The pulmonary surfactant system: Biochemical and clinical aspects

Lung

Volumn 175, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-39

  Creuwels, L A J M ^a   Van Golde, L M G ^a   Haagsman, H P ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Pulmonary surfactant; Respiratory distress syndrome; Surfactant protein

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; GLUCOCORTICOID; LUNG SURFACTANT; PHOSPHOLIPID;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; BAROTRAUMA; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HEART LEFT RIGHT SHUNT; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL TYPE 2; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; MECONIUM ASPIRATION; PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW;

EID: 0031060118     PISSN: 03412040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/PL00007554     Document Type: Review

References (358)

1. Abbasi S, Bhutani VK, Gerdes JS (1993) Long-term pulmonary consequences of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants treated with exogenous surfactant. J Pediatr 122:446-452
2. Abdel-Mageed AB, Welti R, Oehme FW, Pickrell A (1994) Perinatal hypocuprosis affects synthesis and composition of neonatal lung collagen, elastin and surfactant. Am J Physiol 267:L679-L685
3. Adachi H, Hayashi H, Sato H, Dempo K, Akino T (1989) Characterization of phospholipids accumulated in pulmonary-surfactant compartments of rats intratracheally exposed to silica. Biochem J 262: 781-786
4. Allen MC, Donahue PK, Dusman AE (1993) The limit of viability-neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation. N Engl J Med 329:1597-1601
5. Amirkhanian JD, Bruni R, Waring AJ, Navar C, Taeusch HW (1993) Full length synthetic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, reduce surfactant inactivation by serum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1168:315-320
6. Amirkhanian JD, Bruni R, Waring AJ, Taeusch HW (1991) Inhibition of mixtures of surfactant lipids and synthetic sequences of surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C. Biochim Biophys Acta 1096:355-360
7. Amirkhanian JD, Taeusch HW (1993) Reversible and irreversible inactivation of preformed pulmonary surfactant surface films by changes in subphase constituents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1165:321-326
8. Anderson BM, Jackson F, Moxley MA, Longmore WJ (1992) Effects on experimental acute lung injury 24 hours after exogenous surfactant instillation. Exp Lung Res 18:191-204
9. Ashton MR, Postle AD, Smith DE, Hall MA (1994) Surfactant phosphatidylcholine composition during dexamethasone treatment in chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child 71:F114-F117
10. Avery ME, Mead J (1959) Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Am J Dis Child 97:517-523
11. Baatz JE, Bruno MD, Ciraolo PJ, Glasser SW, Stripp BR, Smyth KL, Korfhagen TR (1994) Utilization of modified surfactant-associated protein B for delivery of DNA to airway cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:2547-2551
12. Baatz JE, Elledge B, Whitsett JA (1990) Surfactant protein SP-B induces ordering at the surface of model membrane bilayers. Biochemistry 29:6714-6720
13. Baatz, JE, Smyth KL, Whitsett JA, Baxter C, Absolom DR (1992) Structure and functions of a dimeric form of surfactant protein C: a Fourier transform infrared and surfactometry study. Chem Phys Lipids 63:91-104
14. Bambang Oetomo S, Bos AF, de Lei L, Okken A, van Sonderen L, Halliday HL, Walti H (1993) Immune response after surfactant treatment of newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Neonate 64:341-345
15. Bangham AD (1992) Surface tension in the lungs. Nature 359:110
16. Bangham AD (1995) Surface tensions in the lung. Biophys J 68:1630-1631
17. Baritussio A, Alberti A, Quaglino D, Pettenazzo A, Dalzoppo D, Sartori L, Pasquali-Ronchetti I (1994) SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C in surfactant subtypes around birth: reexamination of alveolar life cycle of surfactant. Am J Physiol 266:L436-L447
18. Bastacky J, Goerke J, Lee CY, Yager D, Kenaga L, Koushafar H, Hayes TL, Chen Y, Clements JA (1993) Alveolar lining liquid layer is thin and continuous: low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of normal rat lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:148 (abstr)
19. Batenburg JJ (1992) Surfactant phospholipids: synthesis and storage. Am J Physiol 262:L367-L385
20. Bates SR, Dodia C, Fisher AB (1994) Surfactant protein A regulates uptake of pulmonary surfactant by lung type II cells in microporous membranes. Am J Physiol 267:L753-L760
21. Baybutt RC, Smith JE, Yeh Y-Y (1993) The effect of dietary fish oil on alveolar type II cell fatty acids and lung surfactant phospholipids. Lipids 28:167-172
22. Beers MF, Kim CY, Dodia C, Fisher AB (1994) Localization, synthesis, and processing of surfactant protein SP-C in rat lung analyzed by epitope-specific antipeptide antibodies. J Biol Chem 269:20318-20328
23. Beers MF. Lomax C (1995) Synthesis and processing of hydrophobic surfactant protein C by isolated rat type II cells. Am J Physiol 269:L744-L753
24. Beers MF, Wali A, Eckenhoff MJ, Feinstein SI, Fisher JH, Fisher AB (1992) An antibody with specificity for surfactant protein C precursors: identification of pro-SP-C in rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 7:368-378
25. Benne CA, Kraaijeveld CA, van Strijp JAG, Brouwer E, Harmsen M, Verhoef J, van Golde LMG, van Iwaarden JF (1995) Interactions of surfactant protein A with influenza A viruses: binding and neutralization. J Infect Dis 171:335-341
26. Benson B, Hawgood S, Schilling J, Clements J, Damm D, Cordell B, White RT (1985) Structure of canine pulmonary surfactant apoprotein: cDNA and complete amino acid sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6379-6383
27. Berry DD, Pramanik AK, Philips JB, Buchter DS, Kanarek KS, Easa D, Kopelman AE, Edwards K, Long W, American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group II (1994) Comparison of the effect of three doses of a synthetic surfactant on the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in infants weighing ≥ 1250 grams with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 124:294-301
28. Bhutani VK, Abbasi S (1992) Relative likelihood of bronchopulmonary dysplasia based on pulmonary mechanics measured in preterm neonates during the first week of life. J Pediatr 120:605-613
29. Boggaram V, Qing K, Mendelson CR (1988) The major apoprotein of rabbit pulmonary surfactant: elucidation of primary sequence and cyclic AMP and developmental regulation. J Biol Chem 263: 2939-2947
30. Bohinski RJ, di Lauro R, Whitsett JA (1994) The lung-specific surfactant protein B gene promoter is a target for thyroid transcription factor 1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, indicating common factors for organ-specific gene expression along the foregut axis. Mol Cell Biol 14:5671-5681
