Freud's deshi: The coming of psychoanalysis to Japan

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 115-126

  Blowers, Geoffrey H ^a   Chi, Serena Yang Hsueh ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EDUCATION; GERMANY; HISTORY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; JAPAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; RELIGION; WRITING;

BUDDHISM; CORRESPONDENCE; FREUDIAN THEORY; GERMANY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE; JAPAN; PSYCHOANALYSIS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 0031088294     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199721)33:2<115::AID-JHBS1>3.0.CO;2-S     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Earlier versions of this paper were read at the Asian-Pacific Regional Conference of Psychology, Guangzhou, August 27-30, 1995, and the annual meeting of the International Society for the History of the Behavioural and Social Sciences, Richmond, Indiana, June 27-30, 1996.
2. Earlier versions of this paper were read at the Asian-Pacific Regional Conference of Psychology, Guangzhou, August 27-30, 1995, and the annual meeting of the International Society for the History of the Behavioural and Social Sciences, Richmond, Indiana, June 27-30, 1996.
3. Okonogi Keigo, "A History of Psychoanalysis in Japan." Paper read at the International Psychoanalytic Conference. San Francisco, August 1995. Following convention, for all Japanese authors mentioned in this paper, the family name appears first.
4. Geoffrey H. Blowers, "Freud in China: the variable reception of psychoanalysis." in Applying Psychology: lessons from Asia-Oceania. Graham Davidson, Ed. (Carleton, Victoria: Australian Psychological Society. 1994) pp. 39-51.
5. Formerly in the restricted portion of the Freud Archives at the Library of Congress, and now derestricted.
6. Okonogi, "History". See also Okonogi Keigo, "The Ajase Complex," Paper read at the International Psychoanalytic Conference, San Francisco, August 1995, and Takeda Makoto, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo [Psychoanalysis and buddhism]. (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1990) and Kuwada Akira, "Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie in Japan," Psyche 31 (1977): 272-285.
7. Okonogi, "History". See also Okonogi Keigo, "The Ajase Complex," Paper read at the International Psychoanalytic Conference, San Francisco, August 1995, and Takeda Makoto, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo [Psychoanalysis and buddhism]. (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1990) and Kuwada Akira, "Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie in Japan," Psyche 31 (1977): 272-285.
8. Okonogi, "History". See also Okonogi Keigo, "The Ajase Complex," Paper read at the International Psychoanalytic Conference, San Francisco, August 1995, and Takeda Makoto, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo [Psychoanalysis and buddhism]. (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1990) and Kuwada Akira, "Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie in Japan," Psyche 31 (1977): 272-285.
9. Okonogi, "History". See also Okonogi Keigo, "The Ajase Complex," Paper read at the International Psychoanalytic Conference, San Francisco, August 1995, and Takeda Makoto, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo [Psychoanalysis and buddhism]. (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1990) and Kuwada Akira, "Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie in Japan," Psyche 31 (1977): 272-285.
10. As described by Ohtski (Ohtsuki) Kenji in his synoptic history of the psychoanalytic movement, "History of Psychoanalysis in Japan," Seishin Bunseki 3 (1941): 2-3.
11. Okonogi, "History".
12. Ueno Yoichi, "Cattell, Hall and Titchener," Shinri-kenkyu 22 (1922):522-527.
13. Ohtsuki, "History of psychoanalysis in Japan".
14. Ernest Jones, Free Associations: memories of a psychoanalyst. (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 1959/1990). On Freud's reception in the United States, including Meyer's reactions to his lectures, see Saul Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung and Hall the Kingmaker: The Historic Expedition to America. (Washington: Hogrefe and Huber, 1992).
15. Ernest Jones, Free Associations: memories of a psychoanalyst. (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 1959/1990). On Freud's reception in the United States, including Meyer's reactions to his lectures, see Saul Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung and Hall the Kingmaker: The Historic Expedition to America. (Washington: Hogrefe and Huber, 1992).
16. Takeda, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo.
17. David K. Reynolds, Morita Psychotherapy. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 120
18. In DSM IV this is called social phobia or avoidant personality disorder.
19. Promoted from Lecturer to Associate Professor.
20. Freud to Kosawa, February 9th 1932. All letters are in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington. Kosawa's own recollections state that the first meeting took place on the 18th of February, and there is an entry on this date in Freud's diary mentioning Kosawa's gift. However, there is also a letter from Kosawa to Freud acknowledging the visit, dated 13th February 1932.
21. Account, reported by Takeda, Seishin Bunsekl to Bukkyo. probably taken from Kosawa's "recollections," which were in the restricted portion of the Freud Archives, now derestricted. Takeda may have had access to them through his close association to Kosawa who was his analyst and teacher and gained this picture from their many discussions.
22. Takeda's account mentions, erroneously, that Freud normally charged $50 but Sterba would take Kosawa for $25, these sums being denominated in American dollars.
23. Freud to Kosawa, 20th February 1932.
24. Takeda, Seishin Bunseki to Bukkyo.
25. Kosawa to Freud, 13th February 1932.
26. Freud to Kosawa, 16th March 1932.
27. Freud to Kosawa, 30th July 1932.
28. Subsequently published as "Zaiakuishikino nishu" ["Two types of Guilt Consciousness - Oedipus and Azase [Ajase]" in Seishin bunseki [Tokyo Journal of Psychoanalysis] (March-April 1935). Later revised in Seishinbunseki kenkyu twice, in 1950 and 1954.
