Oxidant injury, nitric oxide and pulmonary vascular function: Implications for the exercising horse

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 153, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 125-148

  Mills, P C ^a   Higgins, A J ^a  

^a ANIMAL HEALTH TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

EIPH; Exercise; Horse; Nitric oxide; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; BLEEDING; ENDOTHELIUM; HORSE; HORSE DISEASE; LUNG; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; METHODOLOGY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIUM; HEMORRHAGE; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS;

EID: 0031082250     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1090-0233(97)80034-2     Document Type: Review

References (286)

1. ADAMS, J. D., LAUTERBERG, B. H. & MITCHELL, J. R. (1983). Plasma glutathione and glutathione disulphide in the rat: Regulation and response to oxidative stress. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 227, 749-54.
2. AGUSTI, A. G. N. & RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R. (1993). Effect of pulmonary hypertension on gas exchange. European Respiratory Journal 6, 1371-7.
3. - generation by xanthine oxidase of pathogenesis of influenza virus infections in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85, 739-45.
4. AKSAMIT, T. R. & HUNNINGHAKE, G. W. (1993). Interleukin-1. In Lung Biology in Health and Disease. Cytokines of the lung. (ed. J. Kelley), pp. 185-228. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
5. ALVING, K., WEITZBERG, E. & LUNGBERG, J. M. (1993). Increased amounts of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. European Respiratory Journal 6, 1368-70.
6. ANDREOLI, S. P., MALLETT, C. P. & BERNSTEIN, J. M. (1986). Role of glutathione in protecting endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide oxidant injury. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 108, 190-8.
7. ARCHER, S. L., MCMURTRY, I. F. & WEIR, E. K. (1989a). Mechanisms of acute hypoxic and hyperoxic changes in pulmonary vascular reactivity, In Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vol. 38 (ed. E. K. Weir & J. T. Reeves), pp. 241-90. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
8. ARCHER, S. L., PETERSON, D., NELSON, D. P., DEMASTER, E. G., KELLY, B., EATON, J. W. & WEIR, E. K. (1989b). Oxygen radicals and antioxidant enzymes alter pulmonary vascular reactivity in the rat lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 102-11.
9. ARCHER, S. L., TOLINS, J. P., RAIJ, L. & WEIR, E. K. (1989c). Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is enhanced by inhibition of the synthesis of an endothelium derived relaxing factor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 164, 1198-205.
10. ARUOMA, O. I. & HALLIWELL, B. (1988). The iron-binding hydroxyl radical scavenging action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Xenobiotica 18, 459-70.
11. AUER, D. E., NG, J. C., THOMPSON, H. L., INGLIS, S. & SEAWRIGHT, A. A. (1989). Acute phase response in horses: Changes in plasma cation concentration after localised tissue injury. Veterinary Record 124, 235-9.
12. BAILE, E. M., DAHLBY, R. W., WIGGS, B. R. & PARE, P. D. (1985). Role of tracheal and bronchial circulation in respiratory heat exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, 217-22.
13. BARNES, P. J. (1987). Neuropeptides in the lung: localization, function and pathophysiologic implications. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 79, 285-95.
14. BARNES, P. J. (1990). Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9, 235-43.
15. BARTON, A. D., RYDER, K., LOURENCO, R. V., DRALLE, W. & WEISS, S. G. (1976). Inflammatory reaction and airway damage to cystic fibrosis. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 88, 423-6.
16. BAUER, J. A., WALD, J. A., DORAN, S. & SODA, D. (1994). Endogenous nitric oxide in expired air: effects of acute exercise in humans. Life Sciences 55, 1903-9.
17. BAYLY, W. M., SCHULZ, D. A., HODGSON, D. R. & GOLLNICK, P. D. (1987). Ventilatory responses to exercise in horses with exercise-induced hypoxemia. In Equine Exercise Physiology, vol. 2 (ed. J. R. Gillespie & N. E. Robinson), pp. 172-82. Davis, California: ICEEP Publications.
18. BELL, D. Y., HASEMAN, J. A., SPOCK, A., MCLENNAN, G. & HOOK, G. E. R. (1981). Plasma proteins of the brochoalveolar surface of the lungs of smokers and non-smokers. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 124, 72-9.
19. BELVISI, M. G., STRETTON, C. D., YACOUB, M. & BARNES, P. J. (1992). Nitric oxide is the endogenous neurotransmitter of bronchodilator nerves in humans. European Journal of Pharmacology 210, 221-2.
20. BERNARD, G. R. (1991). N-acetylcysteine in experimental and clinical state acute lung injury. American Journal of Medicine 91, 54S-9S.
21. BIGATELLO, L. M., HURFORD, W. E., KACMAREK, R. M., ROBERTS, J. D. & ZAPOL, W. M. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide is a selective vasodilator in septic patients with severe ARDS (Abstract). American Review of Respiratory Diseases 145, A185.
22. BISGARD, G. E., ORR, J. A. & WILL, J. A. (1975). Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the pony. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36, 49-52.
23. BOEHME, D. S., HOTCHKISS, J. A. & HENDERSON, R. F. (1992). Glutathione and GSH-dependent enzymes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in response to ozone. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 56, 37-48.
24. BONE, R. C. (1993). A new therapy for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 431-2.
25. BOROK, Z., BUHL, R., GRIMES, G. J., BOKSER, A. D., HIBBARD, R. C., HOLROYD, K. J. & ROUM, J. H. (1991). Effect of glutathione aerosol on oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The Lancet 338, 215-6.
26. BRIGHAM, K. L. & MEYRICK, B. (1984). Interactions of granulocytes with the lungs. Circulation Research 54, 623-35.
27. BRYANT, C. E. & ELLIOT, J. (1994). Nitric oxide: friend or foe? Equine Veterinary Education 6, 59-64.
28. BUGA, G. M., GOLD, M. E., FUKUTO, J. M. & IGNARRO, L. J. (1991). Shear stress-induced release on nitric oxide from endothelial cells grown on beads. Hypertension 17, 187-93.
29. BUHL, R., VOGELMEIER, C., CRITENDEN, M., HUBBARD, R. C., HOYT, R. F., WILSON, E. M., CANTIN, A. M. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1990). Augmentation of glutathione in the fluid lining the epithelium of the lower respiratory tract by directly administering glutathione aerosol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 87, 4063-7.
30. BULLEN, J. J. (1974). Bacterial iron metabolism in infection and immunity. In Microbial Iron Metabolism (ed. J. B. Neilands), pp. 517-51. New York: Academic Press.
31. BUNNELL, E. & PACHT, E. R. (1993). Oxidized glutathione is increased in the alveolar fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 148, 1174-8.
32. CANTIN, A. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1985). Oxidants, antioxidants and the pathogenesis of emphysema. European Journal of Respiratory Disease 66(Suppl.), 7-17.
33. CANTIN, A. M. & BEGIN, R. O. (1991). Glutathione and inflammatory disorders of the lung. Lung 169, 123-38.
34. CANTIN, A. M., NORTH, S. L., FELLS, G. A., HUBBARD, R. C. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1987a). Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 79, 1665-73.
