Occupational Health during the Second World War: Hope Deferred or Hope Abandoned?

Medical History

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 197-212

  Waldron, H A ^a  

^a ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; WAR;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; WAR;

EID: 0031111973     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300062384     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. E R A Merewether, 'Industrial health', in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1945, London, HMSO, 1946, pp. 58-85. Merewether was appointed a medical inspector in 1927 and became Senior Medical Inspector in 1943; he died in 1970, see, Lancet, 1970, i: 477-8.
2. E R A Merewether, 'Industrial health', in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1945, London, HMSO, 1946, pp. 58-85. Merewether was appointed a medical inspector in 1927 and became Senior Medical Inspector in 1943; he died in 1970, see, Lancet, 1970, i: 477-8.
3. Winter has produced some evidence that the mortality of some groups of workers, especially manual workers, actually improved during the First World War, brought about fundamentally by improvements in the state of nutrition, and in this, the provision of industrial canteens was significant. J E Winter, The great war and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1985. The health of some groups of workers, however, was certainly adversely affected; see, for example, A Ineson and D Thom, 'T.N.T. poisoning and the employment of women in the First World War', in P Weindling (ed.), The social history of occupational medicine, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 89-107. The health of the general population during the Second World War has been examined by Jones. Civilian health deteriorated in 1940 and 1941 but improved from 1942 onwards, although inequalities in the standards of health remained. There was a decrease in many causes of death, although tuberculosis was a notable exception; at least some of the improvement in health was due to improvements in nutrition. H Jones, Health and society in twentieth century Britain, London, Longman, 1994.
4. Winter has produced some evidence that the mortality of some groups of workers, especially manual workers, actually improved during the First World War, brought about fundamentally by improvements in the state of nutrition, and in this, the provision of industrial canteens was significant. J E Winter, The great war and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1985. The health of some groups of workers, however, was certainly adversely affected; see, for example, A Ineson and D Thom, 'T.N.T. poisoning and the employment of women in the First World War', in P Weindling (ed.), The social history of occupational medicine, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 89-107. The health of the general population during the Second World War has been examined by Jones. Civilian health deteriorated in 1940 and 1941 but improved from 1942 onwards, although inequalities in the standards of health remained. There was a decrease in many causes of death, although tuberculosis was a notable exception; at least some of the improvement in health was due to improvements in nutrition. H Jones, Health and society in twentieth century Britain, London, Longman, 1994.
5. Winter has produced some evidence that the mortality of some groups of workers, especially manual workers, actually improved during the First World War, brought about fundamentally by improvements in the state of nutrition, and in this, the provision of industrial canteens was significant. J E Winter, The great war and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1985. The health of some groups of workers, however, was certainly adversely affected; see, for example, A Ineson and D Thom, 'T.N.T. poisoning and the employment of women in the First World War', in P Weindling (ed.), The social history of occupational medicine, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 89-107. The health of the general population during the Second World War has been examined by Jones. Civilian health deteriorated in 1940 and 1941 but improved from 1942 onwards, although inequalities in the standards of health remained. There was a decrease in many causes of death, although tuberculosis was a notable exception; at least some of the improvement in health was due to improvements in nutrition. H Jones, Health and society in twentieth century Britain, London, Longman, 1994.
6. J C Bridge, 'Health', in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the year 1932, London, HMSO, 1933, pp. 41-57. The year in which the report was published (1933) marked the anniversary of the appointment of the first four Government Inspectors of Factories under the provision of the Factory Act of 1833 and it included a review of the work of the inspectors during the period. Bridge himself joined the medical inspectorate in 1914, became Senior Medical Inspector in 1927 and retired in 1942.
7. 'Industrial medicine in America and here', Lancet, 1919, ii: 1199-200.
8. R E Lane states that when he started to work at the Chloride Company in 1927 there were very few doctors in industry. Pilkingtons, Boots, Lyons, and ICI are amongst those companies which he remembers as having full time medical officers around that time. 'My fifty years in industrial medicine', J Soc. occup. Med., 1978, 28: 115-24.
