Framing Animal Disease: Housecats with Feline Urological Syndrome, Their Owners, and Their Doctors

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 202-235

  Jones, Susan D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAT; CAT DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; HISTORY; HUMAN; OBJECT RELATION; UNITED STATES; URINARY TRACT DISEASE; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; BONDING, HUMAN-PET; CAT DISEASES; CATS; CHRONIC DISEASE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; UNITED STATES; UROLOGIC DISEASES; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

EID: 0031111922     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/52.2.202     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Bruce Fogle, Pets and their People (New York: The Viking Press, 1984), pp. 5, 223.
2. This narrative is based on a letter written by Mrs. W.L. Hyde to Cats Magazine, 1967, 24 (May), 16. I have constructed the actions of her cat from my experience, as a clinician, with many cases of this disease process; I also assigned the patient her name. Otherwise, information in this account was drawn directly from the letter as it was published.
3. Cats Magazine, 1965, 22 (June): 12.
4. Charles Rosenberg, "Framing disease: illness, society, and history," in Charles Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing, Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. xiii.
5. Ibid.
6. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
7. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
8. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
9. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
10. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
11. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
12. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
13. The efforts of veterinary professionals and scientists to understand and control economically devastating epidemics of animal disease are detailed in Bert Bierer, A Short History of Veterinary Medicine in America (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1955); J.F. Smithcors, Evolution of the Veterinary Art (London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1958); O.H.V. Stalheim, The Winning of Animal Health (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994); E. Madden, Brucellosis: A History of the Disease and Its Eradication from Cattle in Great Britain (Northumberland, UK: Ministry of Agriculture, 1983). The impact of zoonotic diseases is discussed in Lise Wilkinson, Animals & Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); William McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: History Book Club, 1976), pp. 51-52; I.M. Niven MacKay, "Zoonoses in South Wales, 1875-1915," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 1, 137-45; Lise Wilkinson, "John Hunter and the transmissibility of rabies," Vet. Hist., 1980/81, n.s., 2, 78-84.
14. Companion animals are those with which humans live for largely emotional reasons (although these animals may fulfill more than one purpose). These human-animal relationships often resemble those between emotionally linked humans; such companion animals are often treated as friends or members of the human family. See Council for Science and Society, Companion Animals in Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 5-6. For an insightful study of human-companion animal interaction, see Aaron Honori Katcher and Alan M. Beck, eds., New Perspectives on Our Lives with Companion Animals (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). This volume consists of the proceedings of the International Conference on the Human-Companion Animal Bond, held at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 5-7 October 1981.
15. Companion animals are those with which humans live for largely emotional reasons (although these animals may fulfill more than one purpose). These human-animal relationships often resemble those between emotionally linked humans; such companion animals are often treated as friends or members of the human family. See Council for Science and Society, Companion Animals in Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 5-6. For an insightful study of human-companion animal interaction, see Aaron Honori Katcher and Alan M. Beck, eds., New Perspectives on Our Lives with Companion Animals (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). This volume consists of the proceedings of the International Conference on the Human-Companion Animal Bond, held at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 5-7 October 1981.
16. R.H. Hallam, "Dog and cat ownership trends," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 159, 1754.
17. The American Association of Feline Practitioners was chartered in 1974; the journal Feline Practice began publication in 1971.
18. As determinants of medical decisions, this essay focuses on the direct interactions between patient, family, and doctor within a specific disease framework. It will only touch upon other aspects of medical decision making, such as the roles of bureaucracies and institutions in modifying professional authority; these topics remain for further study.
19. See Pallman v. Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co., 167 A.2d 733 (Conn. 1967), for example. In Pallman, the "vicious habit" was the alleged tendency of a grocery store's feline mascot to bite customers. The store owners, with knowledge of the habit, could be held liable for their pet's transgressions.
20. Adlai E. Stevenson, "To the Honorable, the Members of the Senate of the Sixty-Sixth General Assembly," 2 April 1949, quoted in Muriel Beadle, The Cat: History, Biology, and Behavior (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), pp. 218-19. The veto was widely publicized in newspapers at the time and won Stevenson national acclaim for his wit.
