Using a hierarchy-of-effects approach to gauge the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility to generate goodwill toward the firm: Financial versus nonfinancial impacts

Journal of Business Research

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 141-159

  Murray, Keith B ^a   Vogel, Christine M ^b  

^a BRYANT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031065118     PISSN: 01482963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0148-2963(96)00061-6     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Abbott, Walter F., and Monsen, R. Joseph, On the Measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Journal 22 (September 1979): 501-515.
2. Ackerman, Robert, and Bauer, Raymond, Corporate Social Responsibility: The Modern Dilemma, Reston Publishing, VA. 1976.
3. Alexander, Gordon J., and Buchholz, Robene A., Corporate Social Responsibility and Stock Market Performance. Academy of Management Journal 21 (September 1978): 479-486.
4. Anderson, W. Thomas, Jr., and Golden, Linda L., Lifestyle and Psychographics: A Critical Review and Recommendation, in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 11, Thomas Kinnear, ed., Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT. 1984, pp. 405-411.
5. Arlow, Peter, and Gannon, Martin J., Social Responsiveness, Corporate Structure, and Economic Performance. Academy of Management Review 7 (April 1978): 235-241.
6. Arrington, C. B., and Sawaya, R. N., Issues Management in an Uncertain Environment. Long Range Planning 17 (December 1984): 17-24.
7. Aupperle, Kenneth E., Carroll, Archie B., and Hatfield, John D., An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability. Academy of Management Journal 28 (June 1995); 446-463.
8. Bagozzi, R. P., Marketing as an Organized Behavioral System of Exchange. Journal of Marketing 38 (October 1974): 77-81.
9. Bagozzi, R. P., Marketing as Exchange. Journal of Marketing 39 (October 1975): 32-39.
10. Bagozzi, R. P., Toward a Formal Theory of Marketing Exchanges, unpublished paper presented at the American Marketing Association's Special Conference on Marketing Theory, 1979.
11. Beatty, Sharon E., and Kahle, Lynn R., Alternative Hierarchies of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship: The Impact of Brand Commitment and Habit Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16 (Summer 1988): 1-10.
12. Berry, Thomas E., The Development of the Hierarchy of Effects: An Historical Perspective, in Current Issues & Research in Advertising, J. Leigh and C. Martin, eds., University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987, pp. 251-295.
13. Black, Robert, John Commons on Customer Goodwill and the Economic Value of Business Ethics: Response to Professor Sen. Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (July 1994): 359-365.
14. Blair, C., Scanning the Corporate Horizon: Public Affairs in the Strategically Managed Operation. Canadian Business Review 13 (Autumn 1986): 33-36.
15. Brief, A. P., and Motowidlo, S. J., Prosocial Organizational Behaviors. Academy of Management Review 11 (October 1986): 710-725.
16. Business Week., Amex Shows the Way to Benefit from Giving. July 6 (1982): 22.
17. Byron, S. J., and William, J., In Defense of Social Responsibility. Journal of Economics and Business 34 (1982): 189-192.
18. Calder, Bobby J., Phillips, Lynn W., and Tybout, Alice M., Designing Research for Application. Journal of Consumer Research 8 (September 1981): 197-207.
19. Campbell, Donald T., and Stanley, Julian C., Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research, Rand McNally, Chicago. 1963.
20. Chase, Howard, Public Issue Management: The New Science. Public Relations Journal 33 (October 1977): 25-26.
21. Chase, Howard, and Ewing, Raymond P., Evaluating Issues Management. Public Relations Journal 36 (June 1980): 14-16.
22. Chen, Kung H., and Metcalf, Richard W., The Relationship between Pollution Control and Financial Indicators Revisited. Accounting Review 55 (January 1980): 168-177.
23. Churchill, Gilbert A., A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 16 (February 1979): 64-73.
24. Cochran, Philip L., and Wood, Robert A., Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal 27 (March 1984): 42-56.
25. Collins, Denis, Organizational Harm, Legal Condemnation and Stakeholder Retaliation: A Typology. Research Agenda and Application. Journal of Business Ethics 8 (1989): 1-13.
26. Cronbach, L. J., Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika 16 (September 1951): 297-334.
27. Cronbach, L. J., Rajaratnam, N., and Gleser, G. C., Theory of Generalizability: A Liberalization of Reliability Theory. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 16 (November 1963): 137-163.
28. Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., and Rajaratnam, N., The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles. Wiley, New York. 1972.
29. Dalton, Dan R., and Cosier, Richard A., The Four Faces of Social Responsibility. Business Horizons 25 (May-June 1982): 19-27.
30. Davis, Keith, and Blomstrom, Robert, Business and Society: Environment and Responsibility, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. 1975.
31. Dess, Gregory, and Beard, D. W., Dimensions of Organizational Task Environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (March 1984): 52-73.
32. Dersmith, Mark W., and Covaleski, M. A., Strategy, External Communication and Environmental Context. Journal of Strategic Management 4, No. 2 (1983): 137-151.
