메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 135-140

Why so few transmission stages? Reproductive restraint by malaria parasites

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAMETOCYTE; HYPOTHESIS; MALARIA; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0031127178     PISSN: 01694758     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)89810-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (138)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0026324192 scopus 로고
    • Infection of Anopheles darlingi fed on patients with Plasmodium falciparum before and after treatment with quinine or quinine plus tetracycline
    • 1 Klein, T.A., Tada, M.S. and Lima, J.B. (1991) Infection of Anopheles darlingi fed on patients with Plasmodium falciparum before and after treatment with quinine or quinine plus tetracycline. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 604-608
    • (1991) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.44 , pp. 604-608
    • Klein, T.A.1    Tada, M.S.2    Lima, J.B.3
  • 2
    • 0025239864 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: A focus for immuno-epidemiological studies
    • 2 Mendis, C. et al. (1990) Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: a focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42, 298-308
    • (1990) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.42 , pp. 298-308
    • Mendis, C.1
  • 3
    • 0027787867 scopus 로고
    • Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: Factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes
    • 3 Tchuinkam, T. et al. (1993) Experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae with Plasmodium falciparum of naturally infected gametocyte carriers in Cameroon: factors influencing the infectivity to mosquitoes. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 44, 271-276
    • (1993) Trop. Med. Parasitol. , vol.44 , pp. 271-276
    • Tchuinkam, T.1
  • 4
    • 77049227953 scopus 로고
    • Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection
    • 4 Jeffery, G.M. and Eyles, D.E. (1955) Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 4, 781-789
    • (1955) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.4 , pp. 781-789
    • Jeffery, G.M.1    Eyles, D.E.2
  • 5
    • 0001559206 scopus 로고
    • Relative increase in the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum some years after the beginning of a house spraying campaign in Netherlands New Guinea
    • 5 Metselaar, D. (1960) Relative increase in the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum some years after the beginning of a house spraying campaign in Netherlands New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54, 523-528
    • (1960) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.54 , pp. 523-528
    • Metselaar, D.1
  • 6
    • 0023887791 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea
    • 6 Graves, P.M. et al. (1988) Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea. Parasitology 96, 251-263
    • (1988) Parasitology , vol.96 , pp. 251-263
    • Graves, P.M.1
  • 7
    • 0022607720 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea
    • 7 Cattani, J.A. et al. (1986) The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 3-15
    • (1986) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.35 , pp. 3-15
    • Cattani, J.A.1
  • 8
    • 0026704442 scopus 로고
    • Gametocyte sex ratios as indirect measures of outcrossing rates in malaria
    • 8 Read, A.F. et al. (1992) Gametocyte sex ratios as indirect measures of outcrossing rates in malaria. Parasitology 104, 387-395
    • (1992) Parasitology , vol.104 , pp. 387-395
    • Read, A.F.1
  • 10
    • 0001543741 scopus 로고
    • A study of gametocytes in a West African strain of Plasmodium falciparum
    • 10 Shute, P.G. and Mary on, M. (1951) A study of gametocytes in a West African strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 421-138
    • (1951) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.44 , pp. 421-1138
    • Shute, P.G.1    Maryon, M.2
  • 11
    • 0028924804 scopus 로고
    • Specific and nonspecific responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage parasites and observations on the gametocytemia in schoolchildren living in a malariaendemic area of Mozambique
    • 11 Hogh, B. et al. (1995) Specific and nonspecific responses to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage parasites and observations on the gametocytemia in schoolchildren living in a malariaendemic area of Mozambique. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52, 50-59
    • (1995) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.52 , pp. 50-59
    • Hogh, B.1
  • 12
    • 0019740496 scopus 로고
    • The rate of production of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes during natural infections