35. CANTIN, A. M., NORTH, S. L., HUBBARD, R. C. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1987b). Normal alveolar epithelial lining contains high levels of glutathione. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 152-7.
36. CANTIN, A. M., HUBBARD, R. C. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1989). Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 139, 370-2.
37. CANTIN, A. M., LARIVEE, P. & BEGIN, R. O. (1990). Extracellular glutathione suppresses human lung fibroblast proliferation. American Journal of Respiration and Cell Molecular Biology 3, 79-85.
38. 2 mimetic U-46619 induces systemic and pulmonary hypertension and delayed tachypnea in the goat. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 1466-73.
39. CELERMAJER, D. S., CULLEN, S. & DEANFIELD, J. A. (1993). Impairment of endothelium-derived pulmonary artery relaxation in children with congenital heart disease. Circulation Research 87, 440-446.
40. CHESTER, A. H., O'NEIL, G. S., MONCADA, S., TADJKARIMI, S. & YACOUB, M. H. (1990). Low basal and stimulated release of nitric oxide in artherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries. The Lancet 336, 897-900.
41. CHOW, C. K. (1991). Vitamin E and oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 11, 215-32.
42. CHOW, C. K., CHEN, L. H., THACKER, R. R. & GRIFFITH, R. B. (1984). Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical responses of rats to cigarette smoking. Environmental Research 34, 8-17.
43. CHUNG, K. F. (1992). Platelet-activating factor in inflammation and pulmonary disorders. Clinical Science 83, 127-38.
44. COCHRANE, C. G., SPRAGG, R. & REVAK, S. D. (1983). Pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome; evidence of oxidant activity in bronchalveolar lavage fluid. Journal of Clinical Investigation 71, 754-61.
45. COOKE, J. P., STAMLER, J., ANDON, N., DAVIES, P. F., MCKINLEY, G. & LOSCALZO, J. (1990). Flow stimulates endothelial cells to release a nitrovasodilator that is potentiated by a reduced thiol. American Journal of Physiology 259, H804-12.
46. COSGROVE, J., BARISH, E., CHURCH, D. & PRYOR, W. (1985). The metal-mediated formation of hydroxyl radical by aqueous extracts of cigarette tar. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 132, 390-6.
47. COTGREAVE, I. A., JOHANSSON, U., MOLDEUS, P. & BRATTSAND, R. (1987). The effect of acute cigarette smoke inhalation on pulmonary and systemic cysteine and glutathione redox states in the rat. Toxicology 45, 203-12.
48. CRAPO, J. D. (1994). Aerosolised deferoxamine prevents lung and systemic injury caused by smoke inhalation. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 2055-6.
49. CRAPO, J. D. & TIERNEY, D. F. (1974). Superoxide dismutase and pulmonary oxygen toxicity. American Journal of Physiology 226, 1401-7.
50. CREMONA, G., WOOD, A. M., HALL, L. W., BOWER, E. A. & HIGENBOTTAM, T. (1994). Effect of inhibitors of nitric oxide release and action on vascular tone in isolated lungs of pig, sheep, dog and man. Journal of Physiology 481, 185-95.
51. CREMONA, G., HIGENBOTTAM, T., TAKAO, M., HALL, L. & BOWER, E. A. (1995). Exhaled nitric oxide in isolated pig lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 59-63.
52. CROSS, C. E. & HALLIWELL, B. (1994). Evaluation for biomolecular damage by ozone. Methods in Enzymology 234, 252-6.
53. CRYSTAL, R. (1991). Oxidants and respiratory tract epithelium injury: pathogenesis and strategies for therapeutic intervention. American Journal of Medicine 91, 39-42.
54. DAHLEN, S.-E. (1983). Pulmonary effects of leukotrienes. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 512, 1-51.
55. DAVIS, W. B. & PACHT, E. R. (1991). Extracellular antioxidant defences. In The Lung: Scientific Foundations (ed. R. G. Crystal & W. B. West), pp. 1821-7. New York: Raven Press.
56. DAWSON, C. A., LINEHAN, J. H. & BRONIKOWSKI, T. A. (1989). Pressure and flow in the pulmonary vascular bed. In Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology vol. 38 (ed. E. K. Weir & J. T. Reeves), pp. 51-106. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
57. + exchanges and the direct inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on canine femoral arteries. Circulation Research 46, 826-36.
58. DEMLING, R. H., LALONDE, C., KNOX, J., YOUN, Y. K. & PICARD, J. (1991). Fluid resuscitation with deferoxamine prevents systemic burn induced oxidant injury. Journal of Trauma 31, 538-44.
59. DENEKE, S. M. & FANBURG, B. L. (1989). Regulation of cellular glutathione. American Journal of Physiology 257, L163-73.
60. DENEKE, S. M., LYNCH, B. A. & FANBURG, B. L. (1985). Transient depletion of lung glutathione by diethylmaleate enhances oxygen toxicity. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, 571-4.
61. DERKSEN, F. J. (1991). Applied respiratory physiology. In Equine Respiratory Disorders (ed. J. Beech), pp. 1-25. Pennsylvania: Lea & Febiger.
62. DERKSEN, F. J. & WOODS, P. S. A. (1993). Chronic lung disease in the horse: Role of aeroallergens and irritants and methods of evaluation. Proceedings of the 11th ACVIM Forum, Washington, May, 601-4.
63. DILLARD, C. J., LITOV, R. E., SAVIN, W. M., DUMELIN, E. E. & TAPPEL, A. L. (1978). Effects of exercise, vitamin E and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Applied Physiology 45, 927-32.
64. DINH-XUAN, A. T., HIGENBOTTAM, T. W. & WALLWORK, J. (1992). Relationship between chronic hypoxia and in vitro pulmonary relaxation mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factors in human chronic obstructive lung disease. Angiology 43, 350-6.
65. DOELMAN, C. J. A. & BAST, A. (1990). Oxygen radicals in lung pathology. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9, 381-400.
66. DONALDSON, L. L. (1991). A review of the pathophysiology of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the equine athlete. Veterinary Research Communications 15, 211-26.
67. DUARTE, J. A., CARVALHO, F., BASTOS, M. L., SOARES, J. M. C. & APPELL, H. J. (1994). Do invading leucocytes contribute to the decrease in glutathione concentrations indicating oxidative stress in exercised muscle, or are they important for its recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology 68, 48-53.
68. ELLIOT, A. R., FU, Z., TSUKIMOTO, K., PREDILETTO, R., MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O. & WEST, J. B. (1992). Short-term reversibility of ultrastructural changes in pulmonary capillaries caused by stress failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 1150-8.
69. ERICKSON, B. K., ERICKSON, H. H, & COFFMAN, J. R. (1990). Pulmonary artery, aortic and oesophageal pressure changes during high intensity treadmill exercise in the horse: a possible relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Veterinary Journal 9, 47-52.