31. Bos AP, Tibboel D, Hazebroek FWJ, Molenaar JC, Lachmann B, Gommers D (1991) Surfactant replacement therapy in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Lancet 338:1279
32. Bruni R, Taeusch HW, Waring AJ (1991) Surfactant protein B: lipid interactions of synthetic peptides representing the amino-terminal amphipathic domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7451-7455
33. Bui KC, Walther FJ, David-Cu R, Garg M, Warburton D (1992) Phospholipid and surfactant protein A concentrations in tracheal aspirates from infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 121:271-274
34. Camacho L, Cruz A, Castro R, Casals C, Pérez-Gil J (1996) Effect of pH on the interfacial adsorption activity of pulmonary surfactant. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 5:271-277
35. Casals C, Miguel E, Pérez-Gil J (1993) Tryptophan fluorescence study on the interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein A with phospholipid vesicles. Biochem J 296;583-593
36. Casals C, Ruano MLF, Miguel E, Sanchez P, Pérez-Gil J (1994) Surfactant protein-C enhances lipid aggregation activity of surfactant protein-A. Biochem Soc Trans 22:370S
37. Chander A, Fisher AB (1990) Regulation of lung surfactant secretion. Am J Physiol 258:L241-L253
38. 4 treatment effects on lung function of surfactant-treated preterm lambs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151:21-26
39. Chung J, Yu S-H, Whitsett JA, Harding PGR, Possmayer F (1989) Effect of surfactant-associated protein-A (SP-A) on the activity of lipid extract surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 1002:348-358
40. Clark JC, Wert SE, Bachurski CJ, Stahlman MT, Stripp BR, Weaver TE, Whitsett JA (1995) Targeted disruption of the surfactant protein B gene disrupts surfactant homeostasis, causing respiratory failure in newborn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:7794-7798
41. Clements JA (1957) Surface tension of lung extracts. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:170-172
42. Clements JA, Brown ES, Johnson RP (1958) Pulmonary surface tension and the mucus lining of the lungs: some theoretical considerations. J Appl Physiol 12:262-268
43. Cochrane CG, Revak SD (1991) Pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B): structure-function relationships. Science 254:566-568
44. Cockshutt AM, Absolom DR, Possmayer F (1991) The role of palmitic acid in pulmonary surfactant: enhancement of surface activity and prevention of inhibition by blood proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1085:248-256
45. Cockshutt AM, Possmayer F (1991) Lysophosphatidylcholine sensitizes lipid extracts of pulmonary surfactant to inhibition by serum proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1086:63-71
46. Cockshutt AM, Possmayer F (1992) Metabolism of surfactant lipids and proteins in the developing lung. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ (eds) Pulmonary surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 339-378
47. Cockshutt AM, Weitz J, Possmayer F (1990) Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A enhances the surface activity of lipid extract surfactant and reverses inhibition by blood proteins in vitro. Biochemistry 29:8424-8429
48. Connelly IH, Hammond GL, Harding PG, Possmayer F (1991) Levels of surfactant-associated protein messenger ribonucleic acids in rabbit lung during perinatal development and after hormonal treatment. Endocrinology 129:2583-2591
49. Creuwels LAJM, Boer EH, Demel RA, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP (1995) Neutralization of the positive charges of surfactant protein C: Effects on structure and function. J Biol Chem 270:16225-16229
50. Creuwels LAJM, Demel RA, van Golde LMG, Benson BJ, Haagsman HP (1993) Effect of acylation on structure and function of surfactant protein C at the air-liquid interface. J Biol Chem 268:26752-26758
51. Creuwels LAJM, Demel RA, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP (1995) Characterization of a dimeric canine form of surfactant protein C (SP-C). Biochim Biophys Acta 1254:326-332
52. Crouch E, Persson A, Chang D (1993) Accumulation of surfactant protein D in human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Pathol 142:241-248
53. Crouch E, Persson A, Chang D, Heuser J (1994) Molecular structure of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D). J Biol Chem 269:17311-17319
54. Cruz A, Casals C, Pérez-Gil J (1995) Conformational flexibility of pulmonary surfactant protein SP-B and SP-C, studied in aqueous organic solvents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1255:68-76
55. Cummings JJ, D'Eugenio DB, Gross SJ (1989) A controlled trial of dexamethasone in preterm infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med 320:1505-1510
56. Curstedt T, Johansson J, Barros-Söderling J, Robertson B, Nilsson G, Westberg M, Jörnvall H (1988) Low molecular-mass surfactant protein type I: the primary structure of a hydrophobic 8-kDa polypeptide with eight half-cystine residues. Eur J Biochem 172:521-525
57. Curstedt T, Johansson J, Persson P, Eklund A, Robertson B, Löwenadler B, Jörnvall H (1990) Hydrophobic surfactant-associated polypeptides: SP-C is a lipopeptide with two palmitoylated cysteine residues, whereas SP-B lacks covalently linked fatty acyl groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:2985-2989
58. de Mello DE, Heyman S, Phelps DS, Floros J (1993) Immunogold localization of SP-A in lungs of infants dying from respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol 142:1631-1640
59. de Mello DE, Heyman S, Phelps DS, Hamvas A, Nogee L, Cole S, Colten HR (1994) Ultrastructure of lung in surfactant protein B deficiency. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11:230-239
60. de Mello DE, Nogee LM, Heyman S, Krous HF, Hussain M, Merritt TA, Hsuek W, Haas JE, Heidelberger K, Schumacher R, Colten HR (1994) Molecular and phenotypic variability in the congenital alveolar proteinosis syndrome associated with inherited surfactant protein B deficiency. J Pediatr 125:43-50
61. De Sanctis GT, Tompiewicz, RP, Rubin BK, Schürch S, King M (1994) Exogenous surfactant enhances mucociliary clearance in the anaesthetized dog. Eur Respir J 7:1616-1621
62. de Winter JP, Merth IT, van Bel F, Egberts J, Brand R, Quanjer PH (1994) Changes of respiratory system mechanics in ventilated lungs of preterm infants with two different schedules of surfactant treatment. Pediatr Res 35:541-549
63. Dekowski SA, Snyder JM (1995) The combined effects of insulin and cortisol on surfactant protein mRNA levels. Pediatr Res 38:513-521
64. do Campo JL, Bertranon EG, De Lorenzi A, Hager AA (1994) Nebulised exogenous natural surfactant after cardiac surgery. Lancet 343:8895