    • 12 Smalley, M.E., Brown, J. and Bassett, N.M. (1981) The rate of production of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes during natural infections. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 318-319
    • (1981) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.75 , pp. 318-319
    • Smalley, M.E.1    Brown, J.2    Bassett, N.M.3
  • 13
    • 0025919222 scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium vivax: Gametocyte infectivity of naturally infected Thai adults
    • 13 Sattabongkot, J., Maneechai, N. and Rosenberg, R. (1991) Plasmodium vivax: gametocyte infectivity of naturally infected Thai adults. Parasitology 1, 27-31
    • (1991) Parasitology , vol.1 , pp. 27-31
    • Sattabongkot, J.1    Maneechai, N.2    Rosenberg, R.3
  • 14
    • 0004286128 scopus 로고
    • US Department of Health, Education and Welfare
    • 14 Coatney, G.R. et al. (1971) The Primate Malarias, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare
    • (1971) The Primate Malarias
    • Coatney, G.R.1
  • 16
    • 0030024175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of parasitic diseases
    • 16 Ebert, D. and Herre, E.A. (1996) The evolution of parasitic diseases. Parasitol. Today 12, 96-101
    • (1996) Parasitol. Today , vol.12 , pp. 96-101
    • Ebert, D.1    Herre, E.A.2
  • 17
    • 0026550295 scopus 로고
    • Population genetics and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum: An ecological view
    • 17 Day, K.P. et al. (1992) Population genetics and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum: an ecological view. Parasitology 104, S35-S52
    • (1992) Parasitology , vol.104
    • Day, K.P.1
  • 19
    • 0024322295 scopus 로고
    • Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes
    • 19 Ponnudurai, T. et al. (1989) Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes. Parasitology 2, 165-173
    • (1989) Parasitology , vol.2 , pp. 165-173
    • Ponnudurai, T.1
  • 20
    • 0027415463 scopus 로고
    • Infectivity of plasmodium vivax and P. Falciparum to Anopheles tessellatus; relationship between oocyst and sporozoite development
    • 20 Gamage Mendis, A.C. et al. (1993) Infectivity of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum to Anopheles tessellatus; relationship between oocyst and sporozoite development. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87, 3-6
    • (1993) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.87 , pp. 3-6
    • Gamage Mendis, A.C.1
  • 21
    • 0028011041 scopus 로고
    • Malaria transmission-blocking activity in experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae from naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers
    • 21 Mulder, B. et al. (1994) Malaria transmission-blocking activity in experimental infections of Anopheles gambiae from naturally infected Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88, 121-125
    • (1994) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.88 , pp. 121-125
    • Mulder, B.1
  • 22
    • 0025997072 scopus 로고
    • Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of Sri Lanka
    • 22 Gamage Mendis, A.C. et al. (1991) Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of Sri Lanka. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45, 479-187
    • (1991) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.45 , pp. 479-1187
    • Gamage Mendis, A.C.1
  • 23
    • 0030477928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of gametocyte sex ratio on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae
    • in press
    • 23 Robert, V. et al. Effect of gametocyte sex ratio on infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. (in press)
    • Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.
    • Robert, V.1
  • 24
    • 0027314298 scopus 로고
    • High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso
    • 24 Boudin, C. et al. (1993) High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 700-706
    • (1993) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.48 , pp. 700-706
    • Boudin, C.1
  • 25
    • 0011210025 scopus 로고
    • Comparative susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae (Theo.) and Anopheles melas (Giles) to infection by Plasmodium falciparum in Liberia, West Africa
    • 25 Burgess, R.W, (1960) Comparative susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae (Theo.) and Anopheles melas (Giles) to infection by Plasmodium falciparum in Liberia, West Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 9, 652-655
    • (1960) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.9 , pp. 652-655
    • Burgess, R.W.1
  • 26
    • 0027196792 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector
    • 26 Medley, G.F. et al. (1993) Heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector. Parasitology 106, 441-449