33. Dichter, Ernest, Whose Lifestyle Is It Anyway? Psychology & Marketing 3 (Fall 1986): 151-164.
34. Dill, W. R., Environment as an Influence on Managerial Autonomy. Administrative Science Quarterly 2 (December 1958): 409-442.
35. Drucker, P. F., The Practice of Management, Harper & Row, New York. 1954.
36. Drucker, P. F., People and Performance, Harper & Row, New York. 1977.
37. Emery, F. E., and Trist, El L., The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments. Human Relations 18 (January 1965): 21-32.
38. Engel, James F., Blackwell, Roger D., and Miniard, Paul W., Consumer Behavior, 7th ed., Dryden Press, Hinsdale, IL. 1993.
39. Fahey, Liam, King, W. R., and Narayanan, V. K., Environmental Scanning and Forecasting in Strategic Planning - The State of the Art. Long Range Planning 14 (Fall 1981): 32-39.
40. Feick, Lawrence F., Latent Class Models for the Analysis of Behavioral Hierarchies. Journal of Marketing Research 24 (May 1987): 174-186.
41. Ferrell, O. C., and Gresham, L. G., A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing. Journal of Marketing 49 (Summer 1985): 87-96.
42. Fischer, David W., Strategies toward Political Pressures: A Typology of Firm Responses. Academy of Management Review 7 (3 September 1983): 403-412.
43. Folger, H. Russell, and Nutt, Fred. A Note on Social Responsibility and Stock Valuation. Academy of Management Journal 18 (March 1975): 155-159.
44. Freeman, R. Edward, The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Direction. Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (October 1994): 409-421.
45. Freeman, R. Edward, Business Ethics: The State of the Art, Oxford Press, New York. 1991.
46. Freeman, R. Edward, Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1988.
47. Freeman, R. Edward, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Pitman Publishers, Boston. 1984.
48. Freeman, R. Edward, and Gilbert, Daniel R., Business. Ethics and Society: A Critical Agenda. Business & Society 31 (Spring 1992): 9-17.
49. Freeman, R. Edward, and Reed, D. L., Stockholder and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance. California Management Review 25 (Spring 1972): 88-106.
50. Goodpaster, Kenneth, E., and Matthews, John B., Can a Corporation Have a Conscience? Harvard Business Review 60 (January-February 1982): 132-141.
51. Grahn, J. L., Hannaford, W. J., and Laverty, K. J., Corporate Philanthropy and Marketing Strategy: A Review and Directions for Research, in AMA Educators' Proceedings, S. P. Douglas et al., eds., American Marketing Association, Chicago. 1987.
52. Greenberg, Jerald, The College Sophomore as Guinea Pig: Setting the Record Straight. Academy of Management Review 12 (January 1987): 157-163.
53. Hamaker, R. M., Live from the Met. Public Relations Journal 40 (1984): 27.
54. Hutt, Michael D., Mokwa, Michael P., and Shapiro, Stanley J., The Politics of Marketing: Analyzing the Parallel Political Marketplace. Journal of Marketing 50 (January 1986): 40-51.
55. Langtry, Bruce, Stakeholders and the Moral Responsibility of Business. Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (October 1994): 423-443.
56. Lastovicka, John L., Murry, John P., and Joachimsthaler, Eric, Evaluating the Measurement Validity of Lifestyle Typologies with Qualitative Measures and Multiplicative Factoring. Journal of Marketing Research 27 (February 1990): 11-23.
57. Lavidge, Robert J., and Steiner, Gary A., A Model for Predictive Measurements of Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising 25 (October 1961): 59-62.
58. Lehman, Craig K., Some Methodological Problems in Studies of Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance, paper presented at the Academy of Management National Meetings, San Diego. 1985.
59. Lesser, Jack A., and Hughes, Marie Adele, The Generalizabilily of Psychographic Market Segments across Geographic Locations. Journal of Marketing 50 (January 1986): 18-27.
60. Mahon, John F., and Waddock, Sandra A., Strategic Issues Management: An Integration of Issue Life Cycle Perspectives. Business & Society 31 (Spring 1992): 19-32.
61. Marx, T., Integrating Public Aflairs and Strategic Planning. California Management Review 29 (Fall 1986): 141-147.
62. Mason, Robert D., Lind, Douglas A., and Marchal, William G., Statistics, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. 1991.
63. McGinley, Hugh, and Hawes, Douglass. Verbal and Affective Cognitions and Their Application to Advertising, in Proceedings of the Society for Consumer Psychology, C. Haughvedt and D. Rosen, eds., D. W. Schumann, Knoxville, TN. 1991, pp. 105-108.
64. McGuire, W. J., Some Internal Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Choice. Journal of Consumer Research 2 (March 1976): 302-319.
65. Mehrotra, Sunil, and Wells, William D., Psychographics and Buyer Behavior: Theory and Recent Empirical Findings, in Consumer and Industrial Buying Behavior, A. Woodside, J. Sheth, and P. Bennett, eds., Elsevier/North Holland, New York. 1977, pp. 54-55.