65. Dobbs LG, Wright JR, Hawgood S, Gonzalez R, Venstrom K, Nellenbogen J (1987) Pulmonary surfactant and its components inhibit secretion of phosphatidylcholine from cultured rat alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:1010-1014
66. Doyle IR, Jones ME, Barr HA, Orgeig SE, Crockett AJ, McDonald CF, Nicholas TE (1994) Composition of human pulmonary surfactant varies with exercise and level of fitness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:1619-1627
67. Drickamer K (1988) Two distinct classes of carbohydrate-recognition domains in animal lectins. J Biol Chem 263:9557-9560
68. Drickamer K, Dordal MS, Reynolds L (1986) Mannose-binding proteins isolated from rat liver contain carbohydrate-recognition domains linked to collagenous tails. J Biol Chem 261:6878-6887
69. Drickamer K, Taylor ME (1993) Biology of animal lectins. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9:237-264
70. Dunn MS (1994) Surfactant replacement therapy: prophylaxis or treatment. Pediatrics 92:148-150
71. Durham PL, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Snyder JM (1993) Glucocorticoid regulation of surfactant-associated proteins in rabbit fetal lung in vivo. Anat Rec 237:365-377
72. Egberts J, de Winter JP, Sedin G, de Kleine MJK, Broberger U, van Bel F, Curstedt T, Robertson B (1993) Comparison of prophylaxis and rescue therapy with Curosurf in neonates less than 30 weeks' gestation: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 92:768-774
73. Eijking EP, Gommers D, So KL, de Maat MPM, Mouton JW, Lachmann B (1993) Prevention of respiratory failure after hydrochloric acid aspiration by intratracheal surfactant instillation in rats. Anesth Analg 76:472-477
74. Eijking EP, Gommers D, So KL, Vergeer M, Lachmann B (1993) Surfactant treatment of respiratory failure induced by hydrochloric acid respiration in rats. Anesthesiology 78:1145-1151
75. Elledge BW, Whitsett JA (1989) Effect of lung surfactant protein C (SP-C) on the ordering of phospholipid bilayer. Biophys J 55:127 (abstr)
76. Erasmus ME, Petersen AH, Hofstede G, Haagsman HP, Bambang Oetomo S, Prop J (1996) Surfactant treatment before reperfusion improves the immediate function of lung transplant in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:665-670
77. Ertsey R, Venkatesh VC, Ballard PL (1993) Glucocorticoids regulate transcription of the genes for surfactant proteins B and C. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:A728 (abstr)
78. Escamilla R, Prevost M-C, Hermant C, Caratero A, Cariven C, Krempf M (1992) Surfactant analysis during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Chest 101:1558-1562
79. Fan BR, Jones B, David-Cu R, Bruni R, Taeusch HW (1993) Inactivation of surfactants in rat lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:A991 (abstr)
80. Ferrara TB, Hoekstra RE, Couser RJ, Gaziano EP, Calvin SE, Payne NR, Fangman JJ (1994) Survival and follow-up of infants born at 23 to 26 weeks of gestational age: effects of surfactant therapy. J Pediatr 124:119-124
81. Findlay RD, Taeusch HW, David-Cu R, Walther FJ (1995) Lysis of red blood cells and alveolar epithelial toxicity by therapeutic pulmonary surfactants. Pediatr Res 37:26-30
82. Fisher HF, Shannon JM, Hofmann T, Mason RJ (1989) Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-C from rat: expression in alveolar type II cells and homology with SP-C from other species. Biochim Biophys Acta 995:225-230
83. Fisher JH, Mason R (1995) Expression of pulmonary surfactant protein D in rat gastric mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 12:13-18
84. Fisher JH, McCormack F, Park SS, Stelzner T, Shannon JM, Hofmann T (1991) In vivo regulation of surfactant proteins by glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 5:63-70
85. Fracica PJ, Caminiti SP, Piantadosi CA, Duhaylongsod FG, Crapo JD, Young SL (1994) Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. 2. Morphometric analyses. J. Appl. Physiol. 76:1002-1010
86. Fraslon C, Bourbon JR (1994) Retinoids control surfactant phospholipid biosynthesis in fetal rat lung. Am J Physiol 266:L705-L712
87. Fujiwara T, Maeta H, Chida S, Morita T, Wataba Y, Abe T (1980) Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline membrane disease. Lancet 1:55-59
88. Galan HL, Cipriani C, Coalson JJ, Bean JD, Collier G, Kuehl TJ (1993) Surfactant replacement therapy in utero for prevention of hyaline membrane disease in the preterm baboon. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:817-824
89. Galan HL, Kuehl TJ (1992) Effect of intra-amniotic administration of exosurf in preterm rabbit fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 80:604-608
90. Geertsma MF, Nibbering PH, Haagsman HP, Daha MR, van Furth R (1994) Binding of surfactant protein A to Clq receptors mediates phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by monocytes. Am J Physiol 267:L578-L584
91. Ghio AJ, Fracica PJ, Young SL, Piantadosi CA (1994) Synthetic surfactant scavenges oxidants and protects against hyperoxic lung injury. J Appl Physiol 77:1217-1223
92. Gluck L, Kulovich MV, Borer RC, Brenner PH, Anderson GG, Spellacy WN (1971) Diagnosis of the respiratory distress syndrome by amniocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 109:440-445
93. Gluck L, Motoyama EK, Smits HL, Kulovich MV (1967) The biochemical development of surface activity in mammalian lung. I. The surface-active phospholipids; the separation and distribution of surface-active lecithin in the lung of the developing rabbit fetus. Pediatr Res 1:237-246
94. Goerke J (1974) Lung surfactant. Biochim Biophys Acta 344:241-261
95. Gregory GA, Phibbs RH (1993) Surfactant replacement for respiratory failure: lessons from the neonate. Anesth Analg 76:465-466
96. Gregory TJ, Longmore WJ, Moxley MA, Whitsett JA, Reed CR, Fowler AA, Hudson LD, Mauder RJ, Crim C, Hyers TM (1991) Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest 88:1976-1986
97. Günther A, Kalinowski M, Elssner A, Seeger W (1994) Clot-embedded natural surfactant: kinetics of fibrinolysis and surface activity. Am J Physiol 267:L618-L624
98. Haagsman HP (1992) Toxicological aspects of the surfactant system: pulmonary surfactant. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ (eds) Pulmonary Surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 705-734
99. Haagsman HP (1994) Surfactant proteins A and D. Biochem Soc Trans 22:100-106
100. Haagsman HP (1994) Structure-function relationships in lung surfactant: protein-lipid interactions. Prog Respir Res 27:15-24
101. Haagsman HP, Casals C, De Haas CGM, Van Eijk M, Van Golde LMG, van Iwaarden JF, Voorhout WF (1993) Endocytosis of surfactant A (SP-A) and lipids by type II cells studied by laser flow cytometry. Am J Respir Dis 147:145 (abstr)
102. Haagsman HP, Elfring RH, Van Buel BLM, Voorhout WF (1991) The lung lectin surfactant A aggregates phospholipid vesicles via a novel mechanism. Biochem J 275:273-276
