Soft condensed matter physics

Solid State Communications

Volumn 102, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 187-197

  Lubensky, T C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDENSATION; DEFECTS; ENTROPY;

SOFT CONDENSED MATTERS;

MATERIALS SCIENCE;

EID: 0031124351     PISSN: 00381098     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0038-1098(96)00718-1     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. For a more detailed and pedagogical account of many of the items presented here, see Chaikin, P.M. and Lubensky, T.C., Principles of Condensed Matter Physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
2. de Gennes, P.G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1979.
3. See, for example, Russel, W.B., Saville, D.A. and Schowalter, W.R., Colloidal Dispersions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.
4. There are of course many random-close-packed configurations that are ultimately responsible for the "ground state entropy" of a glass. Different configurations are however, inaccessible to hard spheres at true close packing and we may take the entropy of a single configuration to be zero.
5. Hoover, W.G. and Ree, F.H., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 3609; Alder, B.J., Hoover, W.G. and Young, D.A., J. Chem. Phys.,49, 1968, 3688.
6. Hoover, W.G. and Ree, F.H., J. Chem. Phys., 49, 3609; Alder, B.J., Hoover, W.G. and Young, D.A., J. Chem. Phys.,49, 1968, 3688.
7. See, for example, Pusey, P.N. and van Megen, W., Nature (London), 320, 1986, 340; Paulin, S.E. and Ackerson, B.J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 1990, 2663.
8. See, for example, Pusey, P.N. and van Megen, W., Nature (London), 320, 1986, 340; Paulin, S.E. and Ackerson, B.J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 1990, 2663.
9. Ackerson, B.J. and Clark, N.A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, 1981, 123; Phys. Rev., A30, 1981, 906.
10. Ackerson, B.J. and Clark, N.A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, 1981, 123; Phys. Rev., A30, 1981, 906.
11. Asakura, S. and Oosawa, F., J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1954, 1255.
12. See, for example, Zimmerman, S.B. and Minton, A.P., Ann. Rev. Biomol. Struct., 22, 1993, 27; Herzfeld, J., Acc. Chem. Res., 29, 1996, 31.
13. See, for example, Zimmerman, S.B. and Minton, A.P., Ann. Rev. Biomol. Struct., 22, 1993, 27; Herzfeld, J., Acc. Chem. Res., 29, 1996, 31.
14. De Hek, H. and Vriij, A., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 84, 1981, 409; Calderon, F.L., Bibeette, J. and Biais, J., Europhys. Lett., 23, 1993, 653; Ilett, S.M., Orrock, A., Poon, W.C.K. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 1344.
15. De Hek, H. and Vriij, A., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 84, 1981, 409; Calderon, F.L., Bibeette, J. and Biais, J., Europhys. Lett., 23, 1993, 653; Ilett, S.M., Orrock, A., Poon, W.C.K. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 1344.
16. De Hek, H. and Vriij, A., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 84, 1981, 409; Calderon, F.L., Bibeette, J. and Biais, J., Europhys. Lett., 23, 1993, 653; Ilett, S.M., Orrock, A., Poon, W.C.K. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 1344.
17. Kaplan, P.D., Rouke, J.L., Yodh, A.G. and Pine, D.J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1994, 582; Dinsmore, A.D., Yodh, A.G. and Pine, D.J., Phys. Rev., E52, 1995, 4045.
18. Kaplan, P.D., Rouke, J.L., Yodh, A.G. and Pine, D.J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1994, 582; Dinsmore, A.D., Yodh, A.G. and Pine, D.J., Phys. Rev., E52, 1995, 4045.
19. Bartlett, P., Ottewill, R.H. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1992, 3801; Sanders, J.V., Phil. Mag., A42, 1980, 705; Yoshimura, S. and Hachisu, S., Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 68, 1983, 59.
20. Bartlett, P., Ottewill, R.H. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1992, 3801; Sanders, J.V., Phil. Mag., A42, 1980, 705; Yoshimura, S. and Hachisu, S., Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 68, 1983, 59.
