Canalization: A molecular genetic perspective

BioEssays

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 257-262

  Wilkins, Adam S ^a  

^a The Company of Biologists Limited   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031104842     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bies.950190312     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Palmer, A.R. and Strobeck, C. (1986). Fluctuating asymmetry: Measurement, analysis, patterns. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17, 391-421.
2. Palmer, A.R. and Strobeck, C. (1992). Fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental stability: Implications of non-normal distributions and power of statistical tests. Acta Zool. Fennica 191, 57-72.
3. McKenzie, J.A. and Clarke, G.M. (1988). Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry, and fitness in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Genetics 120, 213-220.
4. Leary, R.F., Allendorf, F.W. and Knudsen, K.L. (1992). Genetic, environmental, and developmental causes of meristic variation in rainbow trout. Acta Zool. Fennica 191, 79-95.
5. Parsons, P.A. (1990). Fluctuating asymmetry: an epigenetic measure of stress. Biol. Rev. 65, 131-145.
6. Watson, P.J. and Thornhill, R. (1994). Fluctuating asymmetry and sexual selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 21-25.
7. Stearns, S.C., and Kawecki, T.J. (1994). Fitness sensitivity and the canalization of life-history traits. Evolution 48, 1438-1450.
8. Møller, A.P. and Pomiankowski, A. (1993). Punctuated equilibria or gradual evolution: Fluctuating asymmetry and variation in the rate of evolution. J. Theor. Biol. 161, 359-367.
9. Wagner, G.P. and Altenberg, L. (1996). Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50, 967-976.
10. Waddington, C.H. (1942). Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150, 563-565.
11. Schmalhausen, I.I. (1949). Factors of Evolution. Blakiston: Philadelphia.
12. Waddington, C.H. (1957). The Strategy of the Genes. Allen and Unwin: London.
13. Lerner, I.M. (1954). Genetic Homeostasis. Oliver and Boyd: London.
14. Waddington, C.H. (1959). Canalization of development and genetic assimilation of acquired characters. Nature 183, 1654-1655.
15. Rendel, J.M., Sheldon, B.L. and Finlay, D.E. (1966). Selection for canalization of the scute phenotype. II. Am. Nat. 100, 13-31.
16. Waddington, C.H., and Robertson, E. (1966). Selection for developmental canalisation. Genet. Res. Camb. 7, 303-312.
17. Rendel, J. (1967). Canalisation and Gene Control. Logos Press: London.
18. Scharloo, W. (1991). Canalization: Genetic and developmental aspects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22, 65-93.
19. Tautz, D. (1992). Redundancies, development and the flow of information. BioEssays 14, 263-266.
20. Wilkins, A.S. (1993). Genetic Analysis of Animal Development, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons: New York.
21. Thomas, J.H. (1993). Thinking about genetic redundancy. Trends Genet. 9, 395-399.
22. Brookfield, J. (1992). Can genes be truly redundant? Curr. Biol. 2, 553-554.
23. Spemann, H. (1907). Concerning the problem of correlation in animal development [in German]. Verhandl. deutsche zool. Geselle. 17, 22-49.
24. Saha, M. (1991). Spemann seen through a lens. In A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology (ed. S. Gilbert), pp. 91-108. Plenum Press: New York.
25. Morgan, T.H. (1929). Variability of eyeless. Carnegie Institution of Washington 399, 139-168.
26. Waddington, C.H. (1940). Organisers and Genes. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
27. Fitch, W.M. (1970). Distinguishing homologues from analogous proteins. Syst. Zool. 19, 99-106.
28. Kataoka, T. et al. (1984). Genetic analysis of yeast RAS1 and RAS2 genes. Cell 37, 437-445.
29. 1 phase in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6255-6259.
30. Basson, M.E., Thorsness, M. and Rine, J. (1986). Saccharomycescerevisiae contains two functional genes encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 5563-5567.