103. Haagsman HP, Hawgood S, Sargeant T, Buckley D, White RT, Drickamer K, Benson B (1987) The major lung surfactant protein, SP 28-36, is a calcium-dependent, carbohydrate-binding protein. J Biol Chem 262:13877-13880
104. Haagsman HP, Sargeant T, Hauschka PV, Benson BJ, Hawgood S (1990) Binding of calcium to SP-A, a surfactant-associated protein. Biochemistry 29:8894-8900
105. Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG (1991) Synthesis and assembly of lung surfactant. Annu Rev Physiol 53:441-464
106. Haagsman HP, White RT, Schilling J, Benson BJ, Golden J, Hawgood S, Clements JA (1989) Studies on the structure of the lung surfactant protein, SP-A. Am J Physiol 257:L421-L429
107. Haddad IY, Holm BA, Hlavaty L, Matalon S (1994) Dependence of surfactant function on extracellular pH: mechanisms and modifications. J Appl Physiol 76:657-662
108. Häfner D, Germann P, Hauschke D (1994) Lung surfactant (LSF) improves gas exchange and histopathology in a model of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Am J Respir Critical Care Med 149:126 (abstr)
109. Hall SB, Venkitaraman AR, Whitsett JA, Holm BA, Notter RH (1992) Importance of hydrophobic upoproteins as constituents of clinical exogenous surfactants. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:24-30
110. Halliday HL, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Corcoran JD, Patterson CC (1993) Multicentre randomised trial comparing high and low dose surfactant regimens for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (the Curosurf 4 trial). Arch Dis Child 69:276-280
111. Hallman M, Arjomaa P, Hoppu K (1987) Inositol supplementation in respiratory distress syndrome: relationship between serum concentration, renal concentration, and lung effluent phospholipids. J Pediatr 110:604-610
112. Hallman M, Feldman B, Gluck L (1975) The absence of phosphatidylglycerol in surfactant. Pediatr Res 9:396 (abstr)
113. Hallman M, Sarnesto A, Bry K (1994) Interaction of transferrin saturated with iron with lung surfactant in respiratory failure. J Appl Physiol 77:757-766
114. Hamvas A, Cole FS, deMello DE, Moxley M, Whitsett JA, Colten HR, Nogee LM (1994) Surfactant protein B deficiency: antenatal diagnosis and prospective treatment with surfactant replacement. J Pediatr 125:356-361
115. Hartshorn KL, Crouch EC, White MR, Eggleton P, Tauber AI, Chang D, Sastry K (1994) Evidence for a protective role of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) against influenza A virus. J Clin Invest 94:311-319
116. Haslam PL, Hughes DA, MacNaughton PD, Baker CS, Evans TW (1994) Surfactant replacement therapy in late-stage adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 343:1009-1011
117. Hatzis D, Deiter G, de Mello DE, Floros J (1994) Human surfactant protein-C: Genetic homogeneity and expression in RDS; comparison with other species. Exp Lung Res 20:57-72
118. Haurum JS, Thiel S, Haagsman HP, Laursen SB, Larsen B, Jensenius JC (1993) Studies on the carbohydrate-binding characteristics of human pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A and comparison with two other collectins: mannan-binding protein and conglutinin. Biochem J 293:873-878
119. Hawgood S (1989) Pulmonary surfactant apoproteins: a review of protein and genomic structure. Am J Physiol 257:L13-L22
120. Hawgood S, Benson BJ, Hamilton RL (1985) Effects of a surfactant-associated protein and calcium ions on the structure and surface activity of lung surfactant lipids. Biochemistry 24:184-190
121. Hawgood S, Benson BJ, Schilling J, Damm D, Clements JA, White RT (1987) Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of pulmonary surfactant protein SP 18 and evidence for cooperation between SP 18 and SP 28-36 in surfactant lipid adsorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:66-70
122. Heikinheimo M, Hynynen M, Rantiainen P, Andersson S, Hallman M, Kukkonen S (1994) Successful treatment of ARDS with two doses of synthetic surfactant. Chest 105:1263-1264
123. Hellström-Westas L, Bell AH, Skov L, Greisen G, Svenningsen NW (1992) Cerebroelectrical depression following surfactant treatment in preterm infants. Pediatrics 89:643-647
124. Herting E, Jarstrand C, Rasool O, Curstedt T, Sun B, Robertson B (1994) Experimental neonatal group B streptococcal pneumonia: effect of a modified porcine surfactant on bacterial proliferation in ventilated near-term rabbits. Pediatr Res 36:784-791
125. HIFO Study Group (1993) Randomized study of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 122:609-619
126. Hills BA, Masters IB, Oduffy JF (1992) Abnormalities of surfactant in children with recurrent cyanotic episodes. Lancet 339:1323-1324
127. Hiraiko N, Sohma H, Kuroki Y, Akino T (1995) Epitope mapping for monoclonal antibody against human surfactant protein A (SP-A) that alters receptor binding of SP-A and the SP-A-dependent regulation of phospholipid secretion by alveolar type II cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1257:214-222
128. Hoffman AGD, Lawrence MG, Ognibene FP, Suffredini AF, Lipschik GY, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Shelhamer JH (1992) Reduction of pulmonary surfactant in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 102:1730-1736
129. Holm BA (1993) Surfactant replacement therapy: new levels of understanding. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:834-836
130. Holmskov U, Malhotra R, Sim RB, Jensenius JC (1994) Collectins: collagenous C-type lectins of the innate immune defense system. Immunol Today 15:67-74
131. Honda Y, Takahashi H, Shijubo N, Kuroki Y, Akino T (1993) Surfactant protein A concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Chest 103:496-499
132. Hook GER, Gilmore LB, Talley FA (1984) Multilamellated structures from the lungs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Lab Invest 50:711-725
133. Horbar JD (1993) A multicenter randomized trial comparing two surfactants for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 123:757-766
134. Horbar JD, Wright EC, Onstad L, and members of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (1993) Decreasing mortality associated with the introduction of surfactant therapy: an observational study of neonates weighing 601-1300 grams at birth. Pediatrics 92:191-196
135. Horowitz AD, Baatz JE, Whitsett JA (1993) Lipid effects on aggregation of pulmonary surfactant protein SP-C studied by fluorescence energy transfer. Biochemistry 32:9513-9523
136. Horowitz AD, Elledge B, Whitsett JA, Baatz JE (1992) Effects of lung surfactant proteolipid SP-C on the organization of model membrane lipids: a fluorescence study. Biochim Biophys Acta 1107:44-54
137. Horowitz AD, Whitsett JA (1994) Interactions of surfactant proteins SP-C and SP-B with lipids studied by fluorescence energy transfer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:96 (abstr)
138. Huang YCT, Caminiti SP, Fawcett TA, Moon RE, Fracica PJ, Miller FJ, Young SL, Piantadosi CA (1994) Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. 1. Physiology and biochemistry. J Appl Physiol 76:991-1001