9. T W Lloyd Davies, 'Evolution of concepts in industrial medicine', Br. J. ind. Med., 1966, 23: 165-72. Previously, industrial medical officers had formed an advisory committee within the Industrial Welfare Society, a voluntary organization directed by Robert Hyde. Matters of general interest were discussed and papers read within this forum but as the numbers grew, the need for a separate organization was felt and the independent Association was formed, inverted "much to Robert Hyde's chagrin"
10. (Lane, op. cit., note 5 above, p. 116).
11. A report of the proceedings of this first meeting can be found in the Br. med. J., 1935, ii: 645-6. The report contained a number of inaccuracies about the Association which were subsequently corrected by Mummery (Br. med. J., 1935, ii: 879). The Association subsequently became the Society of Occupational Medicine.
12. A report of the proceedings of this first meeting can be found in the Br. med. J., 1935, ii: 645-6. The report contained a number of inaccuracies about the Association which were subsequently corrected by Mummery (Br. med. J., 1935, ii: 879). The Association subsequently became the Society of Occupational Medicine.
13. R Cooter, Surgery and society in peace and war: orthopaedics and the organization of modern medicine, 1880-1948, London, Macmillan, 1993, p. 144.
14. There is a good contemporary account of the work of the Examining Surgeon in H E Collier, Outlines of industrial medical practice, London, Edward Arnold, 1940, pp. 401-7.
15. The certifying surgeons formed an association (the Association of Certifying Medical Officers) in 1868, but this was short-lived and broke up in 1878 or 1879. It was succeeded by the Association of Certifying Factory Surgeons which was founded in Manchester in 1889. For further details of the history of the certifying surgeons see S Huzzard, 'The role of the certifying factory surgeon in the state regulation of child labour and industrial health, 1833-1973', MA thesis, University of Manchester, 1976.
16. In this, and other tables, I have included some extra years before and after the war period for comparison.
17. The Examining Surgeons became known as Appointed Factory Doctors in 1948 and their remit was examined by a Sub-Committee of the Industrial Health Advisory Committee in 1966, following which their duties were considerably changed.
18. For example, A F Young calculated that between 1933 and 1935 an average of 13,000 certificates per annum was issued by certifying surgeons, see Industrial injuries insurance: an examination of British policy, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964, p. 31.
19. The work of the non-medical inspectors in the inter-war years is discussed by Helen Jones; she argues that, for a number of reasons, their work was less effective than it might have been. See, 'An inspector calls: health and safety at work in inter-war Britain', in Weindling, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 223-39.
20. There had, in fact been two medical men in the inspectorate prior to the appointment of the first medical inspector. The first was Robert Baker who was appointed sub-inspector of factories in Leeds in 1834 and became one of the two chief inspectors in 1858. See W R Lee, 'Robert Baker: the first doctor in the Factory Department. Part 1. 1803-1858', Br. J. ind. Med., 1964, 21: 85-93; 'Part II. 1858 onwards', ibid, 1964, 21: 167-79. The second was Sir Arthur Whitelegge who had been Medical Officer of Health for Nottingham until 1889 when he became Medical Officer for the West Riding of Yorkshire; he was appointed Chief Inspector of Factories in 1896, in which post he remained until 1917. He died in 1933.
21. There had, in fact been two medical men in the inspectorate prior to the appointment of the first medical inspector. The first was Robert Baker who was appointed sub-inspector of factories in Leeds in 1834 and became one of the two chief inspectors in 1858. See W R Lee, 'Robert Baker: the first doctor in the Factory Department. Part 1. 1803-1858', Br. J. ind. Med., 1964, 21: 85-93; 'Part II. 1858 onwards', ibid, 1964, 21: 167-79. The second was Sir Arthur Whitelegge who had been Medical Officer of Health for Nottingham until 1889 when he became Medical Officer for the West Riding of Yorkshire; he was appointed Chief Inspector of Factories in 1896, in which post he remained until 1917. He died in 1933.