70. FARRUKH, I. S., MICHAEL, J. R., SUMMER, W. R., ADKINSON, N. F. & GURTNER, G. H. (1985). Thromboxane-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction: involvement of calcium. Journal of Applied Physiology 58, 34-44.
71. FELDMAN, B. F., KANEKO, J. J. & FARVER, T. B. (1981). Anaemia of inflammatory disease in the dog: availability of storage iron in inflammatory disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42, 587-9.
72. FELDMAN, C., ANDERSON, R., KANTHAKUMAK, K., VARGAS, A., COLE, P. J. & WILSON, R. (1994). Oxidant-mediated ciliary dysfunction in human respiratory epithelium. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 17, 1-10.
73. FISHMAN, A. P. (1986). Pulmonary circulation. In Handbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, vol. 1, Circulation and Nonrespiratory Functions, pp. 93-165. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
74. FORSYTH, W. G. & GUILFORD, S. F. (1995). Ischaemia-reperfusion injury - a small animal perspective. British Veterinary Journal 151, 281-98.
75. FRACICA, P. J., CAMINITI, S. P., PIANTADOSI, C. A., DUHAYLONGSOD, F. G., CRAPO, J. D. & YOUNG, S. L. (1994). Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates II. Morphometric analyses. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 1002-10.
76. FRANK, L. & MASSARO, D. (1980). Oxygen toxicity. American Journal of Medicine 69, 117-26.
77. FROSTELL, C., FRATACCI, M., WAIN, J. C., JONES, R. & ZAPOL, W. M. (1991). Inhaled nitric oxide: A selective vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circulation 83, 2038-47.
78. FURCHGOTT, R. F. (1983). Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle. Circulation Research 53, 557-73.
79. FURCHGOTT, R. F. & VANHOUTTE, P. M. (1989). Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. Faseb. J. 3, 2007-18.
80. FURCHGOTT, R. F. & ZAWADZKI, J. V. (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288, 373-6.
81. GARTHWAITE, J., CHARLES, S. L. & CHESS-WILLIAMS, R. (1988). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature 336, 385-8.
82. GEOR, R. J. (1993). Hemorrheologic response to exercise in the equine athlete. Proceedings of the 11th ACVIM Forum, Washington, May, 679-82.
83. GERLACH, H., ROSSANT, R., PAPPERT, D., KNORR, M. & FALKE, K. J. (1994). Autoinhalation of nitric oxide after endogenous synthesis in nasopharynx. The Lancet 343, 518-9.
84. GHIGO, D., ALESSIO, P., FOCO, A., BUSSOLINO, F., COSTAMAGNA, C., HELLER, R., GARBARINO, G., PESCARMONA, G. P. & BOSIA, A. (1993). Nitric oxide synthesis is impaired in glutathione-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology 265, C728-32.
85. GIAID, A., YANAGISAWA, M. & LANGLEBEN, D. (1993). Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 1732-9.
86. GILBERT, I. A., FOUKE, J. M. & MCFADDEN, E. R. (1987). Heat and water flux in the intrathoracic airways and exercise-induced asthma. Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 1681-91.
87. GILMOUR, M. I., PARK, P. & SELGRADE, M. K. (1993). Ozone-enhanced pulmonary infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mice. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 147, 753-60.
88. GOLDSTEIN, E., WARSHAUR, P. & LIPPERT, W. (1974). Oxone and nitrogen dioxide exposure: Murine pulmonary defence mechanisms. Archives of Environmental Health 28, 85-93.
89. GRIFFITH, T. M., EDWARDS, D. H., LEWIS, M. J., NEWBY, A. C. & HENDERSON, A. H. (1984). The nature of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 308, 645-7.
90. GRIGG, J., BARBER, A. & SILVERMAN, M. (1993). Brochalveolar lavage fluid glutathione in intubated premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 69, 49-51.
91. GRIMMINGER, F., SPRIESTERSBACH, R., WEISSMAN, N., WALMRATH, D. & SEEGER, W. (1995). Nitric oxide generation and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 1509-15.
92. GRUETTER, C. A., GRUETTER, D. Y., LYON, J. E., KADOWITZ, P. J. & IGNARRO, L. J. (1981). Relationship between cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate formation and relaxation of coronary artery smooth muscle by glyceryl trinitrate, nitroprusside, nitrate and nitric oxide: effects of methylene blue and methemoglobin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 219, 181-6.
93. GRYGLEWSKI, R. J., PALMER, R. M.J. & MONCADA, S. (1986). Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. Nature 320, 454-6.
94. GURTNER, H. P., WALSER, P. & FASSLER, B. (1975). Normal values for pulmonary hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in man. Progress in Respiratory Research 9, 295-315.
95. GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1986). Antioxidant properties of the proteins caeruloplasmin, albumin and transferrin. A study of their activity in serum and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 869, 119-27.
96. GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. & HALLIWELL, B. (1990). The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. T.I.P.S. 15, 129-35.
97. GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. & STOCKS, J. (1981). Caeruloplasmin: physiological and pathological perspectives. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 14, 257-329.
98. HABIB, J. B., BOSSALLER, C., WELLS, S., WILLIAMS, C., MORRISETT, J. D. & HENRY, P. D. (1986). Preservation of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbit by treatment with the calcium blocker PN 200110. Circulation 58, 305-9.
99. HALL, C. G., DOUGLAS, R. G., SIMONS, R. L. & GEIMAN, J. M. (1978). Interferon production in children with respiratory syncytial, influenza and parainfluenza virus infections. Journal of Pediatrics 93, 28-33.
100. HALLAWAY, P., EATON, J., PANTER, S. & HEDLUND, B. (1990). Modulation of deferoxamine toxicity and clearance by covalent attachment to biocompatible polymers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 12, 125-32.
101. HALLIWELL, B. (1990). How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radical Research Communications 9(1), 1-32.
102. HALLIWELL, B. & CHIRICO, S. (1993). Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement and significance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57(Suppl.), 715S-25S.
103. HALLIWELL, B. & GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1985). The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 8, 89-193.
104. HALLIWELL, B. & GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1986). Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 246, 501-14.
105. HALLIWELL, B. & GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1989). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
106. HALLIWELL, B. & GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1990). The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 280, 1-8.
107. HALLIWELL, B., GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. & CROSS, C. E. (1991). Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: Where are we now? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 119, 598-620.
108. HALLIMAN, M., SARNESTO, A. & BRY, K. (1994). Interaction of transferrin saturated with iron with lung surfactant in respiratory failure. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 757-66.
109. HARLAN, J. M., LEVINE, J. D., CALLAHAN, J. S. & HARKER, L. A. (1984). Glutathione redox cycle protects cultured endothelial cells against lysis by extracellularly generated hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Clinical Investigation 73, 706-13.
110. HARMON, A. T., HARMON, M. W. & GLEZEN, W. P. (1982). Evidence on interferon production in the hamster lung after primary or secondary exposure to parainfluenza virus type 3. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 125, 706-11.
111. HIGENBOTTAM, T. W., PEPKE-ZABA, J., SCOTT, J. & WALLWORK, J. (1988). Inhaled endothelium-derived relaxing factor in primary pulmonary hypertension. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 137, A107 (abstract).
