Chemical method to increase extreme ultraviolet microchannel-plate quantum efficiency

Applied Optics

Volumn 36, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 1421-1426

  Hemphill, Richelieu ^a   Edelstein, Jerry ^a   Rogers, Doug ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

CsI; Extreme ultraviolet optics; KBr; Microchannel plate quantum detection efficiency; Photocathodes

Indexed keywords

CESIUM COMPOUNDS; ELECTRON EMISSION; ETCHING; MEASUREMENT ERRORS; PHOTOCATHODES; PHOTONS; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

CESIUM IODIDE; CHEMICAL TREATMENT; DARK COUNTING NOISE; ELECTRON GAIN PULSE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET OPTICS; MICROCHANNEL PLATE DETECTOR; POTASSIUM BROMIDE;

RADIATION DETECTORS;

EID: 0031096088     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.36.001421     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. G. W. Fraser, M. A. Garstow, J. F. Pearson, M. J. Whiteley, andM. Lewis, “The soft x-ray detection efficiency of coated microchannel plates,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 224, 272-286 (1984).
2. O. H. W. Siegmund, E. Everman, J. Vallerga, and M. Lampton, “Extreme ultraviolet quantum efficiency of opaque alkali halide photocathodes on microchannel plates,” in Optoelectronic Technologies for Remote Sensing from Space, C. S. Bowyer and J. S. Seeley, eds., Proc. SPIE 868, 18-24 (1988).
3. O. H. W. Siegmund and G. A. Gaines, “Photoelectron energy spectra of opaque photocathodes in the extreme and far ultraviolet,” in EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy, H. S. Hudson and O. H. Siegmund, eds., Proc. SPIE 1344, 217-227 (1990).
4. C. Martin and S. Bowyer, “Quantum efficiency of opaque Csl photocathodes with channel electron multiplier arrays in the extreme and far ultraviolet,” Appl. Opt. 21, 4206-4207 (1982).
5. G. R. Carruthers, “Quantum efficiencies of imaging detectors with alkali halide photocathodes. I. Microchannel plates with separate and integral Csl photocathodes,” Appl. Opt. 26, 2925-2930 (1987).
6. O. H. W. Siegmund, D. E. Everman, J. V. Vallerga, and M. Lampton, “Soft-x-ray and extreme ultraviolet quantum detection efficiency of potassium bromide photocathode layers on microchannel plates,” Appl. Opt. 27, 1568-1573 (1988).
7. O. H. W. Siegmund, E. Everman, J. V. Vallerga, J. Sokolowski, and M. Lampton, “Ultraviolet quantum detection efficiency of potassium bromide as an opaque photocathode applied to microchannel plates,” Appl. Opt. 26, 3607-3614 (1987).
8. M. J. Whitely, J. F. Pearson, G. W. Fraser, and M. A. Barstow, “The stability of CsI coated microchannel plate array x-ray detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 224, 287-297 (1984).
9. M. P. Kowalski, G. G. Fritz, R. G. Cruddace, A. E. Unzicker, and N. Swanson, “Quantum efficiency of cesium iodide photocathodes at soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths,” Appl. Opt. 25, 2440-2449 (1986).
10. K. Premaratne, E. R. Dietz, and B. L. Henke, “The stability of cesium iodide X-ray photocathodes,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods207, 465-469 (1983).
11. J. Edelstein and S. Bowyer, “The diffuse EUV spectrometer UCB,” in EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy VII, O. H. Siegmund and M. A. Gummin, eds., Proc. SPIE 2808, 2-10 (1996).
12. O. H. W. Siegmund, J. Vallerga, and P. Jelinsky, “Calibration of photon counting imaging microchannel plate detectors for EUV astronomy,” in X-Ray Calibration: Techniques, Sources, and Detectors, P. Lee and P. D. Rockett, eds., Proc. SPIE 689, 40-48 (1988).
13. J. V. Vallerga, M. Eckert, M. Sirk, O. H. W. Siegmund, and R. F. Malina, “Long-term orbital performance of the mcp detectors aboard the extreme ultraviolet explorer,” in EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, O. H. W. Siegmund and J. V. Vallerga, eds., Proc. SPIE 2280, 57-68 (1994).
14. Philips Photonics Limited, Specification Sheet for Type G12-33DT/13-13-13 (Shortform G12-33DT/B), Spec. qs 93-109.
15. J. Lettieri, Philips Components, Slatersville, R.I. 02876 (personal communication, 1996).
16. O. H. W. Siegmund, “Preconditioning of microchannel plate stacks,” in Image Intensification, I. P. Csorba, ed., Proc. SPIE 1072, 111-118 (1989).
17. O. H. W. Siegmund, J. V. Vallerga, D. E. Everman, and J. Hull, “Long-term performance characteristics of the detectors for the extreme ultra-violet explorer,” in X-Ray Instrumentation in Medicine and Biology, Plasma Physics, Astrophysics, and Synchrotron Radiation, R. Benattar, ed., Proc. SPIE 1140, 106-111 (1989).
18. A. M. Then and C. G. Pantano, “Formation and behavior of surface layers on electron emission glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 120, 178-187 (1989).
19. A. Y. Shashkov, V. N. Sigaev, L. A. Grechanik, and V. B. Kalinin, “X-ray phase analysis and small-angle x-ray scattering study of the reduced layer of microchannel plates (glass structure),” Sov. J. Gl. Phys. Chem. 17, 385-389 (1991).
20. B. Pracek, “AES studies of the active surface in mcp channels,”Vacuum 40, 949-950 (1992).
21. R. F. Malina and K. R. Coburn, “Comparative lifetesting results for microchannel plates in windowless EUV photon detectors,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-31, 404-407 (1984).
22. J. E. Huheey, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity (Harper & Row, New York, 1972).