Molec. Biol. Evol. 6:290-300.
60. Penny, D., M. Steel, P.J. Waddell et al. 1995. Improved analysis of human mtDNA sequences support a recent African origin for Homo sapiens. Molec. Biol. Evol. 12:863-882.
61. Lys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific. Molec. Biol. Evol. 12:604-615.
62. Rogers, A., and H. Harpending. 1992. Populational growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise differences. Molec. Biol. Evol. 9:552-569.
63. Rzhetsky, A., and M. Nei. 1992. A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees. Molec. Biol. Evol. 9:945-967.
64. Rzhetsky, A., and M. Nei. 1993. Theoretical foundation of the minimum evolution method of phylogenetic inference. Molec. Biol. Evol. 10:1073-1095.
65. Saitou, W., and M. Nei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molec. Biol. Evol. 4:406-425.
66. Salzano, F.M., F.J. da Rocha, and C.V. Tondo. 1968. Hemoglobin types and gene flow in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Acta Genet. Basel 18:449-457.
67. Sambrook, J., E.F. Fritsch, and T. Maniates. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
68. Santos, M., R.H. Ward, and R. Barrantes. 1994. mtDNA variation in the Chibcha Amerindian Huetar from Costa Rica. Hum. Biol. 66:963-977.
69. Schneider, H., J. F. Guerreiro, S.E.B. Santos et al. 1987. Isolate breakdown in Amazonia: The blacks of the Trombetas River. Braz. J. Genet. 10:565-574.
70. Schurr, T.G., S.W. Ballinger, Y.Y. Gan et al. 1990. Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutation at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46:613-623.
71. Sherry, S.T., A.R. Rogers, H. Harpending et al. 1994. Mismatch distributions of mtDNA reveal recent human population expansions. Hum. Biol. 66:761-775.
72. Shields, G., A.M. Schmiechen, B.L. Frazier et al. 1993. mtDNA sequences suggest a recent evolutionary divergence for Beringian and northern North American populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:549-562.
73. Silva, W.A., Jr., and M.S. Figueiredo. 1994. Analysis of factor VII gene polymorphism in Brazilian blacks reveals further differences in the black populations. Hum. Hered. 44:252-260.
74. Silva, W.A., Jr., M.P. Schneider, H. Schneider et al. 1995. Heterogeneidade do DNA mitochondrial em populações negras brasileiras. Braz. J. Genet. 18(3)(suppl.):338.
75. Skidmore, T. 1990. Racial ideas and social policy in Brazil, 1870-1940. In The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. R. Graham, ed. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 7-36.
76. Soodyall, H., L. Vigilant, A.V. Hill et al. 1996. mtDNA control-region sequence variation suggests multiple independent origins of an "Asian-specific" 9-bp deletion in sub-Saharan Africans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58:595-608.
77. Souza Andrade, M.J. 1988. A Mão-de-Obra Escrava em Salvador: 1811-1860. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Currupio.
78. Steward, J.H., and L.C. Faron. 1959. Native Peoples of South America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
79. Stoneking, M., L.B. Jorde, K. Bhatia et al. 1990. Geographic variation in human mitochondrial DNA from Papua New Guinea. Genetics 124:717-733.
80. Stoneking, M., S.T. Sherry, A.J. Redd et al. 1992. New approaches to dating suggest a recent age for the human mtDNA ancestor. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 337:167-175.
81. Tamura, K., and M. Nei. 1993. Estimates of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molec. Biol. Evol. 10:512-526.
82. Telles, E.E. 1992. Residential segregation by skin color in Brazil. Am. Sociol. Rev. 57:186-197.
83. Telles, E.E. 1993. Racial distance and region in Brazil: The case of marriage among color groups. Latin Am. Res. Rev. 28:141-162.
84. Telles, E.E. 1994. Industrialization and racial inequality in employment: The Brazilian example. Am. Sociol. Rev. 59:46-63.
85. Templeton, A.R. 1992. Human origin and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Science 255:737.
86. Templeton, A.R. 1993. The "Eve" hypothesis: A genetic critique and reanalysis. Am. Anthropol. 95:51-72.
87. Torroni, A., Y. Chen, O. Semino et al. 1994. mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in four native American populations from southern Mexico. Am. J. Hum. Genet, 54:303-318.
88. Torroni, A., M.T. Lott, M.F. Cabell et al. 1994. mtDNA and the origin of Caucasians: Identification of ancient Caucasian-specific haplogroups, one of which is prone to a recurrent somatic duplication in the D-loop region. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55:760-776.
89. Torroni, A., M. Petrozzi, P. Sartolamazza et al. 1995. About the Asian-specific 9-bp deletion of mtDNA. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:507-508.
90. Torroni, A., T.G. Schurr, M.F. Cabell et al. 1993. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding native American mtDNAs. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53:563-590.
91. Valle-Silva, N. 1991. Estabilidade temporal e diferenças regionais no casamento inter-racial. Estud. Afro-Asiáticos 21:49-60.
92. Vigilant, L., M. Stoneking, H. Harpending et al. 1991. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503-1507.
93. Wallace, D.C. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution, degenerative disease, and aging. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:201-223.
94. Ward, R.H., B.L. Frazier, K. Dew-Jager et al. 1991. Extensive mitochondrial diversity within a single Amerindian tribe. Prof. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8720-8724.
95. Weimer, G. 1991. O Trabalho Escravo no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
96. Weimer, T.A., F.M. Salzano, and M.H. Hutz. 1981. Erythrocyte isozymes and hemoglobin types in a southern Brazilian population. J. Hum. Evol. 10:319-328.
97. S cluster haplotype predominates among Brazilian blacks. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 88:295-298.