112. HIGGINS, A. J. (1985). The biology, pathophysiology and control of eicosanoids in inflammation. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8, 1-18.
113. HOGMAN, M., FROSTELL, C., ARNBERG, H. & HEDENSTIERNA, G. (1993). Inhalation of nitric oxide modulates methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the rabbit. European Respiratory Journal 6, 177-80.
114. HOIDAL, J. R., VAN ASBECK, B. S., MANN, J., JACOB, H. S. & KENNEDY, T. P. (1988). Therapy with red blood cells decreases hyperoxic pulmonary injury. Experimental Lung Research 14, 977-85.
115. HOLDEN, W. E. & MCCALL, E. (1984). Hypoxia-induced contraction of porcine pulmonary artery strips depend on intact endothelium. Experimental Lung Research 7, 101-12.
116. HOLTER, J. F., WEILAND, J. A., PACHT, E. R., GADEK, J. E. & DAVIS, W. B. (1986). Protein permeability in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: loss of size selectivity of the alveolar epithelium. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 1513-22.
117. HOLTZ, J., FOSTERMANN, U., POHL, U., GIESLER, M. & BASSENGE, M. (1984). Flow-dependent endothelium-mediated dilation of epicardial coronary arteries in conscious dogs: effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 6, 1161-7.
118. HUANG, Y. T., CAMINITI, S. P., FAWCETT, T. A., MOON, R. E., FRACICA, P. J., MILLER, F. J., YOUNG, S. L. & PIANTADOSI C. A. (1994). Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates I. Physiology and biochemistry. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 991-1001.
119. HUGHES, H., JAESCHKE, H. & MITCHELL, J. R. (1990). Measurement of oxidant stress in vivo. Methods in Enzymology 186, 681-5.
120. HUSSAIN, S. N., STEWART, D. J., LUDEMANN, J. P. & MAGDER, S. (1992). Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in active hyperemia of the canine diaphragm. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 2393-401.
121. IGNARRO, L. J. (1989). Biological actions and properties of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formed and released from artery and vein. Circulation Research 65, 1-21.
122. IGNARRO, L. J., BUGA, G. M., WOOD, K. S. & BYRNS, R. E. (1987). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 84, 9265-9.
123. IWAMOTO, J. & MORIN, F. C. (1993). Nitric oxide inhibition varies with hemoglobin saturation Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2332-6.
124. IWAMOTO, J., PENDERGAST, H., SUZUKI, H. & KRASNEY, J. A. (1994). Effect of graded exercise on nitric oxide in expired air in humans. Respiration Physiology 97, 333-46.
125. JACKSON, M. J., JONES, D. A. & EDWARDS, R. H. T. (1984). Techniques for studying free radical damage in muscular dystrophy. Medical Biology 62, 135-8.
126. JACKSON, M. J., EDWARDS, R. H. T. & SYMONS, M. C. R. (1985). Electron spin resonance studies of intact mammalian skeletal muscle. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 847, 185-90.
127. JACOBY, D. B. & CHOI, A. M. K. (1994). Influenza virus induces expression of antioxidant genes in human epithelial cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 16, 821-4.
128. JAIN, B., LUBINSTEIN, I., ROBBINS, R. A., LEISE, K. L. & SISSON, J. (1993). Modulation of airway, epithelial cell ciliary beat frequency by nitric oxide. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 191, 83-8.
129. JENKINS, R. R. (1988). Free radical chemistry: relationship to exercise. Sports Medicine 5, 156-70.
130. JENKINS, R. R., KRAUSE, K. & SCHOFIELD, L. S. (1993). Influence of exercise on clearance of oxidant stress products and loosely bound iron. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, 213-7.
131. JENKINSON, S. G., BLACK, R. D. & LAURANCE, R. A. (1988). Glutathione concentrations in rat lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: effects of hyperoxia. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 112, 345-51.
132. JI, L. L. & FU, R. (1992). Responses of glutathione system and antioxidant enzymes to exhaustive exercise and hydroperoxide. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 549-54.
133. JI, L. L., FU, R. & MITCHELL, E. W. (1992). Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle: effects of fibre type and exercise intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 1854-9.
134. JOHNS, R. A., LINDEN, J. M. & PEACH, M. J. (1989). Endothelium-dependent relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in rabbit pulmonary artery are selectively impaired by moderate hypoxia. Circulation Research 65, 1508-15.
135. JOHNSON, R. L. & HSIA, C. C. W. (1994). Functional recruitment of pulmonary capillaries. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 1405-7.
136. JOSHI, U. M., KODAVANTI, P. R. S. & MEHENDALE, H. M. (1988). Glutathione metabolism and utilization of external thiols by cigarette smoke-challenged, isolated rat and rabbit lungs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 96, 324-35.
137. KANE, D. W., TESAURO, T., KOIZUMI, T., GUPTA, R. & NEWMAN, J. H. (1994). Exercise-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction during combined blockade of nitric oxide synthase and beta adrenergic receptors. Journal of Clinical Investigation 93, 677-83.
138. KATAYAMA, Y., HATANAKA, K., HAYASHI, T., ONODA, K., NAMIKAWA, S. & KITABITAKE, M. (1994). Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in rats with chemically induced pulmonary hypertension. Respiration Physiology 97, 301-7.
139. KEHRER, J. P. (1993). Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23, 21-48.
140. KELLY, F. J., POSTLE, A. D. & PHILLIPS, G. J. (1994). Neutrophils and oxygen-induced lung injury: a case of when a few is still too many. Redox Report 1, 37-44.
141. KELM, M., FEELISCH, M., DEUSSEN, A., STRAUER, B. E. & STRAUER, J. (1991). Release of endothelium derived nitric oxide in relation to pressure and flow. Cardiovascular Research 25, 831-6.
142. KHARITONOV, S. A., YATES, D., ROBBINS, R. A., LOGAN-SINCLAIR, R., SHINEBOURNE, E. A. & BARNES, P. J. (1994). Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. The Lancet 343, 133-5.
143. KHAWLI, F. A. & REID, M. B. (1994). N-acetylcysteine depresses contractile function and inhibits fatigue of diaphragm in vitro. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 317-24.
144. KIMURA, R., TRABER, L., HERNDON, D., NEIHAUS, G. & TRABER, D. (1988). Treatment of smoke induced pulmonary injury with nebulized dimethylsulphoxide. Circulatory Shock 25, 333-41.
145. KLEBANOFF, S. J. (1980). Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes. Annals of Internal Medicine 93, 480-9.
146. KOIZUMI, T., GUPTA, R., BANERJEE, M. & NEWMAN, J. H. (1994). Changes in pulmonary vascular tone during exercise: Effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition, L-arginine infusion and NO inhalation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 94, 2275-82.
147. KOSOWER, N. S. & KOSOWER, E. M. (1978). The glutathione status of cells. International Review of Cytology 54, 109-60.