21. Adlai E. Stevenson, "To the Honorable, the Members of the Senate of the Sixty- Sixth General Assembly," 2 April 1949, quoted in Muriel Beadle, The Cat: History, Biology, and Behavior (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), pp. 218-19. The veto was widely publicized in newspapers at the time and won Stevenson national acclaim for his wit.
22. Cats have a reputation for intransigence. The difficulty in behavioral manipulation of cats mirrors their genetic recalcitrance; control over desirable mutations leading to new breeds has also been historically perceived as difficult to establish. Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), chpt. 2, especially pp. 119-21.
23. Harold W. Hannah, "Legal brief: cat law," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 159, 488; for a brief discussion of the arguments surrounding urban domestic animals, see Anne Whiston Spirn, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design (New York: Basic Books, 1989), chpt. 10.
24. Harold W. Hannah, "Legal brief: cat law," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 159, 488; for a brief discussion of the arguments surrounding urban domestic animals, see Anne Whiston Spirn, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design (New York: Basic Books, 1989), chpt. 10.
25. "Dog and cat food trends," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1972, 161, 1678. The first cat foods were "wet," canned formulations dependent on the canning technology used for soldiers' rations during World War II. Most early pet food companies were located in or near abattoirs.
26. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
27. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
28. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
29. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
30. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
31. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
32. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
33. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
34. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
35. Popular magazines, with date founded, include: Cats Magazine (1945), which absorbed Car World (1973); Cat Fancy (1966); and Cat Lover (1991). Cats Magazine was published by Cats Magazine, Inc., a private group interested in pet cats, in Port Orange, Florida, USA. Issues published between July 1964 and September 1972 were surveyed. Popular advice manuals available in the 1960s and 1970s included: Ida M. Mellen, A Practical Cat Book for Amateurs and Professionals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944); Milan Greer, The Fabulous Feline, or Dogs Are Passé (New York: The Dial Press, 1961); Leon F. Whitney, The Complete Book of Cat Care (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953); William H.A. Carr, The Basic Book of the Cat (New York: Scribner, 1963); Doris Bryant, Pet Cats: Their Care and Handling (New York: I. Washburn, 1963); J.J. McCoy, Complete Book of Cat Health and Care (New York: Putnam, 1968).
36. Cats Magazine, 1966, 23 (June), 21; Earl J. Catcott, Feline Medicine and Surgery; a Text and Reference Work (Wheaton, Ill.: American Veterinary Publications, 1964).
37. Cats Magazine, 1966, 23 (June), 21; Earl J. Catcott, Feline Medicine and Surgery; a Text and Reference Work (Wheaton, Ill.: American Veterinary Publications, 1964).
38. Cats Magazine, 1964, 21 (November), 18.
39. Greer, (n. 16) Fabulous Feline, p. 111. The author placed this statement at the beginning of his chapter on "Cat Control." Greer's book, which went though several editions in the 1960s and 1970s, was filled with references to discipline throughout the text.
40. Ibid., p. 112. Italics in original.
41. Ibid., p. 122.
42. Cats Magazine, 1964, 21 (July), 14.
43. Benjamin L. Hart, "Feline behavior," Feline Practice, 1971, 1 (September-October), 45.
44. Feline Practice, 1974, 4 (March-April), 5.
45. Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (March-April), 6.
46. "First Illinois Cat Symposium a success," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1972, 161, 1096.
47. The definition of this syndrome has changed over time. For example, FUS and urolithiasis are currently considered to be two discreet problems, based on the chemical composition of the materials causing urethral obstruction. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, urethral blockage due to true uroliths seemed to be considered a part of the feline urologic syndrome.
48. "The feline urological syndrome: cystitis/urolithiasis/urethral obstruction," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (September-October), 9-21.
49. Cats Magazine, 1965, 22 (June), 12.
50. Lon J. Rich, personal communication, 12 December 1994.
51. Ibid.; Lon J. Rich, "Feline urethral obstruction: etiologic factors and pathogenesis" (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1969).