31. Lambie, E.J. and Kimble, J.E. (1991). Two homologous regulatory genes, lin-12 and glp-1 have overlapping functions. Development 112, 231-240.
32. Higashimijima, S.I., Michiue, T., Eonori, Y. and Saigo, K. (1992). Subtype determination of Drosophila embryonic external sensory organs by redundant homeobox genes BarH1 and BarH2. Genes Dev. 6, 1005-1018.
33. Cadigan, K.M., Grossnikluas, U. and Gehring, W.J. (1994). Functional redundancy: The respective roles of the two sloppy paired genes in Drosophila segmentation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6324-6328.
34. Yeo, S.L. et al. (1995). On the functional overlap between two Drosophila POU homeo domain genes and the cell fate specification of a CNS neural precursor. Genes Dev. 9, 1223-1236.
35. Tabata, T., Schwartz, C., Gustavson, E., Ali, Z. and Kornberg, T.B. (1995). Creating a Drosophila wing de novo, the role of engrailed, and the compartment border hypothesis. Development 121, 3359-3369.
36. Gustavson, E., Goldsborough, A.S., Ali, Z. and Kornberg, T.B. (1996). The Drosophila engrailed and invected genes: Partners in regulation, expression and function. Genetics 142, 893-906.
37. Condie, B.G. and Capecchi, M.R. (1994). Mice with targeted disruptions in the paralogous genes hoxa-3 and hoxd-3 reveal synergistic interactions. Nature 370, 304-307.
38. Davis, A.P., Witte, D.P., Hsieh-Li, H.M., Potter, S.P. and Capecchi, M.R. (1995). Absence of radius and ulna in mice lacking hoxa-11 and hoxd-11. Nature 375, 791-795.
39. Hanks, M., Wurst, W., Anson-Cartwright, L., Auerbach, A.B. and Joyner, A.L. (1995). Rescue of the En-1 mutant phenotype by replacement of En-1 with En-2. Science 269, 679-682.
40. Li, X., and Noll, M. (1994). Evolution of distinct developmental functions of three Drosophila genes by acquisition of different cis-regulatory regions. Nature 367, 83-87.
41. DeSalle, R., Slightom, J. and Zimmer, E. (1986). The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. II. Ribosomal DNA polymorphism is associated with the abnormal abdomen syndrome in Drosophila mercatorum. Genetics 112, 861-875.
42. Templeton, A.R. and Rankin, M.A. (1978). Genetic revolutions and the control of insect populations. In The Screw Worm Problem (ed. R.H. Richardson), pp. 83-111. University of Texas Press: Austin.
43. Mayr, E. (1954). Change of genetic environment and evolution. In Evolution as a Process (ed. J. Huxley, A.C. Hardy and E.B. Ford), pp. 157-180. London: Allen and Unwin.
44. Haldane, J.B.S. (1932). The Causes of Evolution. Harper: New York.
45. Ohno, S. (1970). Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer: New York.
46. Ohta, T. (1991). Multigene families and the evolution of complexity. J. Mol. Evol. 33, 34-41.
47. Petit, C. and Zuckerkandl, E. (1976). Evolution, genetique des populations, evolution moleculaire. Hermann: Paris.
48. Dover, G. and Flavell, R.B. (1984). Molecular co-evolution: DNA divergence and the maintenance of function. Cell 38, 623-624.
49. Doolittle, R.F. (1994). Convergent evolution: the need to be explicit. Trends Biol. Sci. 19, 15-18.
50. Koonin, E.V., Mushegian, A.R. and Bork, P. (1996). Non-orthologous gene displacement. Trends Genet. 12, 334-336.
51. Zeller, R.W., Britten, R.J. and Davidson, E.H. (1995). Developmental utilization of SpP3A1 and SpP3A2: Two proteins which recognize the same DNA target site in several sea urchin gene regulatory regions. Dev. Biol. 170, 75-82.
52. Dickinson, W. J. (1995). Molecules and morphology: where's the homology? Trends Genet. 11, 119-121.
53. Halder, G., Callaerts, P., and Gehring, W.J. (1995). Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267, 1788-1792.
54. Goldschmidt, R.B. (1946). 'An empirical evolutionary generalization' viewed from the standpoint of phenogenetics. Am. Nat. 80, 305-317.
55. Hartwell, L. and Weinert, T.A. (1989). Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246, 629-634.