148. KOSTIC, M. M. & SCHRADER, J. (1992). Role of nitric oxide in reactive hyperemia of the guinea pig heart. Circulation Research 70, 208-12.
149. KUO, P. C. & SCHROEDER, R. A. (1995). The emerging multifaceted roles of nitric oxide. Annals of Surgery 221 (3), 220-35.
150. KVIETYS, P. R., INAUEN, W., BACON B. R. & GRISHAM, M. B. (1989). Xanthine oxidase-induced injury to enclothelium: role of intracellular iron and hydroxyl radical. American Journal of Physiology 257, H1640-6.
151. LALONDE, C., IKEGAMI, K. & DEMLING, R. (1994). Aerosolized deferoxamine prevents lung and systemic injury caused by smoke inhalation. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 2057-64.
152. LANSING, M., MANSOUR, E., AHMED, A., CORTES, A., CARCIA, L., LAUREDO, L., WANNER, A. & ABRAHAM, W. (1991). Lipid mediators contribute to oxygen radical induced airways response in sheep. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 149, 1291-6.
153. LEKEUX, P. & ART, T. (1994). The respiratory system: anatomy, physiology and adaptions to exercise and training. In The Athletic Horse (ed. D. R. Hodgson & R. J. Rose), pp. 79-128. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
154. LEWIS, J. F. & JOBE, A. H. (1993). Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 147, 218-33.
155. LIEW, F. Y., MILLOTT, S., PARKINSON, C., PALMER, R. M. J. & MONCADA, S. (1990). Macrophage killing of Leishmania parasite in vivo is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine. Journal of Immunology 144, 4794-7.
156. LINDEBORG, D. M., KAVANAGH, B. P., VAN MEURS, K. & PEARL, R. G. (1995). Inhaled nitric oxide does not alter the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance. Journal of Applied Physiology 78, 341-8.
157. LITTLEJOHN, A., HOWELL, W. & KILLEEN, V. (1984). Pulmonary artery haemodynamics and blood gas values of Thoroughbred racehorses with a history of epistaxis during a race. Veterinary Research Communications 8, 41-5.
158. LOPEZ, A., SHOJI, S., FUJITA, J., ROBBINS, R. & RENNARD, S. (1988). Bronchoepithelial cells can release hydrogen peroxide in response to inflammatory stimuli. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 137(Suppl), 81.
159. LOPEZ-TORRES, M., PEREZ-CAMPRO, R., ROJAS, C., CADENAS, S. & BARJA, G. (1993). Simultaneous induction of SOD, glutathione reductase, GSH and ascorbate in liver and kidney correlates with survival during aging. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 15, 133-42.
160. LUNDBERG, J. O. N., RINDER, J., WEITZBERG, F., LUNDBERG, J. M. & ALVING, K. (1994). Nasally exhaled nitric oxide originates mainly in the paranasal sinuses. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 152, 431-2.
161. LUNDBERG, J. O. N., FARKAS-SZALLASI, T., WEITZBERG, E., RINDER, J., LIDHOLM, J., ANGGARD, A., HOKFELT, T., LUNDBERG, J. M. & ALVING, K. (1995). High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nature Medicine 1, 370-3.
162. DEL MAESTRO, R. F., BJORK, J. & ARFORS, K. E. (1981). Increase in microvascular permeability induced by enzymatically generated free radical I. in vivo study. Microvascular Research 22, 239-54.
163. MANDELL, M. S. & DUKE, J. (1994). Nitric oxide reduces pulmonary hypertension during hepatic transplant. Anesthesiology 81, 1538-42.
164. MANOHAR, M. (1990). Tracheobronchial perfusion during exercise in ponies. Journal of Applied Physiology 68, 2182-5.
165. MANOHAR, M. (1994). Pulmonary vascular pressures of Thoroughbreds increase rapidly and to a higher level with rapid onset of high-intensity exercise than slow onset. Equine Veterinary Journal 26, 496-9.
166. MANOHAR, M. (1995). Effects of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) on pulmonary vascular pressures in standing Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 27, 275-9.
167. MANOHAR, M., HUTCHENS, E. & CONEY, E. (1993). Pulmonary haemodynaics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. British Veterinary Journal 149, 419-28.
168. MARKLUND, S. L. (1984). Extracellular superoxide dismutase and other superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues from nine mammalian species. Biochemistry Journal 222, 649-55.
169. MARTENSSON, J., JAIN, A., FRAYER, W. & MEISTER, A. (1989). Glutathione metabolism in the lung: inhibition of its synthesis leads to lamellar body and mitochondrial defects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 86, 5296-300.
170. MATSUMURA, Y., MIZUNO, K., MIYAMOTO, Y., SUZUKI, T. & OSHIMA, Y. (1972). The effect of oxone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide on experimentally-induced allergic respiratory disorder in guinea-pigs. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 105, 262-9.
171. MAZZEO, R. S. (1993). The influence of exercise and aging on immune function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 586-92.
172. MCDONALD, D. M. (1992). Infections intensify neurogenic plasma extravasation in the airway mucosa. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 146, S40-4.
173. MCFADDEN, E. R., LENNER, K. A. & STROHL, K. P. (1986). Post-exertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 18-25.
174. MEISTER, A. (1985). Methods for selective modification of glulathione metabolism and study of glutathione transport. Methods in Enzymology 113, 571-85.
175. MEISTER, A. & ANDERSON, M. E. (1983). Glutathione. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52, 711-60.
176. MELKUMYANTS, A. M., BALASHOV, S. A., VESELOVA, E. S. & KHAYUTIN, V. M. (1987). Continuous control of the lumen of feline conduit arteries by blood flow rate. Cardiovascular Research 21, 863-70.
177. MELKUMYANTS, A. M., BALASHOV, S. A. & KHAYUTIN, A. M. (1989). Endothelium dependent control of arterial diameter by blood viscosity. Cardiovascular Research 23, 741-7.
178. MENZEL, D. B. (1976). The role of free radicals in the toxicity of air pollutants (nitrogen oxides and ozone). In Free Radicals in Biology (ed. W. A. Pryor), pp. 181-202. New York: Academic Press.
179. MILLER, V. M., ARRHUS, L. L. & VANHOUTTE, P. M. (1986). Modulation of endothelium-dependent responses by chronic alterations in blood flow. American Journal of Physiology 251, H520-T.
180. MILLS, P. C., MARLIN, D. J., DEMONCHEAUX, E., SCOTT, C., CASAS, I., SMITH, N. C. & HIGENBOTTAM, T. (1996a). Nitric oxide during exercise in the horse. Journal of Physiology 495, 863-874.
181. MILLS, P. C., MARLIN, D. J. & SCOTT, C. M. (1996b). Pulmonary artery pressure in the horse during exercise after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. British Veterinary Journal 152, 1-4.
182. MILLS, P. C., ROBERTS, C. A. & SMITH, N. C. (1996c). Effects of ozone and airway inflammation on glutathione status and iron homeostatis in the equine lung. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, 35-39.