22. Published by Longmans, London, 1831, p. 17.
23. Thomas Legge was appointed in the first instance to deal with the many cases of industrial disease notified by the certifying factory surgeons and other medical practitioners, in particular lead and phosphorus poisoning. Legge helped to draft the ILO White Lead Convention in 1921 which prohibited the use of lead-based paints inside houses. When the government refused to ratify the convention Legge resigned his post and subsequently became medical adviser to the TUC. R Murray, 'Sir Thomas Morison Legge', J. Soc. occup. Med., 1985, Jubilee Issue, pp. 23-8.
24. There has been no satisfactory history of the Medical Inspectorate and its work. Some brief details, with engaging vignettes of a number of the more eminent inspectors are to be found in Miles Kipling's little book, A brief history of HM Medical Inspectorate (London, Health & Safety Executive) published in 1979, the year after his death.
25. The Health of Munitions Workers Committee was set up in 1915 to advise the Minister of Munitions (Lloyd George) on questions affecting "industrial fatigue, hours of labour and other matters affecting the personal health and efficiency" of munitions workers. (A J McIver, 'Employers, the government, and industrial fatigue in Britain, 1890-1918', Br. J. ind. Med., 1987, 44: 724-32.)
26. The Research Board was first chaired by Charles Sherrington and included Thomas Legge; the secretary was D R Wilson, one of the factory inspectors of the time. Its terms of reference are to be found in its first and subsequent reports.
27. The first of these, published in 1940, was entitled Industrial health in war. A summary of research findings capable of immediate application in furtherance of the national effort, London, HMSO.
28. For further details, see the preface to the third emergency report. The personal factor in accidents, London, HMSO, 1942, pp. 3-4. The history of the Board has been recorded by R S F Schilling who became its secretary in 1942: 'Industrial health research: the work of the Industrial Health Research Board, 1918-44', Br. J. ind. Med., 1944, 1: 145-52.
29. For further details, see the preface to the third emergency report. The personal factor in accidents, London, HMSO, 1942, pp. 3-4. The history of the Board has been recorded by R S F Schilling who became its secretary in 1942: 'Industrial health research: the work of the Industrial Health Research Board, 1918-44', Br. J. ind. Med., 1944, 1: 145-52.
30. For the history of the IHES, its aims and achievements see, A Watterson, 'Health education in the UK workplace: looking backwards and going forwards? The IHES at work 1922-1940', Br. J. ind. Med., 1990, 47: 366-71.
31. The use of benzene had been strongly discouraged by the Factory Inspectorate and safer solvents such as toluene had replaced it. Sporadic cases of benzene poisoning still occurred, however, often because benzene was inadvertently - or sometimes deliberately - used in processes such as paint-spraying. The single case of benzene poisoning notified in 1937 (and shown in Table 2) was - most unusually - not referred to by Bridge in his report for that year and so the cause is unknown.
32. J C Bridge, in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1940, London, HMSO, 1941, p. 21; idem, Annual report . . . 1941, London, HMSO, 1942, p. 19.
33. J C Bridge, in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1940, London, HMSO, 1941, p. 21; idem, Annual report . . . 1941, London, HMSO, 1942, p. 19.
34. The experience of women workers during the Second World War has been examined by Summerfield. She argues that, contrary to the standard interpretation, the war did little to change the unequal position of women in society. P Summerfield, Women workers in the second world war: production and patriarchy in conflict, London, Croom Helm, 1984.
35. There is a comprehensive report on the Factory Inspectorate's investigations into industrial accidents in the Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1942, London, HMSO, 1943, pp. 5-12.
36. Stewart, writing just after the war, gives the maximum number as 200, but he is probably "rounding up". There were also many more nurses employed in industry - Stewart quotes the figure of 9,000 - and their role during the war would repay further study. D Stewart, 'Occupational health', in A Massey (ed.), Modern trends in public health, London, Butterworth, 1949, pp. 386-418.