    • (1993) Parasitology , vol.106 , pp. 441-449
    • Medley, G.F.1
  • 27
    • 0025919506 scopus 로고
    • Asexual blood stages of malaria modulate gametocyte infectivity to the mosquito vector - Possible implications for control strategies
    • 27 Sinden, R.E. (1991) Asexual blood stages of malaria modulate gametocyte infectivity to the mosquito vector - possible implications for control strategies. Parasitology 103, 191-196
    • (1991) Parasitology , vol.103 , pp. 191-196
    • Sinden, R.E.1
  • 28
    • 0022848842 scopus 로고
    • Infection dynamics of Plasmodium mexicanum, a malarial parasite of lizards
    • 28 Bromwich, C.R. and Schall, J.J. (1986) InfecHon dynamics of Plasmodium mexicanum, a malarial parasite of lizards. Ecology 67, 1227-1235
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1227-1235
    • Bromwich, C.R.1    Schall, J.J.2
  • 29
    • 0020987315 scopus 로고
    • Sexual development of malarial parasites
    • 29 Sinden, R.E. (1983) Sexual development of malarial parasites. Adv. Parasitol. 22, 153-216
    • (1983) Adv. Parasitol. , vol.22 , pp. 153-216
    • Sinden, R.E.1
  • 30
    • 84964193616 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and parasitological observations of induced malaria
    • 30 James, S.P., Nicol, W.D. and Shute, P.G. (1936) Clinical and parasitological observations of induced malaria. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 29, 879-893
    • (1936) Proc. R. Soc. Med. , vol.29 , pp. 879-893
    • James, S.P.1    Nicol, W.D.2    Shute, P.G.3
  • 31
    • 0008470181 scopus 로고
    • The effect of sulphadiazine, proguanil and 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine upon gametocyte production in Plasmodium gallinaceum
    • 31 Bishop, A. (1954) The effect of sulphadiazine, proguanil and 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine upon gametocyte production in Plasmodium gallinaceum. Parasitology 45, 163-185
    • (1954) Parasitology , vol.45 , pp. 163-185
    • Bishop, A.1
  • 32
    • 0025875019 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for specific suppression of gametocytemia by Plasmodium falciparum in residents of hyperendemic Irian Jaya
    • 32 Baird, J.K. et al. (1991) Evidence for specific suppression of gametocytemia by Plasmodium falciparum in residents of hyperendemic Irian Jaya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 183-190
    • (1991) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.44 , pp. 183-190
    • Baird, J.K.1
  • 33
    • 0023205553 scopus 로고
    • Human T clones reactive to the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. High frequency of gamete-reactive T cells in peripheral blood from nonexposed donors
    • 33 Good, M.F. et al. (1987) Human T clones reactive to the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. High frequency of gamete-reactive T cells in peripheral blood from nonexposed donors. J. Immunol. 138, 306-311
    • (1987) J. Immunol. , vol.138 , pp. 306-311
    • Good, M.F.1
  • 34
    • 0022244435 scopus 로고
    • Role of T cells in preventing transmission of rodent malaria
    • 34 Harte, P.C., Rogers, N.C. and Targett, G.A. (1985) Role of T cells in preventing transmission of rodent malaria. Immunology 56, 1-7
    • (1985) Immunology , vol.56 , pp. 1-7
    • Harte, P.C.1    Rogers, N.C.2    Targett, G.A.3
  • 35
    • 0028133390 scopus 로고
    • Blood transfusion alters the course and outcome of Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in mice
    • 35 Yap, G.S. and Stevenson, M.M. (1994) Blood transfusion alters the course and outcome of Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 62, 3761-3765
    • (1994) Infect. Immun. , vol.62 , pp. 3761-3765
    • Yap, G.S.1    Stevenson, M.M.2
  • 36
    • 0011176986 scopus 로고
    • The effect of phenylhydrazine treatment of the host on gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium berghei
    • 36 Mons, B. (1985) The effect of phenylhydrazine treatment of the host on gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium berghei. Acta Leidensia 54, 99-105
    • (1985) Acta Leidensia , vol.54 , pp. 99-105
    • Mons, B.1
  • 37
    • 0011234141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive changes in Plasmodium transmission strategies following chloroquine chemotherapy
    • in press
    • 37 Buckling, A.G.J. et al. Adaptive changes in Plasmodium transmission strategies following chloroquine chemotherapy. Proc. R. Soc. London: Ser. B (in press)
    • Proc. R. Soc. London: Ser. B
    • Buckling, A.G.J.1
  • 39
    • 0018577122 scopus 로고
    • Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. II. Changes in amino acid contents
    • 39 Gad, A.M., Maier, W.A. and Piekarski, G. (1979) Pathology of Anopheles stephensi after infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei. II. Changes in amino acid contents. Z. Parasitenkd. 60, 263-276