183. MOISON, R. M. W., PALINCKX, J. J. S., ROEST, M., HOUDKAMP, E. & BERGER, H. M. (1993). Induction of lipid peroxidation of pulmonary surfactant by plasma of preterm babies. The Lancet 341, 79-82.
184. MONCADA, S., GRYGLEWSKI, R. J., BUNTING, S. & VANE, J. R. (1976). An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature 285, 104-6.
185. MOTTERLINI, R. & MACDONALD, V. W. (1993). Cell-free hemoglobin potentiates acetylcholine-incluced coronary vasoconstriction in rabbit hearts. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2224-33.
186. MOVAT, H. Z. (1985). The Inflammatory Reaction. Amsterdam, Oxford: Elsevier Scientific Publications.
187. NATHAN, C. & XIE, Q. W. (1994). Nitric oxide synthases. Roles, tolls and controls. Cell 78, 915-8.
188. NELIN, L. D., MOSHIN, J., THOMAS, C. J., SASIDHARAN, P. & DAWSON, C. A. (1994). The effect of inhaled nitric oxide on the pulmonary circulation of the neonatal pig. Pediatric Research 35, 20-4.
189. NEMERY, B., WIJNS, W., PIRET, L., CAUWE, F., BRASSEUR, L. & FRANS, A. (1983). Pulmonary vascular tone is a determinant of basal lung perfusion in normal seated subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology 54, 262-6.
190. NIEMAN, D. C. (1994). Exercise, infection and immunity. International Journal of Sports Medicine 15(Suppl. 3), S131-41.
191. NIJKAMP, F. P. & FOLKERTS, G. (1994). Nitric oxide and bronchial reactivity. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 24, 905-14.
192. NOGUCHI, K., ISHIKAWA, K., YANO, M., AHMED, A., CORTES, A. & ABRAHAM, W. M. (1995). Endothelin-1 contributes to antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Journal of Applied Physiology 79, 700-5.
193. O'CALLAGHAN, M. W., PASCOE, J. R., TYLER, J. S. & MASON, D. K. (1987). Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. V. Microscopic observations. Equine Veterinary Journal 19, 411-8.
194. ODA, T., AKAIKE, T., HAMMAMOTO, T., SUZUKI, F., HIRANO, T. & MAEDA, H. (1989). Oxygen radicals in influenza-induced pathogenesis and treatment of pyran polymer-coated SOD. Science 244, 974-6.
195. PACHT, E. R. & DAVIS, W. B. (1988). Role of transferrin and ceruloplasmin in antioxidant activity of lung epithelial lining fluid. Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 2092-9.
196. PACHT, E. R., KASEKI, H., MOHAMMED, J. R., CORNWELL, D. G. & DAVIS, W. B. (1986). Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers. Journal of Clinical Investigation 77, 789-96.
197. PACHT, E. R., TIMERMAN, A. P., LYKENS, M. G. & MEROLA, A. J. (1991). Deficiency of alveolar fluid glutathione in patients with sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 100, 1397-403.
198. PALMER, R. M. J., FERRIDGE, A. G. & MONCADA, S. (1987). Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327, 524-5.
199. PALMER, R. M. J., ASHTON, D. S. & MONCADA, S. (1988a). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 333, 664-6.
200. PALMER, R. M. J., REES, D. D. ASHTON, D. S. & MONCADA, S. (1988b). L-arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in the endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 153, 1251-6.
201. PAYNE, S. M. & FINKELSTEIN, R. A. (1978). The critical role of iron in host-bacterial interactions. Journal of Clinical Investigation 61, 1428-40.
202. PEACH, M. J., JOHNS, R. A. & ROSE, C. E. (1989). The potential role of interactions between endothelium and smooth muscle in pulmonary vascular physiology and pathophysiology. In Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, vol. 38 (ed. E. K. Weir & J. T. Reeves), pp. 643-98. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
203. PEACOCK, M. D., SCHENK, D. A., LAWRENCE, R. A., MORGAN, J. A. & JENKINSON, S. G. (1994). Elimination of glutathione-induced protection from hyperbaric hyperoxia by acivicin. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 1279-84.
204. PELLETIER, N. & LEITH, D. E. (1991). Hypoxia does not contribute to high pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses. In Equine Exercise Physiology, vol. 3 (ed. S. G. B. Persson, A. Lindholm & L. B. Jeffcott), pp. 30-6. Davis, California: ICEEP Publications.
205. PELLETIER, N., ROBINSON, N. E., KAISER, L. & DERKSEN, F. J. (1995). Regional differences in pulmonary artery endothelial function: a role in the site of EIPH? Equine Veterinary Journal 18(Suppl.), 99-103.
206. PERSSON, M. G., GUSTAFSSON, L. E., WIKLUND, N. P., MONCADA, S. & HEDQVIST, P. (1990). Endogenous nitric oxide as a probable modulator of pulmonary circulation and hypoxic pressor response in vivo. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 140, 449-57.
207. PERSSON, M. G., WIKLUND, N. P. & GUSTAFSSON, L. E. (1993). Endogenous nitric oxide in single exhalations and the change during exercise. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 148, 1210-4.
208. PERSSON, M. G., FRIBERG, S. G., HEDQVIST, P. & GUSTAFSSON, L. E. (1994). Endogenous nitric oxide counteracts antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. European Journal of Pharmacology 249, R7.
209. PESSAYRE, D., WANDSCHEER, J. C., COBERT, B., LEVEL, R., DEGOTT, C., BATT, A. M., MARTIN, N. & BENHAMOU, J. P. (1980). Additive effects of inducers and fasting on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Biochemical Pharmacology 29, 2219-23.
210. PETERS, E. M., GOETZSCHE, J. M., GROBBELAAR, B. & NOAKES, T. D. (1993). Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultra-marathon runners. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 170-4.
211. PETRUSKA, J. M., WONG, S. H. Y., SUNDERMAN, F. W. & MOSSMAN, B. T. (1990). Detection of lipid peroxidation products in lung and in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and fluid. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9, 51-8.
212. PETRUSKA, J. M., LESLIE, K. O. & MOSSMAN, B. T. (1991). Enhance lipid peroxidation in lung lavage of rats after inhalation of asbestos. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 11, 425-32.
213. POBER, J. S. & COTRAN, R. S. (1990). Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiological Review 70, 427-51.
214. POHL, U., HERLAN, K., HUANG, K. & BASSENGE, E. (1991). EDRF-mediated shear-induced dilation opposes vasoconstriction in small rabbit arteries. American Journal of Physiology 261, H2016-23.
215. POHL, U., WAGNER, K. & DE WITT, C. (1993). Endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the control of tissue perfusion and oxygen supply: physiological and pathophysiological implications. European Heart Journal 14(Suppl. 1), 93-8.
216. PUERTAS, F. J., DIAZ-LLOPIS, M., CHIPONT, E., RAYA, A. & ROMERO, F. J. (1993). Glutathione system of human retina: Enzymatic conjugation of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 14, 549-51.
217. PURI, R. N. & MEISTER, A. (1983). Transport of glutathione, as τ-glutamylcysteinylglycyl ester, into liver and kidney. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 80, 5258-60.
