Modeling and management of urban stormwater runoff quality: A review

Water Resources Management

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 136-164

  Tsihrintzis, Vassilios A ^a   Hamid, Rizwan ^a,b  

^a The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

^b Post Buckley Schuh Jernigan Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Best management practices; Modeling; Nonpoint source pollution; Storm water management; Urban runoff quality

Indexed keywords

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES; NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION; STORMWATER; URBAN RUNOFF QUALITY;

GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; MANAGEMENT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PLANNING; RAIN; WATER QUALITY;

RUNOFF;

MODELLING; MODELLING APPROACH; NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION; NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION; POLLUTION CONTROL; RUNOFF QUALITY; STORMWATER MANAGEMENT; STORMWATER RUNOFF; URBAN RUNOFF; WATER MANAGEMENT;

USA;

EID: 0031115642     PISSN: 09204741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1007903817943     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Ahmad, M.: 1980, Methodology for lumped SWMM modeling, Proceedings of Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, USEPA, June 19-20, pp. 64-79.
2. Alley, W. M.: 1981, Estimation of impervious-area washoff parameters, Water Resour. Res. 17(4), 1161-1166.
3. Alley, W. M., Dawdy, D. R. and Schaake, J. C.: 1980, Parametric-deterministic urban watershed model, J. Hydraul. Div. ASCE 106, 679-690.
4. Alley, W. M. and Ellis, S. R.: 1979, Rainfall-runoff modeling of flow and total nitrogen from two localities in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area, Proceedings of Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, USEPA, May 24-25, pp. 363-401.
5. Alley, W. M. and Smith, P. E.: 1982, Multi-event urban runoff quality model (DR3M-QUAL), US Geological Survey, Open File Report 82-724, Reston VA, U.S.A.
6. Alley, W. M. and Veenhuis, J. E.: 1979, Determination of basin characteristics for an urban distributed routing rainfall-runoff model, Proceedings of Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, USEPA, May 24-25, pp. 1-25.
7. Altman, G. D., Montgomery, R. G., King, T. I. and Patterson, C. W.: 1993, GIS and SWMM applications in developing the Lake Houston watershed management program, Proceedings of the National Annual Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, San Francisco, California, July 25-30, pp. 2239-2244.
8. Aqua Terra Consultants: 1994, HSPF training workshop notes, Sponsored by the USEPA Office of Water Standards and Applied Science Division, Seattle, Washington, August 17-20.
9. Attanasio, R. and Danicic, D.: 1994, Comparing three Stormwater pollutant load models, Public Works, April, pp. 51-54.
10. Baffaut, C. and Delleur, J. W.: 1990, Calibration of SWMM runoff quality model with expert system, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE, 116, 247-261.
11. Beale, D. C.: 1992, Recent developments in the control of urban runoff, J. Water Environ. Manage. 6(2), 141-150.
12. Beasley, D. B. and Huggins, L. F.: 1981, ANSWERS Users Manual, EPA-905/9-82-001, USEPA, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
13. Bedient, P. B. and Huber, W. C.: 1988, Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Addison-Wesley, New York.
14. Bomboi, M. T. and Hernandez, A.: 1991, Hydrocarbons in urban runoff: Their contribution to the wastewaters, Water Res., IAWPRC 25, 557-65.
15. Bomboi, M. T., Hernandez, A., Marino, F. and Hontoria, E.: 1990, Applications of multivariate analysis for characterization of organic compounds from urban runoff, Sci. Total Environ. 93, 523-536.
16. Boyd, G.: 1991a, Municipal storm water permits: Developing strategies for compliance, Public Works, January, pp. 61-63.
17. Boyd, G.: 1991b, The new federal Stormwater regulations, Public Works, February, pp. 63-66.
18. Boyd, G. and Gardner, N.: 1990, Urban Stormwater: An overview for municipalities, Public Works, December, pp. 39-42.
19. Boyer, K. W. and Laitinen, H.A.: 1975, Automobile exhaust particulates: Properties of environmental significance, Environ. Sci. Technol. 9(5), 457-469.
20. Chui, T. W., Mar, B. W. and Hornet, R. R.: 1982, A pollutant loading model for highway runoff, J. Environ. Engi., ASCE 108(6), 1193-1210.
21. City of Seattle, Washington: 1989, Water quality, best management practices manual, June 30.
22. Dever, R. J., Roesner, L. A. and Aldrich, J. A.: 1983, Urban Highway Storm Drainage Model, Vol. 4, Surface Runoff Program Users Manual and Documentation, FHWA/RD-83/044, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
23. Dinges, R.: 1982, Natural Systems for Water Pollution Control, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Company, New York.