139. Deleted in proof
140. Iannuzzi DM, Ertsey R, Ballard PL (1993) Biphasic glucocorticoid regulation of pulmonary SP-A: characterization of inhibitory process. Am J Physiol 264:L236-L244
141. Ikegami M, Ueda T, Absolom D, Baxter C, Rider E, Jobe AH (1993) Changes in exogenous surfactant in ventilated preterm lamb lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:837-844
142. Jackson JC, Truog WE, Standaert TA, Murphy JH, Juul SE, Chi EY, Hildebrandt J, Hodson WA (1994) Reduction in lung injury after combined surfactant and high-frequency ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:534-539
143. Jacobson W, Park GR, Saich T, Holcroft J (1993) Surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Br J Anaesth 70:522-526
144. Jobē AH (1984) Respiratory distress syndrome: new therapeutic approaches to a complex pathophysiology. Adv Pediatr Chicago 30:93-130
145. Jobe AH (1993) Pulmonary surfactant therapy. N Engl J Med 328:861-868
146. Jobe AH, Ikegami M, Sarton-Miller I, Barajas L (1980) Surfactant metabolism of newborn lamb lungs studied in vivo. J Appl Physiol 49:1091-1098
147. Jobe AH, Mitchell BR, Gunkel JH (1993) Beneficial effects of the combined use of prenatal corticosteroids and postnatal surfactant on preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:508-513
148. Jobe AH, Polk D, Ikegami M, Newnham J, Sly P, Kohen R, Kelly R (1993) Lung responses to ultrasound-guided fetal treatments with corticosteroids in preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol 75:2099-2105
149. Johansson J, Curstedt T, Jörnvall H (1991) Surfactant protein B: disulfide bridges, structural properties, and kringle similarities. Biochemistry 30:6917-6921
150. Johansson J, Curstedt T, Robertson B (1994) The proteins of the surfactant system. Eur Respir J 7:372-391
151. Johansson J, Curstedt T, Robertson B, Jörnvall H (1988) Size and structure of the hydrophobic low molecular weight surfactant-associated polypeptide. Biochemistry 27:3544-3547
152. Johansson J, Jörnvall H, Curstedt T (1992) Human surfactant polypeptide SP-B disulfide bridges, C-terminal end, and peptide analysis of the airway form. FEBS Lett 301:165-167
153. Johansson J, Persson P, Löwenadler B, Robertson B, Jörnvall H, Curstedt T (1991) Canine hydrophobic surfactant polypeptide SP-C: a lipopeptide with one thioester-linked palmitoyl group. FEBS Lett 281:119-122
154. Johansson J, Szyperski T, Curstedt T, Wüthrich K (1994) The NMR structure of the pulmonary surfactant-associated polypeptide SP-C in an apolar solvent contains a valyl-rich α-helix. Biochemistry 33:6015-6023
155. Käapä P, Kero P, Saraste M (1992) Synthetic surfactant replacement therapy decreases estimated pulmonary artery pressure in respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Dis Child 146:961-964
156. Kääpä P, Seppänen M, Kero P, Saraste M (1993) Pulmonary hemodynamics after synthetic surfactant replacement in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 123:115-119
157. Kalina M, Blau H, Riklis S, Kravtsov V (1995) Interaction of surfactant protein A with bacterial lipopolysaccharide may affect some biological functions. Am J Physiol 268:L144-L151
158. Karaborni S, Esselink K, Hilbers PAJ, Smit B, Karthauser J, van Os NM, Zana R (1994) Simulating the self-assembly of gemini (dimeric) surfactants. Science 266:254-256
159. Kari MA, Hallman M, Eronen M, Teramo K, Virtanen M, Koivisto M, Ikonen RS (1994) Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in conjunction with rescue therapy of human surfactant: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter study. Pediatrics 93:730-736
160. Kari MA, Raivio KO, Venge P, Hallman M (1994) Dexamethasone treatment of infants at risk for chronic lung disease: surfactant components and inflammatory parameters in airway specimens. Pediatr Res 36:387-393
161. Kato T, Lee S, Ono S, Agawa Y, Aoyagi H, Ohno M, Nishino N (1991) Conformational studies of amphipathic α-helical peptides containing an amino acid with a long alkyl chain and their anchoring to lipid bilayer liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1063:191-196
162. Katsaras J, Yang DS-C, Epand RM (1992) Fatty-acid chain tilt angles and directions in dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Biophys J 63:1170-1175
163. Kattwinkel J, Bloom BT, Delmore P, Davis CL, Farrell E, Friss H, Jung AL, King K, Mueller D (1993) Prophylactic administration of calf lung surfactant extract is more effective than early treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates of 29 through 32 weeks gestation. Pediatrics 92:90-98
164. Kendig JW, Notter RH, Cox C, Reubens LJ, Davis JM, Maniscalco WM, Sinkin RA, Bartoletti A, Dweck HS, Horgan MJ, Risemberg H, Phelps DL, Shapiro DL (1991) A comparison of surfactant as immediate prophylaxis and as rescue therapy in newborns of less than 30 weeks' gestation. N Engl J Med 324:865-871
165. Keough KMW (1992) Physical chemistry of pulmonary surfactant in the terminal air spaces. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ (eds) Pulmonary surfactant: from molecular biology to clinical practice. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 109-164
166. Keough KMW, Pérez-Gil J, Nag K (1994) Adsorption and monolayer formation of some pulmonary surfactant components visualized by epifluorescence microscopy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:95 (abstr)
167. Khammash H, Perlman M, Wojtulewicz J, Dunn M (1993) Surfactant therapy in full-term neonates with severe respiratory failure. Pediatrics 92:135-139
168. Kharasch VS, Sweeney TD, Fredberg J, Lehr J, Damokosh AI, Avery ME, Brain JD (1991) Pulmonary surfactant as a vehicle for intratracheal delivery of lechnetium sulfur colloid and pentamidine in hamster lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:909-913
169. Khoor A, Gray ME, Hull WM, Whitsett JA, Stahlman MT (1993) Developmental expression of SP-A and SP-A mRNA in the proximal and distal respiratory epithelium in the human fetus and newborn. J Histochem Cytochem 41:1311-1319
170. King RJ, Clements JA (1972) Surface active materials from dog lung. II. Composition and physiological correlations. Am J Physiol 223:715-726
171. King RJ, Klass DJ, Gikas EG, Clements JA (1973) Isolation of apoproteins from canine surface active material. Am J Physiol 224:788-795
172. Klaus MH, Clements JA, Havel RJ (1961) Composition of surface-active material isolated from beef lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47:1858-1859
173. Knight DB, Liggins GC, Wealthall SR (1994) A randomized, controlled trial of antepartum thyrotropin-releasing hormone and betamethasone in the prevention of respiratory disease in preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:11-16