37. Report of a committee of enquiry on industrial health services, London, HMSO, 1951, p. 29 (table B).
38. E R A Merewether, in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1942, London, HMSO, 1943, p. 39.
39. R S F Schilling, personal communication.
40. E R A Merewether, 'The scope of industrial health' in Conference on industrial health, London, HMSO, 1943, p. 39.
41. Bevin had been interested in industrial health since his trade union days. In 1937, at a meeting arranged to discuss the new Factories Act, he looked forward to the formation of a co-ordinated medical service. "The bulk of medical practice is this country is concerned with industrial workers," he wrote, "How can this be linked with the industrial medical service we contemplate?" E Bevin, 'The wider issue of health legislation in industry', Br. med. J., 1937, ii: 610-13. Bevin had been appointed a member of the Industrial Health Research Board in 1932 and he was a firm supporter of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society's Manor House Hospital ("Labour's Own Hospital") during his union days. (For further details see Cooter, op. cit., note 8 above, especially chs 7 and 10.) In 1937 Bevin established a joint committee of the General Council of the TUC and the BMA which discussed, inter alia, the rehabilitation of injured workers, a topic to which he made a great contribution when be became Minister of Labour. See A Bullock, The life and times of Ernest Bevin. Volume one. Trade union leader 1881-1940, London, Heinemann, 1960, pp. 602-3. One of his first acts as Minister of Labour was to get the administration of factory legislation and the Factory Inspectorate transferred to his ministry from the Home Office. See ibid., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 78-9. Lane (op. cit., note 5 above, p. 119) writes that as Minister of Labour, Bevin and his Permanent Secretary attended one of Lane's week-end training courses in industrial medicine in Manchester; this must have been the first, and the last, time such a thing happened.
42. Bevin had been interested in industrial health since his trade union days. In 1937, at a meeting arranged to discuss the new Factories Act, he looked forward to the formation of a co-ordinated medical service. "The bulk of medical practice is this country is concerned with industrial workers," he wrote, "How can this be linked with the industrial medical service we contemplate?" E Bevin, 'The wider issue of health legislation in industry', Br. med. J., 1937, ii: 610-13. Bevin had been appointed a member of the Industrial Health Research Board in 1932 and he was a firm supporter of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society's Manor House Hospital ("Labour's Own Hospital") during his union days. (For further details see Cooter, op. cit., note 8 above, especially chs 7 and 10.) In 1937 Bevin established a joint committee of the General Council of the TUC and the BMA which discussed, inter alia, the rehabilitation of injured workers, a topic to which he made a great contribution when be became Minister of Labour. See A Bullock, The life and times of Ernest Bevin. Volume one. Trade union leader 1881-1940, London, Heinemann, 1960, pp. 602-3. One of his first acts as Minister of Labour was to get the administration of factory legislation and the Factory Inspectorate transferred to his ministry from the Home Office. See ibid., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 78-9. Lane (op. cit., note 5 above, p. 119) writes that as Minister of Labour, Bevin and his Permanent Secretary attended one of Lane's week-end training courses in industrial medicine in Manchester; this must have been the first, and the last, time such a thing happened.
43. Bevin had been interested in industrial health since his trade union days. In 1937, at a meeting arranged to discuss the new Factories Act, he looked forward to the formation of a co-ordinated medical service. "The bulk of medical practice is this country is concerned with industrial workers," he wrote, "How can this be linked with the industrial medical service we contemplate?" E Bevin, 'The wider issue of health legislation in industry', Br. med. J., 1937, ii: 610-13. Bevin had been appointed a member of the Industrial Health Research Board in 1932 and he was a firm supporter of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society's Manor House Hospital ("Labour's Own Hospital") during his union days. (For further details see Cooter, op. cit., note 8 above, especially chs 7 and 10.) In 1937 Bevin established a joint committee of the General Council of the TUC and the BMA which discussed, inter alia, the rehabilitation of injured workers, a topic to which he made a great contribution when be became Minister of Labour. See A Bullock, The life and times of Ernest Bevin. Volume one. Trade union leader 1881-1940, London, Heinemann, 1960, pp. 602-3. One of his first acts as Minister of Labour was to get the administration of factory legislation and the Factory Inspectorate transferred to his ministry from the Home Office. See ibid., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 78-9. Lane (op. cit., note 5 above, p. 119) writes that as Minister of Labour, Bevin and his Permanent Secretary attended one of Lane's week-end training courses in industrial medicine in Manchester; this must have been the first, and the last, time such a thing happened.