21. Bartlett, P., Ottewill, R.H. and Pusey, P.N., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1992, 3801; Sanders, J.V., Phil. Mag., A42, 1980, 705; Yoshimura, S. and Hachisu, S., Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 68, 1983, 59.
22. Eldridge, M.D., Madden, P.A. and Frenkel, D., Molec. Phys., 79, 1993, 105; Xu, H. and Baus, M., J. Phys. Condensed Matter., 4, 1993, L663.
23. Eldridge, M.D., Madden, P.A. and Frenkel, D., Molec. Phys., 79, 1993, 105; Xu, H. and Baus, M., J. Phys. Condensed Matter., 4, 1993, L663.
24. de Gennes, P.G. and Prost, J., The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993; Chandrasekhar, S., Liquid Crystals. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
25. de Gennes, P.G. and Prost, J., The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993; Chandrasekhar, S., Liquid Crystals. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
26. Onsager, L., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 15, 1949, 627.
27. Stroobants, A., Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. and Frenkel, D., Phys. Rev., A36, 1987, 2929; Frenkel, D., in Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals (Edited by S. Martellucci and A.N. Chester) Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
28. Stroobants, A., Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. and Frenkel, D., Phys. Rev., A36, 1987, 2929; Frenkel, D., in Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals (Edited by S. Martellucci and A.N. Chester) Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
29. Wen, X., Meyer, R.B. and Caspar, D.L.D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 1989, 2760; Fraden, S., in Observations, Predictions and Simulations in Complex Fluids (Edited by M. Baus, L.F. Ryll and J.D. Ryckaert). Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995.
30. Wen, X., Meyer, R.B. and Caspar, D.L.D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 1989, 2760; Fraden, S., in Observations, Predictions and Simulations in Complex Fluids (Edited by M. Baus, L.F. Ryll and J.D. Ryckaert). Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995.
31. Fraden, S., Private communication.
32. Forster, D., Hydrodynamics, Broken Symmetry and Correlations Functions. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1983.
33. Martin, P.C., Parodi, O. and Pershan, P.S., Phys. Rev., A6, 1972, 2401.
34. Goldstone, J., Nuovo Cimento, 19, 1961, 155.
35. Higgs, P.W., Phys. Lett., 12, 1964, 132; 13, 1964, 508.
36. Higgs, P.W., Phys. Lett., 12, 1964, 132; 13, 1964, 508.
37. Caillé, A., C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 274, 1972, 891; Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 29, 1972, 206.
38. Caillé, A., C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 274, 1972, 891; Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 29, 1972, 206.
39. Als-Nielsen, J., Litster, J.D., Birgeneau, R.J., Kaplan, M., Safinya, C.R., Lindegaard-Andersen, A. and Mathiesen, S., Phys. Rev., B22, 1980, 312.
40. Safinya, C.R., Roux, D., Smith, G.S., Sinha, S.K., Dimon, P., Clark, N.A. and Belloq, A.M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 1986, 2718; Roux, D. and Safinya, C.R., J. Phys. (Paris), 49, 1988, 307.
41. Safinya, C.R., Roux, D., Smith, G.S., Sinha, S.K., Dimon, P., Clark, N.A. and Belloq, A.M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 1986, 2718; Roux, D. and Safinya, C.R., J. Phys. (Paris), 49, 1988, 307.
42. Helfrich, W., Phys. Rev. Lett., 23, 1969, 372.
43. See for example, Stegemeyer, H., Blümel, Th., Hiltrop, K., Onusseit, H. and Forsch, F., Liq. Cryst., 1, 1986, 3; Wright, D.C. and Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 61, 1989, 385.
44. See for example, Stegemeyer, H., Blümel, Th., Hiltrop, K., Onusseit, H. and Forsch, F., Liq. Cryst., 1, 1986, 3; Wright, D.C. and Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 61, 1989, 385.