24. Donigian, A. S. and Davis, H. H.: 1978, Agricultural Runoff Management (ARM): Users Manual, EPA-600/3-78-080, USEPA, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
25. Ellis, J. B.: 1989, The management and control of urban runoff, J. Water Environ. Manage. 3(2), 116-124.
26. Ellis, J. B.: 1986, 'Pollutional Aspects of Urban Runoff', in H. C. Torno, J. Marsalek, and M. Desbordes, (eds.), NATO ASI Series, Vol. G10, Urban Runoff Pollution, Springier-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1-31.
27. Ferrara, R. A.: 1986, 'Toxic Pollutants: Impact and Fate in Receiving Waters', in H. C. Torno, J. Marsalek, and M. Desbordes, (eds.), NATO ASI Series, Vol. G10, Urban Runoff Pollution, Springier-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 423-435.
28. Ferrara, R. A. and Witkowski, P.: 1983, Storm water quality characteristics in detention basins, J. Environ. Engi. Div., ASCE 109(2), 428-447.
29. Field, R., Pitt, R., Melinda, L., Brown, M., Velkelis, W. and Phackston, E.: 1994, Investigation of dry-weather pollutant entries into storm-drainage systems, J. Environ. Engin., ASCE 120(5), 1044-1056.
30. Free, M. H., Onstad, C. A. and Holtan, N. H.: 1975, ACTMO - An agricultural chemical transport model, ARS-H-3, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
31. Franklin, M. A.: 1984, Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds, US Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4233.
32. Gadipudi, R. K.: 1994, Evaluating the effects of agricultural practices on water quality by interfacing GIS with computer models, MS Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida (V A. Tsihrintzis, Major Professor).
33. Garcia, A. and James, W. P.: 1988, Urban runoff simulation model, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 114, 399-413.
34. Geiger, W. F. and Dorsch, H. R.: 1980, Quantity-quality simulation (QQS): A detailed continuous planning model for urban runoff control, Volume 1, Model Description, Testing and Applications, EPA-600/2-80-011, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
35. George, T. S. and Barrett-McDaniel, J.: 1992, Pollution control under the NPDES storm water program, Proceedings of the National Conference on Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Baltimore, MD, August 2-6, pp. 640-645.
36. George, T. S. and Hartigan, J. P.: 1994, Regional planning for stormwater management, Proceedings of the National Conference on Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Baltimore, Maryland, August 2-6, pp. 492-497.
37. Gjessing, E., Lygren, E., Berglind, L., Gulbrandsenm T. and Skaane, R.: 1984, Effects of highway runoff on lake water quality, Sci. Tot. Environ. 33, 245-257.
38. Gladwell, J. S. and Sim, L. K.: 1991, Urban water issues/strategies in the humid tropics, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference and Symposium on Water Resources Planning Management and Urban Water Resources, ASCE, pp. 358-364.
39. Griffin, D. M., Grizzard, T. J., Randall, C. W., Helsel, D. R. and Hartigan, J. P.: 1980, Analysis of non-point pollution export for small catchments, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., WEF 52(4), 780-790.
40. Gupta, M. K., Agnew, R. K., Gruber, D. and Kreutzberger, W.: 1981, Constituents of highway runoff, Vol. IV, FHWA/RD-81/045, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
41. Gupta, M. K., Agnew, R. K. and Kobringer, N. P.: 1981, Constituents of highway runoff, Vol. I, FHWA/RD-81/042, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
42. Hamid, R.: 1995, Modeling of nonpoint source pollution from urban stormwater runoff- applications to South Florida, MS Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
43. Hamid, R., Tsihrintzis, V A. and Fuentes, H. R.: 1995, Model validation for runoff pollution from urban watersheds, 22nd Annual Conference of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, ASCE, Boston, MA, May 7-11, pp. 141-144.
44. Hammer, D. A.: 1992, Creating Freshwater Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
45. Hammer, D. A. (ed.): 1989, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Municipal, Industrial, Agricultural, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
46. Hewitt, C. N. and Rashed, M. B.: 1992, Removal rates of selected pollutants in the runoff waters from a major rural highway, Water Res., IAWPRC 26, 311-319.
47. Hoffman, R. W., Goldman, C. R., Paulson, S. and Winters, G. R.: 1981, Aquatic impacts of deicing salts in the central Sierra Nevada mountains, California, Water Resour. Bull., AWRA 17(1), 280-285.
48. Horn, C. R. and Grayman, W. M.: 1993, Water quality modeling with EPA reach file system, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 119(2), 262-274.