    • (1979) Z. Parasitenkd. , vol.60 , pp. 263-276
    • Gad, A.M.1    Maier, W.A.2    Piekarski, G.3
  • 40
    • 0022885163 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of survival rates of Anopheles dims A (Diptera: Culicidae) with different infection densities of Plasmodium cynomolgi
    • 40 Klein, T.A. et al. (1986) Correlation of survival rates of Anopheles dims A (Diptera: Culicidae) with different infection densities of Plasmodium cynomolgi. Bull WHO 64, 901-907
    • (1986) Bull WHO , vol.64 , pp. 901-907
    • Klein, T.A.1
  • 41
    • 0025455088 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Plasmodium falciparum on the survival of naturally infected afrotropical Anopheles (Diptera:Culicoidae)
    • 41 Chege, G.M.M. and Beier, J.C. (1990) Effect of Plasmodium falciparum on the survival of naturally infected afrotropical Anopheles (Diptera:Culicoidae). J. Med. Entomol. 27, 454-458
    • (1990) J. Med. Entomol. , vol.27 , pp. 454-458
    • Chege, G.M.M.1    Beier, J.C.2
  • 42
    • 0026615540 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between body size of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. and infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
    • 42 Lyimo, E.O. and Koella, J.C. (1992) Relationship between body size of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. and infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 104, 233-237
    • (1992) Parasitology , vol.104 , pp. 233-237
    • Lyimo, E.O.1    Koella, J.C.2
  • 43
    • 0001229352 scopus 로고
    • Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village
    • 43 Muirhead-Thomson, R.C. (1954) Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 208-225
    • (1954) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.48 , pp. 208-225
    • Muirhead-Thomson, R.C.1
  • 44
    • 0025309768 scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium falciparum infection does not increase the precocious mortality rate of Anopheles gambiae
    • 44 Robert, V., Verhave, J.P. and Carnevale, P. (1990) Plasmodium falciparum infection does not increase the precocious mortality rate of Anopheles gambiae. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84, 346-347
    • (1990) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.84 , pp. 346-347
    • Robert, V.1    Verhave, J.P.2    Carnevale, P.3
  • 45
    • 0017168609 scopus 로고
    • Successful immunization against the sexual stages of Plasmodium gallinaceum
    • 45 Gwadz, R.W. (1976) Successful immunization against the sexual stages of Plasmodium gallinaceum. Science 193, 1150-1151
    • (1976) Science , vol.193 , pp. 1150-1151
    • Gwadz, R.W.1
  • 46
    • 0017296791 scopus 로고
    • Malaria transmission blocked by immunisation with gametes of the malaria parasite
    • 46 Carter, R. and Chen, D.H. (1976) Malaria transmission blocked by immunisation with gametes of the malaria parasite. Nature 263, 57-60
    • (1976) Nature , vol.263 , pp. 57-60
    • Carter, R.1    Chen, D.H.2
  • 47
    • 0027257524 scopus 로고
    • Transmission-blocking immunity against malaria and other vector-borne diseases
    • 47 Kaslow, D.C. (1993) Transmission-blocking immunity against malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5, 557-565
    • (1993) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 557-565
    • Kaslow, D.C.1
  • 48
    • 0026073844 scopus 로고
    • Cytokines kill malaria parasites during infection crisis: Extracellular complementary factors are essential
    • 48 Naotunne, T.S. et al. (1991) Cytokines kill malaria parasites during infection crisis: extracellular complementary factors are essential. J. Exp. Med. 173, 523-529
    • (1991) J. Exp. Med. , vol.173 , pp. 523-529
    • Naotunne, T.S.1
  • 49
    • 0026523620 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of fever and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor are closely associated during clinical paroxysms in Plasmodium vivax malaria
    • 49 Karunaweera, N. D. et al. (1992) Dynamics of fever and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor are closely associated during clinical paroxysms in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 3200-3203
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.89 , pp. 3200-3203
    • Karunaweera, N.D.1
  • 50
    • 0019977633 scopus 로고
    • Vaccination to prevent transmission of Plasmodium yoelii malaria
    • 50 Mendis, K.M. and Targett, G.A. (1982) Vaccination to prevent transmission of Plasmodium yoelii malaria. Parasite Immunol. 4, 117-127
    • (1982) Parasite Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 117-127
    • Mendis, K.M.1    Targett, G.A.2
  • 51
    • 0026956560 scopus 로고
    • Transmission immunity in malaria: Reflections on the underlying immune mechanisms during natural infections and following artificial immunization