45. Clark, N.A., Vohra, S.T. and Handschy, M.A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 57; Cladis, P.E., Pieranski, P. and Joanicot, M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 542;
46. Clark, N.A., Vohra, S.T. and Handschy, M.A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 57; Cladis, P.E., Pieranski, P. and Joanicot, M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 542;
47. Kleiman, R.N., Bishop, D.J., Pindak, R. and Taborek, P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 53, 1984, 2137.
48. Pieranski, P., Barbet-Massin, R. and Cladis, P.E., Phys. Rev., A31, 1985, 3912.
49. Stark, H. and Trebin, H.-R., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 2316; 51, 1995, 2326.
50. Stark, H. and Trebin, H.-R., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 2316; 51, 1995, 2326.
51. Kléman, M., Points, Lines and Walls: in Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems and Various Disordered Media. J. Wiley, New York, 1983; Kurik, M.V. and Lavrentovich, O.D., Usp. fiz. Nauk, 154, 1988, 381; Sov. Phys. Usp., 31, 1988, 196; Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 51, 1979, 591.
52. Kléman, M., Points, Lines and Walls: in Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems and Various Disordered Media. J. Wiley, New York, 1983; Kurik, M.V. and Lavrentovich, O.D., Usp. fiz. Nauk, 154, 1988, 381; Sov. Phys. Usp., 31, 1988, 196; Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 51, 1979, 591.
53. Kléman, M., Points, Lines and Walls: in Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems and Various Disordered Media. J. Wiley, New York, 1983; Kurik, M.V. and Lavrentovich, O.D., Usp. fiz. Nauk, 154, 1988, 381; Sov. Phys. Usp., 31, 1988, 196; Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 51, 1979, 591.
54. Kléman, M., Points, Lines and Walls: in Liquid Crystals, Magnetic Systems and Various Disordered Media. J. Wiley, New York, 1983; Kurik, M.V. and Lavrentovich, O.D., Usp. fiz. Nauk, 154, 1988, 381; Sov. Phys. Usp., 31, 1988, 196; Mermin, N.D., Rev. Mod. Phys., 51, 1979, 591.
55. Chuang, I., Yurke, B., Pargellis, A.N. and Turok, N., Phys. Rev., E47, 1993, 3343; Bray, A.J., Physica, A194, 1993, 41.
56. Chuang, I., Yurke, B., Pargellis, A.N. and Turok, N., Phys. Rev., E47, 1993, 3343; Bray, A.J., Physica, A194, 1993, 41.
57. Draziac, P., Liquid Crystal Dispersions. World Scientific, Singapore, 1995.
58. Volovik, G.E. and Lavrentovich, O.D., Sov. Phys. JETP, 58, 1983, 1159.
59. Poulin, P., Stark, H., Lubensky, T.C. and Weitz, D.A., to be published in Science.
60. Terentjev, E.M., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 1330; Kuksenpk, O.V., Ruhwandl, R.W., Shiyanovskii, S.V. and Terentjev, E.M., Cambridge preprint.
61. Terentjev, E.M., Phys. Rev., E51, 1995, 1330; Kuksenpk, O.V., Ruhwandl, R.W., Shiyanovskii, S.V. and Terentjev, E.M., Cambridge preprint.
62. Renn, S.R. and Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev., A38, 1988, 2132; Goodby, J., Waugh, M.A., Stein, S.M., Chin, E., Pindak, R. and Patel, J.S., Nature (London), 337, 1988, 449; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 1989, 8119.
63. Renn, S.R. and Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev., A38, 1988, 2132; Goodby, J., Waugh, M.A., Stein, S.M., Chin, E., Pindak, R. and Patel, J.S., Nature (London), 337, 1988, 449; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 1989, 8119.
64. Renn, S.R. and Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev., A38, 1988, 2132; Goodby, J., Waugh, M.A., Stein, S.M., Chin, E., Pindak, R. and Patel, J.S., Nature (London), 337, 1988, 449; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 1989, 8119.