49. Huber, C. W.: 1986, 'Deterministic Modeling of Urban Runoff Quality', in H. C. Torno, J. Marsalek, and M. Desbordes, (eds), NATO ASI Series, Vol. G10, Urban Runoff Pollution, Springler-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 167-241.
50. Huber, C. W.: 1980, Urban waste-load generation by multiple regression analysis of nationwide urban runoff data, Workshop on Verification of Water Quality Models, EPA-600/9-80-016, pp. 167-173.
51. Huber, C. W. and Dickinson, R. E.: 1988, Storm water management model, Version 4: Users Manual, EPA 600/3-88/001a, Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
52. Hunter, J. V., Sabatino, T., Gomperts, R. and Mackenzie, M. J.: 1979, Contribution of urban runoff to hydrocarbon pollution, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., WEF 51, 2129-2138.
53. Jewell, T. K. and Adrian, D. D.: 1978, SWMM stormwater pollutant washoff functions, J. Environ. Engi. Div., ASCE 104(5), 1036-1039.
54. Jewell, T. K., Nunno, T. J. and Adrian, D. D.: 1978, Methodology for calibrating stormwater models, J. Environ. Engi. Div., ASCE 104(3), 485-501.
55. Johanson, R. C., Imhoff, J. C., Kittle, J. L. and Donigian, A. S.: 1984, Hydrologic simulation program-FORTRAN (HSPF): Users manual for release 8.0, EPA-600/3-84-066, USEPA, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
56. King County, Washington: 1990, Surface water design manual, Department of Public Works.
57. Kobringer, N. P., Gupta, M. K. and Agnew, R. K.: 1981, Constituents of highway runoff, Vol. III, FHWA/RD-81/044, Federal Highway Administration, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
58. Knisel, W. G.: 1982, Systems for evaluating non-point source pollution: An overview, Math. Comp. Simul. 24, 173-184.
59. Ku, Henry F. H. and Hagelin, N. W.: 1992, Effects of urban control on groundwater recharge in Nassau County, New York, Groundwater, NWWA 30, 507-514.
60. Latimer, J. S., Mills, G. L., Hoffman, E. J. and Quinn, J. G.: 1986, Treatment of solids and petroleum hydrocarbons in storm runoff with an on-site detention basin, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxic. 36, 548-555.
61. Lee, F. and Jones-Lee, A.: 1994, Are real water quality problems being addressed by current structural best management practices, Public Works, November, pp. 53-55.
62. Liong, S. Y., Chen, W. T. and Lum, L. H.: 1991, Knowledge-based system for SWMM runoff component calibration, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 117, 507-524.
63. Lorant, F. I.: 1980, Urban runoff quality in metropolitan Toronto, Proceedings of stormwater management model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, USEPA, January 10-11, pp. 75-92.
64. Lundgren, P. S. and Barber, M. E.: 1993, Development of an expert system for urban runoff, Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Hydrology, ASCE, San Francisco, California, July 25-30, pp. 1084-1089.
65. Mandelker, D. R.: 1989, Controlling nonpoint source water pollution, Chicago-Kent Law Review 65(2), 479-502.
66. Marble, A. D.: 1992, A Guide to Wetland Functional Design, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
67. Martin, E. H. and Smoot, J. I.: 1986, Constituent load changes in urban stormwater runoff routed through a detention pond-wetlands system in Central Florida, US Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation Report 85-4310.
68. Maryland Department of the Environment, Sediment and Stormwater Division: 1987, Design Procedures for Stormwater Management Detention Structures.
69. Maryland Department of the Environment, Sediment and Storm water Administration: 1984, Maryland Standards and Specifications for Storm water Management Infiltration Practices.
70. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Sediment and Storm water Division: 1987, Guidelines for Constructing Wetland Stormwater Basins.
71. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Sediment and Storm water Administration: 1985, Inspector's Guidelines Manual for Stormwater Management Infiltration Practices.
72. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Department of Environment Programs: 1992, Analysis of Urban BMP Performance and Longevity.
73. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency: 1992, Protecting Water Quality in Urban Areas.
74. Moshiri, G. A.: 1993, Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
75. Norman, C. G.: 1991, Urban runoff effects on Ohio river water quality, Water Environ. Technol. 3, 44-46.
76. Novotny, V.: 1991, Urban diffuse pollution: Sources and abatement, Water Environ. Technol. 3, December, pp. 60-65.
77. Novotny, V. and Olem, H.: 1994, Water Quality - Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, U.S.A.
78. Oliver, L. J. and Grigoropoulos, S. G.: 1981, Control of storm-generated pollution using a small Urban lake, J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., ASCE 53(5), 594-603.