174. Kobayashi T, Nitta K, Takahashi R, Kurashima K, Robertson B, Suzuki Y (1991) Activity of pulmonary surfactant after blocking the associated proteins SP-A and SP-B. J Appl Physiol 71:530-536
175. Korfhagen TR, Bruno MD, Glasser SW, Ciraolo PJ, Whitsett JA, Lattier DL, Wikenheiser KA, Clark JC (1992) Murine pulmonary surfactant SP-A gene: cloning, sequence, and transcriptional activity. Am J Physiol 263:L546-L554
176. Kremlev SG, Phelps DS (1994) Surfactant protein A stimulation of inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production. Am J Physiol 267:L712-L719
177. Kremlev SG, Umstead TM, Phelps DS (1994) Effects of surfactant protein A and surfactant lipids on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Am J Physiol 267:L357-L364
178. Krombach F, Fiehl E, Burkhardt D, Rienmüller R, König G, Adelmann-Grill BC, Idel H, Rosenbruch M (1994) Short-term and long-term effects of serial bronchoalveolar lavages in a nonhuman primate model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:153-158
179. Kuan S-F, Rust K, Crouch E (1992) Interactions of surfactant protein D with bacterial lipopolysaccharides: surfactant protein D is an Escherichia coli-binding protein in bronchoalveolar lavage. J Clin Invest 90:97-106
180. Kullmann A, Vaillant P, Muller V, Martinet Y, Martinet N (1993) In vitro effects of pentoxifylline on smooth muscle cell migration and blood monocyte production of chemotactic activity for smooth muscle cells: potential therapeutic benefit in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 8:83-88
181. Kuroki Y, Akino T (1991) Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) specifically binds dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine. J Biol Chem 266:3068-3073
182. Kuroki Y, Mason RJ, Voelker DR (1988) Alveolar type II cells express a high-affinity receptor for pulmonary surfactant protein A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5566-5570
183. Kuroki Y, McCormack FX, Ogasawara Y, Mason RJ, Voelker DR (1994) Epitope mapping for monoclonal antibodies identifies functional domains of pulmonary surfactant protein A that interact with lipids. J Biol Chem 269:29793-29800
184. Kuroki Y, Tsutahara S, Shijubo N, Takahashi H, Shiratori M, Hattori A (1993) Elevated levels of lung surfactant protein A in sera from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:723-729
185. Lachmann B, Gommers D (1993) Is it rational to treat pneumonia with exogenous surfactant? Eur Respir J 6:1427-1428
186. Lewis J, Ikegami M, Higuchi R, Jobe A, Absolom D (1991) Nebulized vs. instilled exogenous surfactant in an adult lung injury model. J Appl Physiol 71:1270-1276
187. Lewis JF, Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Tabor B (1991) Aerosolized surfactant treatment of preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol 70:869-876
188. Lewis JF, Jobe AH (1993) Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:218-233
189. Lewis JF, Tabor B, Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Joseph M, Absolom D (1993) Lung function and surfactant distribution in saline-lavaged sheep given instilled vs. nebulized surfactant. J Appl Physiol 74:1256-1264
190. Lim B-L, Wang J-Y, Holmskov U, Hoppe H-J, Reid KBM (1994) Expression of the carbohydrate recognition domain of lung surfactant protein D and demonstration of its binding to lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202:1674-1680
191. Limper AH, O'Riordan DM, Vuk-Pavlovic Z, Crouch EC (1994) Accumulation of surfactant protein D in the lung during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 41:598
192. Liou LS, Sastry R, Hartshorn KL, Lee YM, Okama TB, Tauber AI, Sastry KN (1994) Bovine conglutinin (BC) mRNA expressed in liver: cloning and characterization of the BC cDNA reveals strong homology to surfactant protein-D. Gene (Amst) 141:277-281
193. Liu M, Wang L, Li E, Enhorning G (1996) Pulmonary surfactant given prophylactically alleviates an asthma attack in guinea pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 26:270-275
194. Long W, Corbet A, Cotton R, Courtney S, McGuiness G, Walter D, Watts J, Smyth J, Bard H, Chernick V, American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group 1, Canadian Exosurf Neonatal Study Group (1991) A controlled trial of synthetic surfactant in infants weighing 1250 g or more with respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 325:1696-1703
195. Longo ML, Bisagno AM, Zasadzinski JAN, Bruni R, Waring AJ (1993) A function of lung surfactant protein SP-B. Science 261:453-456
196. Lotze A, Knight GR, Martin GR, Bulas DI, Hull WM, O'Donnell RM, Whitsett JA, Short BL (1993) Improved pulmonary outcome after exogenous surfactant therapy for respiratory failure in term infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 122:261-268
197. Lowy DR, Willumsen BM (1989) New clue to Ras lipid glue. Nature 341:384-385
198. Lu J, Wiedemann H, Holmskov U, Thiel S, Timpl R, Reid KBM (1993) Structural similarity between lung surfactant D and conglutinin: two distinct. C-type lectins containing collagen-like sequences. Eur J Biochem 215:793-799
199. Lu J, Willis AC, Reid KBM (1992) Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of human lung surfactant protein D. Biochem J 284:795-802
200. Malhotra R, Haurum JS, Thiel S, Sim RB (1994) Binding of human collectins (SP-A and MBP) to influenza virus. Biochem J 304:455-461
201. Mason RJ (1992) Surfactant secretion. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ (eds) Pulmonary Surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 295-312
202. Masters IB, Vance J, Hills BA (1994) Surfactant abnormalities in ALTE and SIDS. Arch Dis Child 71:501-505
203. Matsuoka T, Kawano T, Miyasaka K (1994) Role of high-frequency ventilation in surfactant-depleted lung injury as measured by granulocytes. J Appl Physiol 76:539-544
204. Mauskopf JA, Backhouse ME, Jones D, Wold DE, Mammel MC, Mullet M, Guthrie R, Long WA (1995) Synthetic surfactant for rescue treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants weighing from 700 to 1350 grams: impact on hospital resource use and charges. J Pediatr 126:94-101
205. McBrien M, Katumba JJ, Mukhtar AI (1993) Artificial surfactant in the treatment of near drowning. Lancet 342:1485-1486
206. McNeely TB, Coonrod JD (1993) Comparison of the opsonic activity of human surfactant protein A for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae with rabbit and human macrophages. J Infect Dis 167:91-97
207. McNeely TB, Coonrod JD (1994) Aggregation and opsonization of type A but not type B Hemophilus influence by surfactant protein A. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11;114-122
208. Mengel RG, Bernhard W, Barth P, von Wiehert P, Müller B (1993) Impaired regulation of surfactant phospholipid metabolism in the isolated rat lung after nitrogen dioxide inhalation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 120:216-223