66. Mesch, Allen H., Developing an Effective Environmental Assessment Function. Managerial Planning 32 (May 1984): 17-22.
67. Mescon, Timothy S., Schauer, Michelle I., and Lovalo, Christine M., Social Performance Planning: Shell Sets Precedents. Business 31 (March/April 1981): 19.
68. Mescon, Timothy S., and Tilson, D. J., Corporate Philanthropy: A Strategic Approach to the Bottom-line. California Management Review 29 (1987): 49-61.
69. Meyer, Alan D., Adapting to Environmental Jolts. Administrative Science Quarterly 27 (December 1982): 515-537.
70. Montanari, John R., Morgan, Cyril P., and Bracker, Jeffrey S., Strategic Management, Dryden, Hinsdale, IL. 1980.
71. Mowen, John C., Consumer Behavior, MacMillan Publishing, New York. 1990.
72. Murray, K. B., and Montanari, J. R., Strategic Management of the Socially Responsible Firm: Integrating Management and Marketing Theory. Academy of Management Review 11 (October 1986): 815-827.
73. Norris, W. C., Sowing New Seeds For Corporate Responsibility. FE 7 (1985): 16-23.
74. Nunnally, Jum C., Psychometric Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1967.
75. Organ, Dennis, Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome, D. C. Health, Lexington, MA. 1988.
76. Pernica, Joseph, The Second Generation of Market Segmentation Studies: An Audit of Buying Motivations, in Life Style and Psychographics, W. Wells, ed., American Marketing Association, Chicago. 1973, pp. 277-313.
77. Peter, J. Paul, Reliability: A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices. Journal of Marketing Research 16 (February 1979): 6-17.
78. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Salancik, G. R., The External Control of Organizations, Harper & Row, New York. 1978.
79. Plummer, Joseph T., The Concept and Application of Life Style Segmentation. Journal of Marketing 38 (January 1974): 33-37.
80. Preston, Lee E., and Post, James E., Private Management and Public Policy, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975.
81. Ray, Michael, Marketing Communications and the Hierarchy-of-Effects, in New Models for Mass Communications, P. Clarke, ed., Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1973, pp. 147-176.
82. Reiss, A. H., Beauty and the Bottom Line. Enterprise (1984): 26.
83. Renfro, W., Issues Management: The Evolving Corporate Role. Futures 16 (October 1987): 545-554.
84. Robin, D. P., and Reidenbach, R. E., Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Marketing Strategy: Closing the Gap between Concept and Application. Journal of Marketing 51 (January 1987): 44-58.
85. Schlossberger, Eugene, A New Model of Business: Dual-Investor Theory. Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (October 1994): 458-474.
86. Sen, Amarrtya, Does Business Ethics Make Economic Sense? Business Ethics Quarterly 3 (January 1993): 45-54.
87. Sethi, S. Prakash, A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Analysis of Social Issues and Evaluation of Business Response Patterns. Academy of Management Review 4 (January 1979): 63-74.
88. Shocker, Allan D., and Sethi, S. Prakash, An Approach to Preferences in Developing Corporate Action Strategies. California Management Review 15 (Summer 1973): 97-105.
89. Silverstein, D., Managing Corporate Social Responsibility in a Changing Legal Environment. American Business Law Journal 25 (1987): 921-937.
90. Solomon, Michael R., Consumer Behavior, 2nd ed., Allyn & Bacon, Boston. 1994.
91. Spencer, Barbara A., and Taylor, G. Stephen, A Within and Between Analysis of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance. Akron Business and Economic Review 18 (Fall 1987): 7-18.
92. Strand, R., A. Systems Paradigm of Organizational Adjustment to the Social Environment. Academy of Management Review 8 (January 1983): 90-96.
93. Thorson, Esther, Chi, Annie, and Leavitt, Clark, Attention, Memory, Attitude, and Conation: A Test of the Advertising Hierarchy, in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael Solomon, eds., Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT. 1991, pp. 366-379.
94. Vogel, Christine, Does Anyone Really Represent the Consumer Interest? A Review of Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics for Consumer Affairs Managers. Mobius Journal of the Society of Consumer Affairs Professionals in Business 13 (March 1994): 4-7.
95. Wells, William D., Psychographics: A Critical Review. Journal of Marketing Research 12 (May 1975): 196-213.
96. Wells, William D., Attitudes and Behavior: Lessons from the Needham Life Style Study. Journal of Advertising Research 25 (February-March 1985): 40-44.
97. Wilkie, William T., Consumer Behavior, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York. 1994.
98. Wood, V., Social Responsibility and Personal Success: Are They Incompatible? Journal of Business Research 14 (June 1986): 193-212.
99. Zeithaml, Carl, P., and Zeithaml, Valarie A., Environmental Management: Revising the Marketing Perspective. Journal of Marketing 48 (Spring 1984): 46-53.