52. Lon J. Rich, personal communication, 12 December 1994.
53. H.J. Milks, "Urinary calculi," Cornell Veterinarian, 1935, 25 (April), 154; H.C. Stephenson, "Urinary calculi in small animals," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1939, 95, 309-10; Arthur Krabbe, "Urolithiasis in dogs and cats," Vet. Rec., 1949, 61, 752-53; H.P. Winsburg-White, "The etiology of urinary calculus," Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1956, 75, 569; Jean Holzworth, "Urolithiasis in cats," in Robert W. Kirk, ed., Current Veterinary Therapy (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1966), pp. 410-12.
54. H.J. Milks, "Urinary calculi," Cornell Veterinarian, 1935, 25 (April), 154; H.C. Stephenson, "Urinary calculi in small animals," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1939, 95, 309-10; Arthur Krabbe, "Urolithiasis in dogs and cats," Vet. Rec., 1949, 61, 752-53; H.P. Winsburg-White, "The etiology of urinary calculus," Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1956, 75, 569; Jean Holzworth, "Urolithiasis in cats," in Robert W. Kirk, ed., Current Veterinary Therapy (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1966), pp. 410-12.
55. H.J. Milks, "Urinary calculi," Cornell Veterinarian, 1935, 25 (April), 154; H.C. Stephenson, "Urinary calculi in small animals," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1939, 95, 309-10; Arthur Krabbe, "Urolithiasis in dogs and cats," Vet. Rec., 1949, 61, 752-53; H.P. Winsburg-White, "The etiology of urinary calculus," Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1956, 75, 569; Jean Holzworth, "Urolithiasis in cats," in Robert W. Kirk, ed., Current Veterinary Therapy (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1966), pp. 410-12.
56. H.J. Milks, "Urinary calculi," Cornell Veterinarian, 1935, 25 (April), 154; H.C. Stephenson, "Urinary calculi in small animals," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1939, 95, 309-10; Arthur Krabbe, "Urolithiasis in dogs and cats," Vet. Rec., 1949, 61, 752-53; H.P. Winsburg-White, "The etiology of urinary calculus," Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1956, 75, 569; Jean Holzworth, "Urolithiasis in cats," in Robert W. Kirk, ed., Current Veterinary Therapy (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1966), pp. 410-12.
57. H.J. Milks, "Urinary calculi," Cornell Veterinarian, 1935, 25 (April), 154; H.C. Stephenson, "Urinary calculi in small animals," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1939, 95, 309-10; Arthur Krabbe, "Urolithiasis in dogs and cats," Vet. Rec., 1949, 61, 752-53; H.P. Winsburg-White, "The etiology of urinary calculus," Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1956, 75, 569; Jean Holzworth, "Urolithiasis in cats," in Robert W. Kirk, ed., Current Veterinary Therapy (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1966), pp. 410-12.
58. Lon J. Rich, personal communication, 12 December 1994.
59. Ibid.; Lon J. Rich, Catherine G. Fabricant, and James H. Gillespie, "Virus induced Urolithiasis in male cats," Cornell Veterinarian, 1971, 61 (July), 542-53.
60. Catherine G. Fabricant, Lon J. Rich, and James H. Gillespie, "Feline viruses. XI. isolation of a virus similar to a myxovirus from cats in which urolithiasis was experimentally induced," Cornell Veterinarian, 1969, 59 (September), 667-72; Catherine G. Fabricant et al., "Isolation of a virus from a female cat with urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 158, 200-201.
61. Catherine G. Fabricant, Lon J. Rich, and James H. Gillespie, "Feline viruses. XI. isolation of a virus similar to a myxovirus from cats in which urolithiasis was experimentally induced," Cornell Veterinarian, 1969, 59 (September), 667-72; Catherine G. Fabricant et al., "Isolation of a virus from a female cat with urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 158, 200-201.
62. John T. Anderson, letter to the editor, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 158, 1151.
63. Catherine G. Fabricant, letter to the editor, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 158, 1151.
64. Other organisms, such as bacteria, were studied as possible etiologic agents. All failed to fulfill researchers' expectations. See John T. Priestly and A.E. Osterberg, "The relationship between chemical composition of renal calculi and associated bacteria," J. Urol., 1936, 36, 447-59; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433; Ronald D. Schechter, "The significance of bacteria in feline cystitis and urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1970, 156, 1567-73.