29. Subsequently published as "Zaiakuishikino nishu" ["Two types of Guilt Consciousness - Oedipus and Azase [Ajase]" in Seishin bunseki [Tokyo Journal of Psychoanalysis] (March-April 1935). Later revised in Seishinbunseki kenkyu twice, in 1950 and 1954.
30. One of the Chinese characters for Ajase's name means "broken finger."
31. Okonogi Keigo, "Ajase complex."
32. Klein wrote of the need for the baby in the course of its development to separate good and bad aspects of the same object about which it has phantasies, and to which it can harbour ambivalent feelings of love and hate. Beginning with anxieties over being attacked by a bad object (breast/mother) the baby shifts to fears for the safety and return of the good. Its feelings of persecution give way to depression which becomes the motive for reparation. See, for example, Melanie Klein, Love, Guilt and Reparation, and other works (London: Hogarth Press, 1975) and Julia Segal, Melanie Klein (London: Sage 1992).
33. Klein wrote of the need for the baby in the course of its development to separate good and bad aspects of the same object about which it has phantasies, and to which it can harbour ambivalent feelings of love and hate. Beginning with anxieties over being attacked by a bad object (breast/mother) the baby shifts to fears for the safety and return of the good. Its feelings of persecution give way to depression which becomes the motive for reparation. See, for example, Melanie Klein, Love, Guilt and Reparation, and other works (London: Hogarth Press, 1975) and Julia Segal, Melanie Klein (London: Sage 1992).
34. Richard F. Sterba, Reminiscences of a Viennese Psychoanalyst. (Detroit: Wayne State Press, 1982.)
35. Okonogi, "History." Okonogi intended interviewing Sterba in the mid-eighties but Sterba died before he could be contacted.
36. What we know of him unequivocally comes from three sources: (i) a letter of Ernest Jones to Freud 5th April 1930, (ii) his own recollections published in Japanese as an appendix to Freud's translated works, carried out under his supervision (see Yabe Yaekichi, "Furoido Sensei Kaikensh," [A meeting with Professor Freud]. In: Furoido Seishin bunsekigaku zenshu, [Freud's collected works on psychoanalysis] Translated by Alan W. Fraser Vol. 5 appendix 1-19. (Tokyo: Shunyodo Publishing Company. 1931.) a caption under his photograph in an issue of Seishin bunseki kenkyu in 1950. See James Clark Moloney, Understanding the Japanese Mind. (New York: The Philosophical Library, 1954).
37. What we know of him unequivocally comes from three sources: (i) a letter of Ernest Jones to Freud 5th April 1930, (ii) his own recollections published in Japanese as an appendix to Freud's translated works, carried out under his supervision (see Yabe Yaekichi, "Furoido Sensei Kaikensh," [A meeting with Professor Freud]. In: Furoido Seishin bunsekigaku zenshu, [Freud's collected works on psychoanalysis] Translated by Alan W. Fraser Vol. 5 appendix 1-19. (Tokyo: Shunyodo Publishing Company. 1931.) a caption under his photograph in an issue of Seishin bunseki kenkyu in 1950. See James Clark Moloney, Understanding the Japanese Mind. (New York: The Philosophical Library, 1954).
38. Yabe, "Meeting with Freud." Yabe also mentions that psychoanalysis, in attempting to remove complexes, is akin to the Buddhist idea of gedatsu - a practice of ancient monks who attempted to achieve a state of mind without worldly thoughts.
39. It seems that only one set of Freud's complete works in German was imported by the Maruzen bookstore for psychiatrists at Kyoto University. Thus Ars publishers, by acquiring them, did make for a loss of potential readers (of German) including Yasuda Tokutaro.
40. Kimura Harumi, in her 1983 book, Koko Ro No Jidaini [Into the Age of Heart] (Bungeishunjusha, 1983) which recounts some of the activities surrounding the introduction of psychoanalysis to Japan, reasons that Yasuda Tokutaro was not a Marxist in outlook or political commitment. Rather, his "leftist activities", which included seeing his patients free of charge, merely reflected the liberal humanism of the period. He certainly did not attempt to criticize the system.
41. Ohtski (Ohtsuki) Kenji, "My impression on reading Sato vs. Marui's argument," Seishin Bunseki 1 (1933). Author's translation (yhc).
42. Ohtski (Ohtsuki), "History of Psychoanalysis in Japan."
43. See Geoffrey H. Blowers, "Gao Juefu: China's Interpreter of Western Psychology," World Psychology 1, (1995): 107-121, for an account of the translation history.
44. Moloney, Understanding the Japanese Mind.
45. James Clark Moloney, "Understanding the Paradox of Japanese Psychoanalysis," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34, (1953): 291-303.
46. Kuwada, "Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie in Japan."
47. See Ohtski Kenji, "The Misunderstanding of Japanese psychoanalysis: A Protest Against Views Expressed by Dr. J. C. Maloney," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 35, (1955) 205-208; George DeVos, "Afterword" in The Quiet Therapies, David K. Reynolds, Ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980); Alan Roland, In search of Self in India and Japan: Towards a Cross-cultural Psychology. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988).
48. See Ohtski Kenji, "The Misunderstanding of Japanese psychoanalysis: A Protest Against Views Expressed by Dr. J. C. Maloney," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 35, (1955) 205-208; George DeVos, "Afterword" in The Quiet Therapies, David K. Reynolds, Ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980); Alan Roland, In search of Self in India and Japan: Towards a Cross-cultural Psychology. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988).
49. See Ohtski Kenji, "The Misunderstanding of Japanese psychoanalysis: A Protest Against Views Expressed by Dr. J. C. Maloney," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 35, (1955) 205-208; George DeVos, "Afterword" in The Quiet Therapies, David K. Reynolds, Ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980); Alan Roland, In search of Self in India and Japan: Towards a Cross-cultural Psychology. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988).
50. Extract of letter of Freud to Marui dated 15th March 1931.
51. Doi Takeo, The Anatomy of Dependence (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1973).