209. Mercier CE, Soll RF (1993) Clinical trials of natural surfactant extract in respiratory distress syndrome. In: Long WA (ed) Clinics in Perinatology. Saunders. Philadelphia, pp 711-735
210. Mikawa K, Maekawa N, Nishina K, Takao Y, Yaku H, Obara H (1993) Selective intrabronchial instillation of surfactant in a patient with pneumoniae: a preliminary report. Eur Respir J 6:1563-1566
211. Milner AD (1993) How does exogenous surfactant work? Arch Dis Child 68:253-254
212. Miyamura K, Leigh LEA, Lu J, Hopkin J, López Bernal A, Reid KBM (1994) Surfactant protein D binding to alveolar macrophages. Biochem J 300:237-242
213. Molliex S, Crestani B, Dureuil B, Bastin J, Rolland C, Aubier M, Desmonts J-M (1994) Effects of halothane on surfactant biosynthesis by rat alveolar type II cells in primary culture. Anesthesiology 81:668-676
214. Moraga FA, Riquelme RA, López AA, Moya FR, Llanos AJ (1994) Maternal administration of glucocorticoid and thyrotropin-releasing hormone enhances fetal lung maturation in undisturbed preterm lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:729-734
215. Morrow MR, Pérez-Gil J, Simatos G, Boland C, Stewart J, Absolom D, Sarin V, Keough KMW (1993) Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein SP-B has little effect on acyl chains in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine dispersions. Biochemistry 32:4397-4402
216. 2H NMR studies of the effect of pulmonary surfactant SP-C on the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine headgroup: a model for transbilayer peptides in surfactant and biological membranes. Biochemistry 32:11338-11344
217. Moya FR, Montes HF, Thomas VL, Mouzinho AM, Smith JF, Rosenfeld CR (1994) Surfactant protein A and saturated phosphatidylcholine in respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:1672-1677
218. Müller B, Barth P, von Wichert P (1992) Structural and functional impairment of surfactant protein A after exposure to nitrogen dioxide in rats. Am J Physiol 263:L177-L184
219. Müller B, von Wichert P (1993) Effect of nitrogen dioxide inhalation on surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis in rat alveolar type II cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1170:38-43
220. Naeve CW, Williams D (1990) Fatty acids on the A/Japan/305/57 influenza virus hemagglutinin have a role in membrane fusion. EMBO J 9:3857-3866
221. Ng PC (1993) The effectiveness and side effects of dexamethasone in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Dis Child 68:330-336
222. Nogee LM, de Mello DE, Dehner LP, Colten HR (1993) Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant protein B in congenital alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med 328:406-410
223. Nogee LM, Gamier G, Dietz HC, Singer L, Murphy AM, de Mello DE, Colten HR (1994) A mutation in the surfactant protein B gene responsible for fatal neonatal respiratory disease in multiple kindreds. J Clin Invest 93:1860-1863
224. Novick RJ, Possmayer F, Veldhuizen RAW, Menkis AH, McKenzie FN (1992) Surfactant analysis and replacement therapy: a future tool of the lung transplant surgeon? Ann Thorac Surg 52:1194-1200
225. Novick RJ, Veldhuizen RAW, Possmayer F, Lee J, Sandler D, Lewis JF (1994) Exogenous surfactant therapy in thirty-eight-hour lung graft preservation for transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108:259-268
226. 2 in mature rabbits with lungs that contain large amounts of saline. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:1087-1090
227. O'Riordan DM, Standing JE, Kwon K-Y, Chang D, Crouch EC, Limper AH (1995) Surfactant protein D interacts with Pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism adherence to alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest 95:2699-2710
228. Ogasawara Y, Kuroki Y, Akino T (1992) Pulmonary surfactant protein D specifically binds to phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 267:21244-21249
229. Ogasawara Y, Kuroki Y, Tsuzuki A, Ueda S, Misaki H, Akino T (1991) Pre- and postnatal stimulation of pulmonary surfactant protein D by in vivo dexamethasone treatment of rats. Life Sci 50:1761-1767
230. Ogasawara Y, McCormack FX, Mason RJ, Voelker DR (1994) Chimeras of surfactant proteins A and D identify the carbohydrate recognition domains as essential for phospholipid interaction. J Biol Chem 269:29785-29792
231. Ogawa A, Brown CL, Schlueter MA, Benson BJ, Clements JA, Hawgood S (1994) Lung function, surfactant apoprotein content, and level of PEEP in prematurely delivered rabbits. J Appl Physiol 77:1840-1849
232. Ohashi T, Pinkerton K, Ikegami M, Jobe AH (1994) Changes in alveolar surface area, surfactant protein A, and saturated phosphatidylcholine with postnatal rat lung growth. Pediatr Res 35:685-689
233. Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG, Demel RA (1991) Interaction of lipid vesicles with monomolecular layers containing lung surfactant proteins SP-B or SP-C. Biochemistry 30:8276-8281
234. Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG, Demel RA (1991) Characterization of lipid insertion into monomolecular mediated layers by lung surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C. Biochemistry 30:10965-10971
235. Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, van Eijk M, van Buel BLM, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP (1991) Surfactant protein composition of lamellar bodies isolated from rat lung. Biochem J 274:115-119
236. Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, van Eijk M, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP (1992) Lipid mixing is mediated by the hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-B but not by SP-C. Biochim Biophys Acta 1110: 45-50
237. Orgeig S, Barr HA, Nicholas TE (1995) Effect of hyperpnea on the cholesterol to disaturated phospholipid ratio in alveolar surfactant of rats. Exp Lung Res 21:157-174
238. OSIRIS, The Collaborative Group (1992) Early versus delayed neonatal administration of a synthetic surfactant: the judgment of OSIRIS. Lancet 340:1363-1369
239. Oulton M, Fraser M, Dolphin M, Yoon R, Faulkner G (1986) Quantification of surfactant pool sizes in rabbit lung during perinatal development. J Lipid Res 27:602-612
240. Oulton MR, Janigan DT, MacDonald JMR, Faulkner GT, Scott JE (1994) Effects of smoke inhalation on alveolar surfactant subtypes in mice. Am J Pathol 145:941-950
241. Palombo JD, Lydon EE, Chen P-L, Bistrian BR, Forse RA (1994) Fatty acid composition of lung, macrophage and surfactant phospholipids after short-term enteral feeding with n-3 lipids. Lipids 29: 643-649
242. Palta M, Weinstein MR, McGuinness G, Gabbert D, Brady W, Peters E (1994) A population study: mortality and morbidity after availability of surfactant therapy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148:1295-1301
243. Pandit PB, Dunn MS, Colucci EA (1995) Surfactant therapy in neonates with respiratory deterioration due to pulmonary hemorrhage. Pediatrics 95:32-36