65. Other organisms, such as bacteria, were studied as possible etiologic agents. All failed to fulfill researchers' expectations. See John T. Priestly and A.E. Osterberg, "The relationship between chemical composition of renal calculi and associated bacteria," J. Urol., 1936, 36, 447-59; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433; Ronald D. Schechter, "The significance of bacteria in feline cystitis and urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1970, 156, 1567-73.
66. Other organisms, such as bacteria, were studied as possible etiologic agents. All failed to fulfill researchers' expectations. See John T. Priestly and A.E. Osterberg, "The relationship between chemical composition of renal calculi and associated bacteria," J. Urol., 1936, 36, 447-59; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433; Ronald D. Schechter, "The significance of bacteria in feline cystitis and urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1970, 156, 1567-73.
67. "Purina rebuts Consumer Reports' cat food rating," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1973, 162, 74.
68. Hill's c/d was first advertised in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in December, 1953; for further information, see "Prescription Diet Feline c/d®, History of the Products," Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, Kansas, 1994. The company found the reformulation of c/d into a dry diet to be the "most difficult product developed by Mark Morris Associates," yet nutritionists persisted over a period of ten years and dry c/d was finally introduced in 1980. For the remainder of this essay, c/d refers to Prescription Diet Feline c/d.
69. "Pets are still big business," Vet. Econ., 1973, 14, 27.
70. The first advertisement in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association for c/d advertised the product as "available only to graduate veterinarians" (1953, 123, 32). Hill's Prescription Diets remain available only through veterinarians.
71. "The feline urological syndrome: cystitis/urolithiasis/urethral obstruction," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (January-February), 9.
72. G. W. Osbaldiston and R.A. Taussig, "Clinical report on 46 cases of feline urological syndrome," Vet. Med. Small Anim. Practice, 1970, 65, 461-68. Osbaldiston was a scientist from the Infectious Diseases Department, and Taussig was a doctor of veterinary medicine in the Department of Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University.
73. Robert A. Aronowitz, "Lyme disease: the social construction of a new disease and its social consequences," Milbank Q., 1991, 69, 89-90. Aronowitz described a similar situation for erythema chronicum migrans: formerly a medical diagnosis, it became a component sign of Lyme disease.
74. Osbaldiston and Taussig, (n. 45), p. 468.
75. Osbaldiston and Taussig provided a table of signs and laboratory findings for 46 cases. Cases were grouped by presenting signs of "urethral obstruction," "painful micturition," or "straining micturition" [Osbaldiston and Taussig, (n. 45), p. 465]; many demonstrated only one or two clinical signs. Practitioners' published case series emphasized the fact that cats diagnosed with FUS could present with very different sets of clinical signs. This assumption was often implicit in the case population selected; for example, see G. Caroline Engle, "A clinical report on 250 cases of feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1977, 7 (July), 24-27. Engle collected FUS cases at her Pennsylvania practice between May 1973, and May 1976.
76. Carl A. Osborne, Donald G. Low, and Delmar R. Finco, Canine and Feline Urology (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1972), pp. 361-71. Osbaldiston and Taussig's 1970 "clinical report" (n. 45) was included in the chapter's footnotes.
77. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
78. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
79. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
80. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
81. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
82. Authors who did not use the designation "FUS" in articles published soon after 1970 included: John Barker and R.C. Porvey, "The feline urolithiasis syndrome: a review and an inquiry into the alleged role of dry cat foods in it etiology," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1973, 14, 455-57; Charles R. Dorn et al., "Factors affecting risk of urolithiasis-cystitis-urethritis in cats," Am. J. Vet. Res., 1973, 34, 433-37; R.C. Scott, "Feline urologic diseases," Vet. Clinics N. Am. Small Anim. Practice, 1976, 6, 479-93. Those who did use "FUS" after 1970 included Homer J. Caston, "Stress and the feline urological syndrome," Feline Practice, 1973, 3 (November-December), 14-22; C. Fennell, "Some demographic characteristics of the domestic cat population in Great Britain with particular reference to feeding habits and the incidence of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1975, 16, 775-83; A.D. Walker et al., "An epidemiological survey of the feline urological syndrome," J. Small Anim. Practice, 1977, 18, 283-301. These authors represent usage in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
83. "The feline urological syndrome: cystitis/urolithiasis/urethral obstruction," (n. 44), p. 12. The actual question was phrased: "What do you call FUS in your practice?" When speaking to clients, 44 percent of veterinarians called the disease "cystitis" and 7 percent called it "urethral obstruction." Professionally, 32 percent of veterinarians referred to it as "cystitis," 28 percent as "urolithiasis," 10 percent as "urethral obstruction," and 7 percent as FUS. The fact that the survey asked the question at all underscored the contestation over the naming of this disease.
84. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (January), 14.
85. Steven L. Torney and T.B. Follis, "Incidence rates of feline urologic syndrome (FUS) in the United States," Feline Practice, 1978, 8, 39-41; Carl A. Osborne, "Feline lower urinary tract disorders," in Steven J. Ettinger, ed., Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989), pp. 2057-82.
86. Steven L. Torney and T.B. Follis, "Incidence rates of feline urologic syndrome (FUS) in the United States," Feline Practice, 1978, 8, 39-41; Carl A. Osborne, "Feline lower urinary tract disorders," in Steven J. Ettinger, ed., Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989), pp. 2057-82.
87. Linda A. Ross, "Feline urologic syndrome: understanding and diagnosing this enigmatic disease," Vet. Med., 1990, 85: 1194; Carl A. Osborne, "Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogenous causes," Vet. Clinics N. Am., Small Anim. Practice, 1984, 14, 409-38. More recently, an author in a veterinary journal stated that "it is now considered more accurate to refer to any of these symptoms as causing . . . FLUTD [not FUS]." A clinician disagreed, based on his assessment of the usefulness of the term "FUS": "I take exception with the new term FLUTD. FUS stood for the entire complex of problems. We have only succeeded in creating a new term with which we can confuse our clients." Diane Delmain, "An update on feline lower urinary tract diseases," Vet. Forum, 1994 (June), 44-46; Terry K. Kaiser, letter to the editor, Vet. Forum, 1994 (September), 16.
88. Linda A. Ross, "Feline urologic syndrome: understanding and diagnosing this enigmatic disease," Vet. Med., 1990, 85: 1194; Carl A. Osborne, "Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogenous causes," Vet. Clinics N. Am., Small Anim. Practice, 1984, 14, 409-38. More recently, an author in a veterinary journal stated that "it is now considered more accurate to refer to any of these symptoms as causing . . . FLUTD [not FUS]." A clinician disagreed, based on his assessment of the usefulness of the term "FUS": "I take exception with the new term FLUTD. FUS stood for the entire complex of problems. We have only succeeded in creating a new term with which we can confuse our clients." Diane Delmain, "An update on feline lower urinary tract diseases," Vet. Forum, 1994 (June), 44-46; Terry K. Kaiser, letter to the editor, Vet. Forum, 1994 (September), 16.
89. Linda A. Ross, "Feline urologic syndrome: understanding and diagnosing this enigmatic disease," Vet. Med., 1990, 85: 1194; Carl A. Osborne, "Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogenous causes," Vet. Clinics N. Am., Small Anim. Practice, 1984, 14, 409-38. More recently, an author in a veterinary journal stated that "it is now considered more accurate to refer to any of these symptoms as causing . . . FLUTD [not FUS]." A clinician disagreed, based on his assessment of the usefulness of the term "FUS": "I take exception with the new term FLUTD. FUS stood for the entire complex of problems. We have only succeeded in creating a new term with which we can confuse our clients." Diane Delmain, "An update on feline lower urinary tract diseases," Vet. Forum, 1994 (June), 44-46; Terry K. Kaiser, letter to the editor, Vet. Forum, 1994 (September), 16.
90. Linda A. Ross, "Feline urologic syndrome: understanding and diagnosing this enigmatic disease," Vet. Med., 1990, 85: 1194; Carl A. Osborne, "Redefinition of the feline urologic syndrome: feline lower urinary tract disease with heterogenous causes," Vet. Clinics N. Am., Small Anim. Practice, 1984, 14, 409-38. More recently, an author in a veterinary journal stated that "it is now considered more accurate to refer to any of these symptoms as causing . . . FLUTD [not FUS]." A clinician disagreed, based on his assessment of the usefulness of the term "FUS": "I take exception with the new term FLUTD. FUS stood for the entire complex of problems. We have only succeeded in creating a new term with which we can confuse our clients." Diane Delmain, "An update on feline lower urinary tract diseases," Vet. Forum, 1994 (June), 44-46; Terry K. Kaiser, letter to the editor, Vet. Forum, 1994 (September), 16.