79. Olson, R. K. (ed.): 1993, Created and Natural Wetlands for Controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution, C. K. Smoley-CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
80. Orlob, G. T.: 1992, Water-quality modeling for decision making, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 118(3), 295-307.
81. Pechacek, L. D.: 1994, Urban runoff based on land use and particle dize, Proceedings of the National Conference of Hydraulic Engineering, Buffalo, New York, August 1-5, pp. 1242-1246.
82. Phan, L., Herremans, L., Delaplace, D. and Blanc, D.: 1994, Modeling urban Stormwater pollution: Comparison between British (MOSQITO) and French (FLUPOL) approaches, Hydroinformatics 1994, Verwey, Minns, Babovi & Maksimovi, (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 443-450.
83. Pitt, R. and Bozeman, M.: 1980, Water quality and biological effects of urban runoff on Coyote Creek, Phase I - Preliminary Survey Report, EPA-600/2-80-104.
84. Randall, C. W., Grizzard, T. J., Helsel, D. R. and Griffin, D. M., Jr.: 1981, Comparison of pollutants mass loads in precipitation and runoff in urban areas, urban stormwater quality, management and planning, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, Urbana, IL, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colorado, pp. 29-38.
85. Reed, S. C., Middlebrooks, E. J. and Crites, R. W.: 1988, Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment, McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.
86. Roesner, L. A., Burgess, E. D. and Aldrich, A. M.: 1991, Hydrology of urban runoff quality management, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference and Symposium on Water Resources Planning Management and Urban Water Resources, ASCE, pp. 764-770.
87. Roesner, L. A. and Matthews, R.: 1990, Stormwater management for the 1990s, American City and County, pp. 45-54.
88. Roesner, L. A., Urbonas, B. and Sonnen, M. B. (eds): 1988, Design of urban runoff quality controls, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference on Current Practice and Design Criteria for Urban Quality Control, ASCE, Potosi, Missouri, U.S.A., July 10-15.
89. Scherger, D. A. and Davis, J. A.: 1982, Control of stormwater runoff pollutant loads by a wetland and retention basin, International Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, pp. 109-123.
90. Schueler, T. R.: 1992, Design of stormwater wetland systems: Guidelines for creating diverse and effective stormwater wetland systems in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Department of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments.
91. Schueler, T. R.: 1987, Controlling urban runoff: A practical manual for planning and designing urban BMPs, Washington Metropolitan Water Resources Planning Board, July.
92. Schueler, T. R., Galli, J., Herson, L., Kumble, P. and Shepp, D.: 1992, Developing effective BMP system for urban watersheds: Analysis of urban BMP performance and longevity, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Department of Environment Programs.
93. Sear, R. T. and Ravenswaay, B. V.: 1992, Efficient sizing of storm water treatment ponds, Proceedings of the National Conference on Water Resources and Management, ASCE, Baltimore, Maryland, August 2-6, pp. 640-645.
94. Sear, R. T. and Raybourn, H. M.: 1994, Wet detention facility pollutant removal modeling, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems, ASCE, Denver, Colorado, May 23-26, pp. 830-832.
95. Singh, V. P. (ed.): 1995, Computer Models in Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, U.S.A.
96. Stahre, P. and Urbonas, B.: 1990, Stormwater Detention for Drainage, Water Quality and CSO Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
97. Stenstrom, M. K., Silverman, G. and Burszlynsky, T. A.: 1984, Oil and grease in urban stormwater, J. Environ. Engi., ASCE 110(1), 58-72.
98. Stephenson, D.: 1988, Selection of stormwater model parameters, J. Environ. Engi., ASCE 115(1), 210-220.
99. Sutherland, R. and McCuen, R. H.: 1978, Simulation of urban non-point source pollution, Water Resour. Bull., AWRA 14(2), 409-427.
100. Tomanovic, A. and Maksimovic: 1996, Improved modeling of suspended solids discharge from asphalt surface during storm event, Water Sci. Technol. (in press).
101. Torno, H. (ed.): 1989, Urban stormwater quality enhancement-source control, retrofitting, and combined sewer technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference, Davos Planz, Switzerland, October 22-27.
102. Tsihrintzis, V. A., Fuentes, H. R. and Gadipudi, R. K.: 1996, Modeling prevention alternatives to agricultural impacts at a wellfield in Florida, Water Resour. Bull., AWRA 32(2), April, 317-331.
103. Tsihrintzis, V. A., Fuentes, H. R. and Hamid, R.: 1994, Development of an experimental watershed for testing nonpoint source pollution from urban runoff, National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Buffalo, New York, August 1-5, pp. 1237-1241.