218. PUSCHMANN, M. & GANZONI, A. M. (1977). Increased resistance of iron-deficient mice to Salmonella infection. Infection and Immunity 17, 663-4.
219. QUINLAN, G. J., EVANS, T. W. & GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C. (1994). Oxidative damage to plasma proteins in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Free Radical Research 20, 289-98.
220. RADOMSKI, M. W., PALMER, R. M. J. & MONCADA, S. (1987). The anti-aggregating properties of vascular endothelium: interactions between prostacyclin and nitric oxide. British Journal of Pharmacology 92, 639-46.
221. RADOMSKI, M. W., VALLANCE, P., WHITLEY, G., FOXWELL, N. & MONCADA, S. (1993). Platelet adhesion to human vascular endothelium is modulated by constitutive and cytokine induced nitric oxide. Cardiovascular Research 27, 1380-2.
222. REDDY, K. V., KUMAR, C. T., PRASAD, M., REDDANNA, P. & VEERA-REDDY, K. (1992). Exercise-induced oxidant stress in the lung: role of dietary supplementation of vitamin E and selenium. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 26, 863-71.
223. REED, D. J. (1990). Glutathione: toxicological implications. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 30, 603-31.
224. REEVES, J. T., DEMPSEY, J. A. & GROVER, R. F. (1989). Pulmonary circulation during exercise. In Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology vol. 38 (ed. E. K. Weir & J. T. Reeves), pp. 107-33. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
225. REID, M. B. & MOODY, M. R. (1994). Dimethyl sulphoxide depresses skeletal muscle contractility. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 2186-90.
226. RENGASAMY, A. & JOHNS, R. A. (1993). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by a superoxide generating system. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 267, 1024-7.
227. RICH, G. F., ROOS, C. M., ANDERSON, C. M., URICH, D. C., DAUGHTERY, M. O. & JOHNS, R. A. (1993). Inhaled nitric oxide: dose response and the effects of blood in the isolated perfused rat lung. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 1278-84.
228. RILEY, R. L., LILIENTHAL, J. L., PROEMMEL, D. & FRANK, R. E. (1946). On the determination of the physiologically effective pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air. American Journal of Physiology 147, 191-8.
229. RIMAR, S. & GILLIS, C. N. (1992). Pulmonary vasodilation by inhaled nitric oxide after endothelial injury. Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 2179-83.
230. ROBERTSON, B. E., WARREN, J. B. & NYE, P. C. G. (1990). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis potentiates hypoxic lung vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rat lungs. Experimental Physiology 75, 255-7.
231. ROBINSON, N. E. (1979). Functional abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction and heaves: their relationship to the etiology of epistaxis. Veterinary Clinics of North America Large Animal Practice 1, 17-34.
232. ROGERS, N. E. & IGNARRO, L. J. (1992). Constitutive nitric oxide synthase from cerebellum is reversibly inhibited by nitric oxide formed from L-arginine. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 189, 242-9.
233. ROMAND, J. A., PINSKY, M. R., FIRESTONE, L., ZAR, H. A. & LANCASTER, J. R. (1994). Inhaled nitric oxide partially reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the dog. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 1350-5.
234. ROOS, C. M., RICH, G. F., UNGLES, D. R., DAUGHERTY, M. O. & FRANK, D. U. (1994). Sites of vasodilation by inhaled nitric oxide vs. sodium nitroprusside in endothelium-constricted isolated rat lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 51-7.
235. ROUM, J. H., BUHL R., MCELVANEY, N. G., BOROK, Z. & CRYSTAL, R. G. (1993). Systemic deficiency of glutathione in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 2419-24.
236. ROUZER, C. A., SCOTT, W. A., GRIFFITH, O. W. & HAMILL, A. L. (1982). Glutathione metabolism in resting and phagocytizing peritoneal macrophages. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 2002-8.
237. RUBANYI, G. M. & VANHOUTTE, P. M. (1988). Heterogeneity of endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine in canine femoral arteries and veins. Separation of the role played by endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Blood Vessels 25, 75-81.
238. RUBANYI, G. M., ROMERO, J. C. & VANHOUTTE, P. M. (1986). Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. American Journal of Physiology 250, H1145-9.
239. RUSTOW, B., HAUPT, R., STEVENS, P. A. & KUNZE, D. (1993). Type II pneumocytes secrete vitamin E together with surfactant lipids. American Journal of Physiology 265, 1133-9.
240. RYRFELDT, A., BANNENBERG, G. & MOLDEUS, P. (1993). Free radicals and lung disease. British Medical Bulletin 49(3), 588-603.
241. SALA, R., MORIGGI, E., CORVASCE, G. & MORELLI, D. (1993). Protection by N-acetylcysteine against pulmonary endothelial cell damage induced by oxidant injury. European Respiratory Journal 6, 440-6.
242. SANDERUD, J. & SAUGSTAD, O. D. (1993). Oxygen radicals induce pulmonary vasoconstriction in pigs without activating plasma proteolytic cascade systems. European Surgical Research 25, 137-45.
243. SCHMIDT, K., GRAIER, W. F., KOSTNER, G. M., MAYER, B. & KUKOVETZ, W. R. (1990). Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitrovasodilators is inhibited by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 172, 614-9.
244. SECCOMBE, J. F., PEARSON, P. J. & SCHAFF, H. V. (1994). Oxygen radical-mediated vascular injury selectively inhibits receptor-dependent release of nitric oxide from canine coronary artery cells. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 107, 505-9.
245. SEEGER, W., GUNTHER, A., WALMRATH, H. D., GRIMMINGER, F. & LASCH, H. G. (1993). Alveolar surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome. The Clinical Investigator 71, 177-90.
246. SEIBERT, A. F., TAYLOR, A. E., BASS, J. B. & HAYNES, J. (1991). Hemoglobin potentiates injury in isolated perfused rat lungs. American Journal of Physiology 260, H1980-4.
247. SEN, C. K. (1995). Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 79, 675-86.
248. SIMON, R. H., SCOGGIN, C. H. & PATTERSON, D. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide causes the fatal injury to human fibroblasts exposed to oxygen radicals. Journal of Biological Chemistry 256, 7181-6.
249. SINHA, A. K., HAKIM, T. S., GLEED, R. D. & DOBSON, A. (1995). Pleural pressure changes during exercise do not affect measurement of mean pulmonary vascular pressures. Equine Veterinary Journal (Suppl. 18), 95-8.
250. SITUNAYAKE, R. D., CRUMP, B. J., THURNHAM, D. I., DAVIES, J. A. & DAVIS, M. (1987). Evidence for lipid peroxidation in man following paraquat ingestion. Human Toxicology 6, 94-8.
251. SJODIN, B. WESTING, Y. H. & APPLE, F. S. (1990). Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise. Sports Medicine 10, 236-54.
252. SLADE, R., CRISSMAN, K., NORWOOD, J. & HATCH, G. (1993). Comparison of antioxidant substances in brochoalveolar lavage cells and fluid from humans, guinea pigs and rats. Experimental Lung Research 19, 469-84.