44. Bevin had been interested in industrial health since his trade union days. In 1937, at a meeting arranged to discuss the new Factories Act, he looked forward to the formation of a co-ordinated medical service. "The bulk of medical practice is this country is concerned with industrial workers," he wrote, "How can this be linked with the industrial medical service we contemplate?" E Bevin, 'The wider issue of health legislation in industry', Br. med. J., 1937, ii: 610-13. Bevin had been appointed a member of the Industrial Health Research Board in 1932 and he was a firm supporter of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society's Manor House Hospital ("Labour's Own Hospital") during his union days. (For further details see Cooter, op. cit., note 8 above, especially chs 7 and 10.) In 1937 Bevin established a joint committee of the General Council of the TUC and the BMA which discussed, inter alia, the rehabilitation of injured workers, a topic to which he made a great contribution when be became Minister of Labour. See A Bullock, The life and times of Ernest Bevin. Volume one. Trade union leader 1881-1940, London, Heinemann, 1960, pp. 602-3. One of his first acts as Minister of Labour was to get the administration of factory legislation and the Factory Inspectorate transferred to his ministry from the Home Office. See ibid., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 78-9. Lane (op. cit., note 5 above, p. 119) writes that as Minister of Labour, Bevin and his Permanent Secretary attended one of Lane's week-end training courses in industrial medicine in Manchester; this must have been the first, and the last, time such a thing happened.
45. Bevin had been interested in industrial health since his trade union days. In 1937, at a meeting arranged to discuss the new Factories Act, he looked forward to the formation of a co-ordinated medical service. "The bulk of medical practice is this country is concerned with industrial workers," he wrote, "How can this be linked with the industrial medical service we contemplate?" E Bevin, 'The wider issue of health legislation in industry', Br. med. J., 1937, ii: 610-13. Bevin had been appointed a member of the Industrial Health Research Board in 1932 and he was a firm supporter of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society's Manor House Hospital ("Labour's Own Hospital") during his union days. (For further details see Cooter, op. cit., note 8 above, especially chs 7 and 10.) In 1937 Bevin established a joint committee of the General Council of the TUC and the BMA which discussed, inter alia, the rehabilitation of injured workers, a topic to which he made a great contribution when be became Minister of Labour. See A Bullock, The life and times of Ernest Bevin. Volume one. Trade union leader 1881-1940, London, Heinemann, 1960, pp. 602-3. One of his first acts as Minister of Labour was to get the administration of factory legislation and the Factory Inspectorate transferred to his ministry from the Home Office. See ibid., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 78-9. Lane (op. cit., note 5 above, p. 119) writes that as Minister of Labour, Bevin and his Permanent Secretary attended one of Lane's week-end training courses in industrial medicine in Manchester; this must have been the first, and the last, time such a thing happened.
46. Bevin, in Conference on industrial health, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 1.
47. A W Garrett, in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1942, HMSO, London, 1944, p. 4.
48. Brown, in Conference on industrial health, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 8.
49. Jamieson, at the Ministry of Labour Conference, said, "I look upon medical work within the factory as one of the specialities for which the general practitioner should be encouraged to prepare himself" (Conference on industrial health, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 25) while Hill was of the view that, "If it is a national obligation to see that the factory environment is as well cared for as the non-factory environment, this service should not be left as a purely employers' service. . . . I do not contemplate with equanimity the prospect of a comprehensive service being administered under the major Local Authorities . . . whatever the set-up subsequently determined may be, my plea is that the factory health service should be an integral part of that service" (ibid., p. 45).