104. Tsihrintzis, V. A., Hamid, R. and Fuentes, H. R.: 1995, Calibration and verification of watershed quality model SWMM in sub-tropical watersheds, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Water Resources Engineering, ASCE, San Antonio, Texas, August, 14-18, pp. 373-378.
105. Tsihrintzis, V. A., Hamid, R. and Fuentes, H. R.: 1996, Use of geographic information systems (GIS) in water resources: A review, Water Resour. Manage. 10(4), 251-277.
106. Tsihrintzis, V. A., Vasarhelyi, G. M. and Lipa, J.: 1995, Multiobjective approaches in freshwater wetland restoration and design, Water International, IWRA 20(2), June, 98-105.
107. Urbonas, B. R.: 1995, Recommended parameters to report with BMP monitoring data, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 121(1), 23-34.
108. Urbonas, B. and Roesner, L. A. (eds): 1986, Urban runoff quality-impact and quality enhancement technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference, New England College, Henniker, New Hamshire, U.S.A., June 23-27.
109. US Army Corps of Engineers: 1977, STORM: Storage, treatment, overflow, runoff model - User's manual, 723-S8-L7520, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, California, U.S.A.
110. US Department of Agriculture: 1980, CREAMS - A field scale model for chemicals, runoff, and erosion from agricultural management systems, Conservation Research Report No. 26.
111. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1990, National water quality inventory - 1988 report to Congress, Office of the Water Program Operations, Water Planning Division, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
112. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1984, Report to Congress: Nonpoint source pollution in the U.S.A., Office of the Water Program Operations, Water Planning Division, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
113. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA): 1983, Results of the nationwide urban runoff program - Volumes I, II, III, IV, Water Planning Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
114. Waller, D. and Hart, W. C.: 1986, 'Solids, Nutrients and Chlorides in Urban Runoff', in H. C. Torno, J. Marsalek, and M. Desbordes, (eds.), NATO ASI Series, Vol. G10, Urban Runoff Pollution, Springler-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 59-85.
115. Wang, W. C. H. and Williams, S. D.: 1989, SWMM application in Indian River County, Florida, Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, New Orleans, Louisiana, August 14-18, pp. 454-459.
116. Wanielista, M. P. and Youssef, Y. A.: 1993, Stormwater Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
117. Warwick, J. J. and Wilson, J. S.: 1990, Estimating uncertainty of stormwater runoff computations, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 116(2), 187-204.
118. Warwick, J. J. and Tadepalli, P.: 1991, Efficacy of SWMM application, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 111, 352-66.
119. Washington State Department of Ecology: 1992a, Longfellow Creek Watershed Action Plan: For the control of nonpoint source water pollution, prepared by the Longfellow Creek Watershed Management Committee.
120. Washington State Department of Ecology: 1992b, Chehalis River Basin Action Plan: for the control of nonpoint source water pollution, prepared by the Chehalis River Council.
121. Washington State Department of Ecology: 1990, Pipers Creek Watershed Action Plan: for the control of nonpoint source water pollution, prepared by the Pipers Creek Watershed Management Committee.
122. Washington State Department of Ecology: 1989, Nonpoint source pollution assessment and management program, prepared by the Water Quality Program, Washington Department of Ecology.
123. White, D.: 1988, Grid-based application of runoff curve numbers, J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE 114(6), 601-612.
124. Wright, R. M., Runge, I., Chaudhury, R. R. and Urish D. W.: 1992, Calibration and validation of the storm water management model to the providence area combined sewer system, Proceedings of the National Conference on Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Baltimore, Maryland, August 2-6, pp. 462-467.
125. Wu, T. H., Hall, J. A. and Bonta, J. V.: 1993, Evaluation of runoff and erosion models, J. Irrigation Drainage Engineering, ASCE 119(4), 364-82.
126. XP Software: 1995, XP-SWMM, Stormwater Management Model with Graphical Interface, Version 2.0, Vol. 1 and 2, XP Software, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
127. Young, R. A.: 1986, Agricultural nonpoint source pollution model: A watershed analysis tool, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Morris, Minnesota, U.S.A.
128. Zaghloul, N. and Al-Shurbaji, A. M.: 1990, A storm water management model for urban areas in Kuwait, Water Resour. Bull., AWRA 26(4), 563-575.