253. SLATER, T. F., CHEESEMAN, K. H., DAVIES, M. J., PROUDFOOT, K. & XIN, W. (1987). Nutritional aspects of free radicals. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 46, 1-12.
254. SMITH, A. C. & BOYD, M. R. (1983). Drug-induced pulmonary toxicity. Trends in Pharmacological Science 4, 275-8.
255. SMITH, A. C. & BOYD, M. R. (1984). Preferential effects of 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on pulmonary glutathione reductase and glutathione/ glutathione disulphide ratios: possible implications for lung toxicity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 229, 658-63.
256. SMITH, L. J., HOUSTON, M. & ANDERSON, J. (1993). Increased levels of glutathione in brochalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma. American Review of Respiratory Diseases 147, 1461-4.
257. SMITH, T. W., BRAUNWALD, E. & KELLY, R. A. (1992). The management of heart failure. In Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th edn, vol. 1 (ed. E. Bannwald), pp. 464-519. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company.
258. SPRAGUE, R. S., THIEMERMANN, C. & VANE, J. R. (1992). Endogenous endothelium-derived relaxing factor opposes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and supports blood flow to hypoxic aveoli in anethetized rabbits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 89, 8711-5.
259. STEWART, T. E., VALENZA, F., RIBEIRO, S. P., WENER, A. D., VOLGYESI, G., MULLEN, J. B. & SLUTSKY, A. S. (1995). Increased nitric oxide production in exhaled gas as an early marker of lung inflammation in a model of sepsis. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 151, 713-8.
260. SULLIVAN, J. L. (1988). Iron, plasma antioxidants and the 'oxygen disease of prematurity'. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood 142, 1341-4.
261. SUN, J. D., PICKRELL, J. A., HARKEMA, J. R., MCLAUGHLIN, S. I., HAHN, F. F. & HENDERSON, R. F. (1988). Effects of buthionine sulfoximine on the development of ozone-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 49, 254-66.
262. SUSSMAN, M. (1974). Iron and infection. In Iron in Biochemistry and Medicine (ed. A. Jacobs & M. Worwood), pp. 649-79. New York: Academic Press.
263. SUTTORP, N. & SIMON, L. N. (1982). Lung cell oxidant injury: enhancement of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated toxicity in lung cells exposed to sustained in vitro hyperoxia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 70, 342-50.
264. TATE, R. M., MORRIS, H. G., SCHROEDER, W. R. & REPINE, J. E. (1984). Oxygen metabolites stimulate thromboxane production and vasoconstriction in isolated saline-perfused rabbit lungs. Journal of Clinical Investigation 74, 608-13.
265. THULESIUS, O., UGAILY-THELESIUS, L., NEGLEN, L. & SHUHAIBER, H. (1988). The role of the endothelium in the control of vascular tone: studies on isolated human veins. Clinical Physiology 8, 359-66.
266. TROLIN, G., ANDEN, T. & HEDENSTIERNA, G. (1994). Nitric oxide (NO) in expired air at rest and during exercise. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 151, 159-63.
267. TSUKIMOTO, K., MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O., PREDILETTO, R., ELLIOT, A. R. & WEST, J. B. (1991). Ultrastructural appearances of pulmonary capillaries at high transmural pressures. Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 573-82.
268. TYLER, W. S., PASCOE, J. R., AGUILERA-TEJERO, E. & SMITH, B. L. Morphologic effects of autologous blood or saline in airspaces of equine lungs. In: International Conference of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; September, 1993, p. 16.
269. UHLIG, S. & WENDEL, A. (1992). The physiological consequences of glutathione variations. Life Sciences 51, 1083-94.
270. VANE, J. R., ANGAARD, E. E. & BOTTING, R. M. (1990). Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 27-36.
271. VAN GINKEL, G. & SEVANIAN, A. (1994). Lipid peroxidation-induced membrane structural alterations. Methods in Enzymology 233, 273-83.
272. VAN GOLDE, L. M. G., BATENBURG, J. J. & ROBERTSON, B. (1988). The pulmonary surfactant system: biochemical aspects and functional significance. Physiological Review 68, 374-455.
273. WAGNER, P. D., GILLESPIE, J. R., LANDGREN, G. L., FREDDE, M. R., JONES, B. W., DEBOWES, R. M., PIESCHL, R. L. & ERICKSON, H. H. (1989). Mechanism of exercise-induced hypoxemia in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 1227-33.
274. WARSHAW, J. B., WILSON, C. W., SAITO, K. & PROUGH, R. A. (1985). The responses of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes to hyperoxia in developing lung. Pediatric Research 19, 819-23.
275. WEIR, E. K. & WILL, J. A. (1982). Oxidants: a new group of pulmonary vasodilators. Clinical Respiratory Physiology 18, 81-5.
276. WEISS, S. J., YOUNG, J., LOBUGLIO, F., SLIVKA, A. & NIMEH, N. F. (1981). Role of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophil-mediated destruction of cultured endothelial cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 68, 714-21.
277. WEITZBERG, E., HEMSEN, A., LUNGBERG, J. M. & AHLBORG, G. (1995). ET-3 is extracted by and induces potent vasoconstriction in human splanchnic and renal vasculatures. Journal of Applied Physiology 79, 1255-9.
278. WENNMALM, A., BENTHIN, G. & PETERSSON, A. S. (1992). Dependence of the metabolism of nitric oxide (NO) in healthy human whole blood on the oxygenation of its red cell haemoglobin. British Journal of Pharmacology 106, 507-8.
279. WEST, J. B. & MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O. (1993). Pulmonary blood-gas barrier: A physiological dilemma. NIPS 8, 249-53.
280. WEST, J. B. & MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O. (1995). Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a limiting factor for maximal exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 70, 99-108.
281. WEST, J. B., TSUKIMOTO, K., MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O. & PREDILETTO, R. (1991). Stress failure in pulmonary capillaries. Journal of Applied Physiology 70, 1731-42.
282. WEST, J. B., MATHIEU-COSTELLO, O., JONES, J. H., BIRKS, E. K., LOGEMANN, R. B., PASCOE, J. R. & TYLER, W. S. (1993). Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 1097-109.
283. WHITE, R. E., MIMMACK, R. F. & REPINE, J. E. (1986). Accumulation of lung tissue oxidized glutathione (GSSG) as a marker of oxidant induced lung injury. Chest 89, 111S-3S.
284. WHITWELL, K. E. & GREET, T. R. C. (1984). Collection and evaluation of tracheobronchial washes in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 16, 499-508.
285. ZAPOL, W. M. & HURFORD, W. E. (1994). Inhaled nitric oxide in adult respiratory distress syndrome and other lung diseases. Advances in Pharmacology 31, 513-530.
286. ZEIGLER, J. W., IVY, D. D., KINSELLA, T. P. & ABMAN, S. H. (1995). The role of nitric oxide, enclothelin and prostaglandins in the transition of the pulmonary circulation. Clinical Perinatology 22, 387-403.