50. Jamieson, at the Ministry of Labour Conference, said, "I look upon medical work within the factory as one of the specialities for which the general practitioner should be encouraged to prepare himself" (Conference on industrial health, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 25) while Hill was of the view that, "If it is a national obligation to see that the factory environment is as well cared for as the non-factory environment, this service should not be left as a purely employers' service. . . . I do not contemplate with equanimity the prospect of a comprehensive service being administered under the major Local Authorities . . . whatever the set-up subsequently determined may be, my plea is that the factory health service should be an integral part of that service" (ibid., p. 45).
51. Report of committee on industrial health in factories, London, British Medical Association, 1941, p. 8.
52. E R A Merewether, in Annual report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1944, London, HMSO, 1945, pp. 45-6.
53. Royal College of Physicians, Social and Preventive Medicine Committee, Industrial health, second interim report, London, Royal College of Physicians, 1945.
54. Lord Moran, 'Foreword', Br. J. ind. Med., 1944, 1: no page number.
55. These details are taken from the Minute Book of the British Journal of Industrial Medicine. The earliest minutes are unfortunately incomplete and give only a minimum of information about this interesting period in the journal's history.
56. R Schilling, 'Donald Hunter 1898-1978. Editor BJIM 1944-50', Br. J. ind. Med., 1993, 50: 5-6.
57. Cmnd 6502, 1944.
58. Editorial, 'A new outlook', Br. J. ind. Med., 1944, 1: 197-8.
59. 'Proceedings of the Association of Industrial Medical Officers', Br. J. ind. Med., 1945, 2: 63.
60. It was somewhat ironic that the National Health Service itself was not required to have an occupational health service for its employees when it was set up. Not until 1968, when the Tunbridge Committee reported, was any attempt made to establish occupational health services within the NHS and these were - and still are - piecemeal, at best. Report of the joint committee on the care of the health of hospital staff, London, HMSO, 1968.
61. A Meiklejohn, 'Sixty years of industrial medicine in Great Britain', Br. J. ind. Med., 1956, 13: 155-62.
62. M R Phillips, 'Government policy and the development of occupational health services since 1939', MMSc thesis, University of Nottingham, 1976.
63. Bullock, op. cit., note 33 above, vol. 2, p. 64.
64. Ibid., p. 79.
65. S J Watkins, 'Occupational health services - part of the health care system?' MSc thesis, University of Manchester, 1982.
66. Report of a committee of enquiry on industrial health services, Cmnd 8170, London, HMSO, 1951, p. 14.
67. Ibid., p. 19.
68. Support for incorporating industrial medicine into the NHS had also come from the Conservative Party. McLeod and Maude had written that "There may be a strong case for incorporating Industrial Medical Services [into the NHS] as soon as possible. The standard of treatment and the equipment vary tremendously, and central responsibility would be an advantage." I McLeod and A Maude, One nation -the Tory approach to social problems, Tory Central Office, 1950. This was not a view which has found much sympathy with any subsequent Conservative administration.
69. A review of the medical services in Great Britain, London, Medical Services Review Committee, 1962, pp. 138-9.
70. J Sharp Grant, 'The development of occupational medicine', J. Publ. Health, 1959, 22: 47-57.
71. The Appointed Factory Doctor Service, London, HMSO, 1966.
72. T A Lloyd Davies, 'Employment Medical Advisory Service', Health Trends, 1973, 5: 45-7. For an account of the events leading up to the formation of EMAS see, M Gracey, 'Employment Medical Advisory Service', Br. J. ind. Med., 1973, 30: 92-4.
73. T A Lloyd Davies, 'Employment Medical Advisory Service', Health Trends, 1973, 5: 45-7. For an account of the events leading up to the formation of EMAS see, M Gracey, 'Employment Medical Advisory Service', Br. J. ind. Med., 1973, 30: 92-4.
74. Report of the Royal Commission on medical education 1965-68, Cmnd 3569, London, HMSO, 1968, p. 29.
75. Safety and health at work. Volume 1. Report of the Committee 1970-72, Cmmd 5034, London, HMSO, 1972, p. 118.
76. Ibid., p. 121.
77. Ibid, p 122.
78. Quoted from A E Housman's Shropshire lad: "That is the land of lost content/I see it shining plain/The happy highways where I went/And cannot come again".