91. This narrative is based on a letter written by Lucille Posner to Cats Magazine, 1965, 22 (June), 12. The course of her cat's disease is a composite based on her letter and my clinical experience. The name of her cat is my invention.
92. Mellen, (n. 16) A Practical Cat Book, p. 170.
93. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (September), 21. One columnist concluded that she "would rate urinary blockage as the main cause of premature death in show males"; both pet housecats and show cats sometimes died of the disease.
94. Ellen Dwyer has found that families of epileptics engaged in information exchanges to gain a modicum of control over the disease. See Dwyer, "Stories of epilepsy, 1880-1930," in Charles Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 263.
95. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (January), 13; ibid., 1964, 21 (October), 10.
96. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (January), 13; ibid., 1964, 21 (October), 10.
97. Catherine G. Fabricant et al., "Isolation of a virus from a female cat with urolithiasis," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1971, 158, 200.
98. Nancy L. Kowall, "A current look at feline cystitis," Feline Practice, 1971, 1 (September-October), 12. Italics in original.
99. Chris Feudtner, "The want of control: ideas, innovations, and ideals in the modern management of diabetes mellitus," Bull. Hist. Med., 1995, 69, 66-90, discusses physicians' assignment of blame to patients and their families for the failure of diabetic management regimens; see p. 89.
100. Kowall, (n. 61), p. 13.
101. Cats Magazine, 1971, 28 (April), 15.
102. Carl A. Osborne et al., "Feline perineal urethrostomy," in Robert W. Kirk and John D. Bonagura, eds., Current Veterinary Therapy X: Small Animal Practice (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989), pp. 1210-11.
103. Feudtner, (n. 62), p. 69. The author described the manner in which medical treatments for human diabetes "transmuted" the course of the disease.
104. Steven J. Peitzman, "From Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease," in Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992); see also Feudtner, (n. 62), pp. 69, 74-86.
105. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (June), 16. Specialty commercial diets for cats with urologic problems, such as Hill's c/d, were available only after 1971.
106. Kowall, (n. 61), p. 12.
107. Cats Magazine, 1968, 25 (September), 21.
108. Ibid., 1968, 25 (June), 16.
109. K. Sheppard, The Treatment of Cats by Homeopathy (Essex, UK: The C.W. Daniel Company Limited, 1941; reprint 1975), p. 12.
110. Cats Magazine, (n. 70).
111. E.A. Renaux, Cats Magazine, 1966, 23 (June), 21, and 1965, 22 (June), 12; Stephen Dubin, "Urethral catheterization of the tomcat, using the Rochester needle," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1972, 160, 963.
112. E.A. Renaux, Cats Magazine, 1966, 23 (June), 21, and 1965, 22 (June), 12; Stephen Dubin, "Urethral catheterization of the tomcat, using the Rochester needle," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1972, 160, 963.
113. E.A. Renaux, Cats Magazine, 1966, 23 (June), 21, and 1965, 22 (June), 12; Stephen Dubin, "Urethral catheterization of the tomcat, using the Rochester needle," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1972, 160, 963.
114. See, for example, Kowall, (n. 61), p. 10.
115. "The feline urological syndrome: cystitis/urolithiasis/urethral obstruction" (n. 44), p. 11.
116. Ibid., p. 18.
117. Ibid.
118. Greer, (n. 16) Fabulous Feline, p. 150.
119. Cats Magazine, 1965, 22 (February), 14.
120. Ibid., 22 (September), 15.
121. Greer, (n. 16) Fabulous Feline, p. 187. Both in the late 1960s and currently, veterinarians most commonly use a parenteral overdose of barbiturates to euthanize cats.
122. Charles E. Rosenberg has described an "implicit contract" that emerged once medical knowledge became restricted to medical professionals: "Society received a measure of emotional reassurance and clinical efficacy in exchange for the increased status and autonomy of medicine." See Rosenberg, "Disease and social order in America: perceptions and expectations," in Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, eds., AIDS, The Burdens of History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 20.