    • 51 Carter, R. and Mendis, K. (1992) Transmission immunity in malaria: reflections on the underlying immune mechanisms during natural infections and following artificial immunization. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 3, 169-173
    • (1992) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz , vol.3 , pp. 169-173
    • Carter, R.1    Mendis, K.2
  • 52
    • 0024224536 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigens in Papua New Guinea sera
    • 52 Graves, P.M. et al. (1988) Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum gamete surface antigens in Papua New Guinea sera. Parasite Immunol. 10, 209-218
    • (1988) Parasite Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 209-218
    • Graves, P.M.1
  • 53
    • 0026694509 scopus 로고
    • Transmission blocking immunity to human Plasmodium vivax malaria in an endemic population in Kataragama, Sri Lanka
    • 53 Gamage Mendis, A.C. et al. (1992) Transmission blocking immunity to human Plasmodium vivax malaria in an endemic population in Kataragama, Sri Lanka. Parasite Immunol. 14, 385-396
    • (1992) Parasite Immunol. , vol.14 , pp. 385-396
    • Gamage Mendis, A.C.1
  • 54
    • 0029942807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between anti-Pfs48/45 reactivity and Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking activity in sera from Cameroon
    • 54 Roeffen, W. et al. (1996) Association between anti-Pfs48/45 reactivity and Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking activity in sera from Cameroon. Parasite Immunol. 18, 103-109
    • (1996) Parasite Immunol. , vol.18 , pp. 103-109
    • Roeffen, W.1
  • 55
    • 0028361893 scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission-blocking immunity under conditions of low endemicity as in Sri Lanka
    • 55 Premawansa, S. et al. (1994) Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission-blocking immunity under conditions of low endemicity as in Sri Lanka. Parasite Immunol. 16, 35-42
    • (1994) Parasite Immunol. , vol.16 , pp. 35-42
    • Premawansa, S.1
  • 56
    • 0026696181 scopus 로고
    • Human antibody responses to epitopes on the Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigen Pfs 48/45 and their relationship to infectivity of gametocyte carriers
    • 56 Graves, P.M. et al. (1992) Human antibody responses to epitopes on the Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigen Pfs 48/45 and their relationship to infectivity of gametocyte carriers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46, 711-719
    • (1992) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.46 , pp. 711-719
    • Graves, P.M.1
  • 57
    • 0023921277 scopus 로고
    • Boosting of transmission-blocking immunity during natural Plasmodium vivax infections in humans depends upon frequent reinfection
    • 57 Ranawaka, M.B. et al. (1988) Boosting of transmission-blocking immunity during natural Plasmodium vivax infections in humans depends upon frequent reinfection. Infect. Immun. 56, 1820-1824
    • (1988) Infect. Immun. , vol.56 , pp. 1820-1824
    • Ranawaka, M.B.1
  • 58
    • 0023108995 scopus 로고
    • Malaria transmission-blocking immunity induced by natural infections of Plasmodium vivax in humans
    • 58 Mendis, K.M. et al. (1987) Malaria transmission-blocking immunity induced by natural infections of Plasmodium vivax in humans. Infect. Immun. 55, 369-372
    • (1987) Infect. Immun. , vol.55 , pp. 369-372
    • Mendis, K.M.1
  • 59
    • 0000533390 scopus 로고
    • Optimal pattern of replication and transmission for parasites with two stages in their life cycle
    • 59 Koella, J.C. and Antia, R. (1995) Optimal pattern of replication and transmission for parasites with two stages in their life cycle. Theor. Popul. Biol. 47, 277-291
    • (1995) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.47 , pp. 277-291
    • Koella, J.C.1    Antia, R.2
  • 60
    • 0002737468 scopus 로고
    • Observations of Plasmodium falciparum with special reference to the production of crecents
    • 60 Garnham, P.C.C. (1931) Observations of Plasmodium falciparum with special reference to the production of crecents. Kenya E. African Med. J. 8, 2-21
    • (1931) Kenya E. African Med. J. , vol.8 , pp. 2-21
    • Garnham, P.C.C.1
  • 61
    • 0028229265 scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium berghei: Serum-mediated inhibition of infectivity of infected mice to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes
    • 61 Fleck, S.L., Butcher, G.A. and Sinden, R.E. (1994) Plasmodium berghei: serum-mediated inhibition of infectivity of infected mice to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Exp. Parasitol. 78, 20-27
    • (1994) Exp. Parasitol. , vol.78 , pp. 20-27
    • Fleck, S.L.1    Butcher, G.A.2    Sinden, R.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.