65. de Gennes, P.G., Solid State Commun., 10, 1972, 753.
66. Goodby, J.W., Nishiyama, I., Slaney, A.J., Booth, C.J. and Toyne, K.J., Liq. Cryst., 14, 1993, 27; Nguyen, H.T., Bouchta, A., Navailles, L., Barois, P., Isaert, N., Tieg, R.J., Maaroufi, A. and Destrade, C., J. Phys. II (Paris), 2, 1992, 1889.
67. Goodby, J.W., Nishiyama, I., Slaney, A.J., Booth, C.J. and Toyne, K.J., Liq. Cryst., 14, 1993, 27; Nguyen, H.T., Bouchta, A., Navailles, L., Barois, P., Isaert, N., Tieg, R.J., Maaroufi, A. and Destrade, C., J. Phys. II (Paris), 2, 1992, 1889.
68. Navailles, L., Barois, P. and Nguyen, H., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1994, 1300; Navailles, L., Barois, P., Pindak, R. and Nguyen, H.T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 1995, 5224.
69. Navailles, L., Barois, P. and Nguyen, H., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 1994, 1300; Navailles, L., Barois, P., Pindak, R. and Nguyen, H.T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 1995, 5224.
70. Lipowsky, R., Nature 349, 1991, 475; Nelson, D. and Weinberg, S. (eds.), Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Surfaces. World Scientific, Singapore, 1989; Safran, S.A., Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Interfaces. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1994.
71. Lipowsky, R., Nature 349, 1991, 475; Nelson, D. and Weinberg, S. (eds.), Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Surfaces. World Scientific, Singapore, 1989; Safran, S.A., Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Interfaces. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1994.
72. Lipowsky, R., Nature 349, 1991, 475; Nelson, D. and Weinberg, S. (eds.), Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Surfaces. World Scientific, Singapore, 1989; Safran, S.A., Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Interfaces. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1994.
73. Canham, R., J. Theor. Biol., 26, 1970, 61; Helfrich, W., Z. Naturforsch., 28C, 1973, 693.
74. Canham, R., J. Theor. Biol., 26, 1970, 61; Helfrich, W., Z. Naturforsch., 28C, 1973, 693.
75. de Gennes, P.G. and Taupin, C., J. Phys. Chem., 86, 1982, 2294.
76. Helfrich, W., Z. Naturforsch., 33A, 1978, 205.
77. Pokrovsky, V.L. and Talapov, A.L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 42, 1979, 66; Coppersmith, S.N., Fisher, D.S., Halperin, B.I., Lee, P.A. and Brinkman, W.F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, 1981, 549.
78. Pokrovsky, V.L. and Talapov, A.L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 42, 1979, 66; Coppersmith, S.N., Fisher, D.S., Halperin, B.I., Lee, P.A. and Brinkman, W.F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, 1981, 549.
79. Nelson, D.R. and Peliti, L., J. Physique, 48, 1987, 1085; Aronovitz, J.A. and Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 1988, 2634.
80. Nelson, D.R. and Peliti, L., J. Physique, 48, 1987, 1085; Aronovitz, J.A. and Lubensky, T.C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 1988, 2634.
81. Kamien, R.D. and Nelson, D.R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 1995, 2499; Phys. Rev., E53, 1996, 650.
82. Kamien, R.D. and Nelson, D.R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 1995, 2499; Phys. Rev., E53, 1996, 650.
83. Smith, S.B., Finzi, L. and Bustamante, C., Science, 258, 1992, 1122; Strick, T.R., Allemand, J.-F., Bensimon, D., Bensimon, A. and Croquette, V., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1996.
84. Smith, S.B., Finzi, L. and Bustamante, C., Science, 258, 1992, 1122; Strick, T.R., Allemand, J.-F., Bensimon, D., Bensimon, A. and Croquette, V., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1996.
85. Boas, D. and Yodh, A., Nature, 383, 1996, 239.
86. Bar-Ziv, R., Frisch, T. and Moses, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 1995, 3481.