123. Feudtner, (n. 62), p. 85.
124. The standard text on veterinary bioethics, which discusses moral and ethical aspects of veterinary medical practice, professional ethics, and animal welfare, is Jerrold Tannenbaum, Veterinary Ethics: Animal Welfare, Client Relations, Competition, and Collegiality, 2nd ed. (St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby, 1995).
125. This issue has not been directly addressed in academic historical literature on animal disease. Observers of medical decision-making for human patients have advocated a greater role for patients' families and a greater awareness of the importance of that role. The argument that families of human patients should participate more fully in medical decisions has been recently made by Hilde Lindemann Nelson and James Lindemann Nelson, The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families (New York: Routledge, 1995), especially chpt. 4.
126. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Finally, a note of caution is in order. While I believe that even "incompetent" patients have the ability to influence medical decisions, I strongly agree that they are not always allowed to exert this ability. Some of the most egregious misuses of medical power have occurred when the patient's condition and desires have been disregarded. See Michael Burleigh's harrowing case study of the fates of disabled German citizens, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
127. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for
128. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Finally, a note of caution is in order. While I believe that even "incompetent" patients have the ability to influence medical decisions, I strongly agree that they are not always allowed to exert this ability. Some of the most egregious misuses of medical power have occurred when the patient's condition and desires have been disregarded. See Michael Burleigh's harrowing case study of the fates of disabled German citizens, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
129. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Finally, a note of caution is in order. While I believe that even "incompetent" patients have the ability to influence medical decisions, I strongly agree that they are not always allowed to exert this ability. Some of the most egregious misuses of medical power have occurred when the patient's condition and desires have been disregarded. See Michael Burleigh's harrowing case study of the fates of disabled German citizens, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
130. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Finally, a note of caution is in order. While I believe that even "incompetent" patients have the ability to influence medical decisions, I strongly agree that they are not always allowed to exert this ability. Some of the most egregious misuses of medical power have occurred when the patient's condition and desires have been disregarded. See Michael Burleigh's harrowing case study of the fates of disabled German citizens, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
131. For a discussion of the philosophical case for animals as limited but rational, autonomous beings (which may be applied to them as patients), see Priscilla Alderson, Choosing for Children: Parents' Consent to Surgery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 194-96. While scholarly work on animal disease otherwise does not directly address "incompetent" patient input, the parallels between veterinary medicine and human medicine are obvious. The literature on human patient autonomy and competency in clinical cases is vast, and I will not attempt to review it here; good starting points for the historical study of these issues are Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp, eds., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Martin S. Pernick, "The patient's role in medical decision-making: a social history of informed consent in medical therapy," in Making Health Care Decisions (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research), vols. 3, 23 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982). The issues surrounding patient consent by proxy represent another important area of study; see Willard Gaylin and Ruth Macklin, eds., Who Speaks for the Child? The Problems of Proxy Consent (New York: Plenum Press, 1982) and Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock, Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Finally, a note of caution is in order. While I believe that even "incompetent" patients have the ability to influence medical decisions, I strongly agree that they are not always allowed to exert this ability. Some of the most egregious misuses of medical power have occurred when the patient's condition and desires have been disregarded. See Michael Burleigh's harrowing case study of the fates of disabled German citizens, Death and Deliverance: 'Euthanasia' in Germany, 1900-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
132. For a brief overview of current concerns surrounding euthanasia in companion animal medicine, see Lynette A. Hart, Benjamin L. Hart, and Bonnie Mader, "Humane euthanasia and companion animal death: caring for the animal, the client, and the veterinarian," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1990, 197, 1292-99.
133. Bert Hansen, "American physicians' 'discovery' of homosexuals, 1880-1900: a new diagnosis in a changing society," in Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 125. Hansen describes a model of a widening disease category legitimating the social role of patients and shaping their choice of social identity. While I am not arguing that veterinary medicine in the late 1960s and early 1970s generally sought to medicalize deviance, I believe that the model works for diseases of animals living in human environments, where deviance from their instinctual behavior is often expected of them under the guise of discipline.