244. Pastrana B, Mautone AJ, Mendelsohn R (1991) Fourier transform infrared studies of secondary structure and orientation of pulmonary surfactant SP-C and its effect on the dynamic surface properties of phospholipids. Biochemistry 30:10058-10064
245. Pastrana-Rios B, Flach CR, Branner JW, Mautone AJ, Mendelsohn R (1994) A direct test of the "squeeze-out" hypothesis of lung surfactant function: external reflection FT-IR at the air/water interface. Biochemistry 33:5121-5127
246. Pattle RE (1955) Properties, function and origin of the alveolar lining layer. Nature 175:1125-1126
247. Pérez-Gil J, Cruz A, Casals C (1993) Solubility of hydrophobic surfactant proteins in organic solvent/ water mixtures: structural studies on SP-B and SP-C in aqueous organic solvents and lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1168:261-270
248. Pérez-Gil J, Nag K, Taneva S, Keough KMW (1992) Pulmonary surfactant protein SP-C causes packing rearrangements of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in spread monolayers. Biophys J 63:197-204
249. Persson A, Chang D, Crouch E (1990) Surfactant protein D is a divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein. J Biol Chem 265:5755-5760
250. Persson A, Chang D, Rust K, Moxley M, Longmore W, Crouch E (1989) Purification and biochemical characterization of CP4 (SP-D): a collagenous surfactant-associated protein. Biochemistry 27:6361-6367
251. Persson A, Rust K, Chang D, Moxley M, Longmore W, Crouch E (1988) CP4, a pneumocyte-derived collagenous surfactant-associated protein: evidence for heterogeneity of collagenous surfactant proteins. Biochemistry 27:8576-8584
252. Persson AV, Gibbons BJ, Shoemaker JD, Moxley MA, Longmore WJ (1992) The major glycolipid recognized by SP-D in surfactant is phosphatidylinositol. Biochemistry 31:12183-12189
253. Phizackerley PJR, Town M-H, Newman GE (1979) Hydrophobic proteins of lamellated osmiophilic bodies isolated from pig lung. Biochem J 183:731-736
254. Pikaar JC, Voorhout WF, van Golde LMG, Verhoef J, van Strijp JAG, van Iwaarden JF (1995) Opsonic activities of surfactant proteins A and D in phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by alveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 172:481-489
255. Pinkerton KE, Lewis J, Mulder AM, Ikegami M, Jobe AH (1993) Surfactant treatment effects on alveolar type II cell morphology in rabbit lungs. J Appl Physiol 74:1240-1247
256. Pinkerton KE, Lewis JF, Rider ED, Peake J, Chen W, Madi AK, Lun RH, Ikegami M, Jobe AH (1994) Lung parenchyma and type II cell morphometrics: effect of surfactant treatment on preterm ventilated lamb lungs. J Appl Physiol 77:1953-1960
257. Possmayer F (1988) A proposed nomenclature of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:990-998
258. Possmayer F, Yu S-H, Weber JM, Harding PGR (1984) Pulmonary surfactant. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 62:1121-1133
259. Poulain FR, Allen L, Williams MC, Hamilton RL, Hawgood S (1992) Effects of surfactant apolipoproteins on liposome structure: implications for tubular myelin formation. Am J Physiol 262:L730-L739
260. Putman E, Boere AJF, van Bree L, van Golde LMG, Haagsman HP (1995) Pulmonary surfactant subtype metabolism is altered after short-term ozone exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 134:132-138
261. Raju TNK, Langenberg P (1993) Pulmonary hemorrhage and exogenous surfactant therapy: a metaanalysis. J Pediatr 123:603-610
262. 31P NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 32:27-31
263. Repka MX, Hardy RJ, Phelps DL, Summers CG (1993) Surfactant prophylaxis and retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 111:618-620
264. Rice WR, Ross GF, Singleton FM, Dingle S, Whitsett JA (1987) Surfactant-associated protein inhibits phospholipid secretion from type II cells. J Appl Physiol 63:692-698
265. Rider ED, Ikegami M, Whitsett JA, Hull W, Absolom D, Jobe AH (1993) Treatment responses to surfactants containing natural surfactant proteins in preterm rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:669-676
266. Robertson B (1980) Surfactant substitution: experimental models and clinical applications. Lung 158: 57-68
267. Robertson B, Kobayashi T, Ganzuka M, Grossman G, Li W-Z, Suzuki Y (1991) Experimental neonatal respiratory failure induced by a monoclonal antibody to the hydrophobic surfactant-associated protein SP-B. Pediatr Res 30:239-243
268. Rooney SA, Young SL, Mendelson CR (1994) Molecular and cellular processing of lung surfactant. FASEB J 8:957-967
269. Ross GF, Notter RH, Meuth J, Whitsett JA (1986) Phospholipid binding and biophysical activity of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein (SAP)-35 and its non-collagenous COOH-terminal domains. J Biol Chem 261:14283-14291
270. Rüstow B, Haupt R, Stevens PA, Kunze D (1993) Type II pneumocytes secrete vitamin E together with surfactant lipids. Am J Physiol 265:L133-L139
271. Saliba E, Nashashibi M, Vaillant MC, Nasr C, Laugier J (1994) Instillation rate effects of Exosurf on cerebral and cardiovascular haemodynamics in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child 71:F174-F178
272. Sandberg K, Edberg K-E, Benton W, Silverberg A, Sladek M, Sundell HW (1991) Surfactant improves gas mixing and alveolar ventilation in preterm lambs. Pediatr Res 30:181-189
273. Sano K, Fisher J, Mason RJ, Kuroki Y, Schilling J, Benson B, Voelker D ( 1987) Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone for the rat pulmonary surfactant-associated protein (PSP-A). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 144:367-374
274. Schmidt B, Vegh P, Weitz J, Johnston M, Caco C, Roberts R (1992) Thrombin/antithrombin III complex formation in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:767-770
275. Schmidt-Nielsen K (1979) Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
276. Schürch S, Possmayer F, Cheng S, Cockshutt AM (1992) Pulmonary SP-A enhances adsorption and appears to induce surface sorting of lipid extract surfactant. Am J Physiol 263:L210-L218
277. Schürch S, Schürch D, Curstedt T, Robertson B (1994) Surface activity of lipid extract surfactant in relation to film area compression and collapse. J Appl Physiol 77:974-986
278. Schwartz RM, Luby AM, Scanlon JW, Kellogg RJ (1994) Effect of surfactant on morbidity, mortality, and resource use in newborn infants weighing 500 to 1500 g. N Engl J Med 330:1476-1480
279. Seeger WN, Elssner A, Günther A, Krämer H-J, Kalinowski HO (1993) Lung surfactant phospholipids associate with polymerizing fibrin: loss of surface activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 9:213-220
280. Seeger W, Grube C, Günther A (1993) Proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen: amplification of its surfactant inhibitory capacity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 9:239-247
281. Seeger W, Günther A, Thede C (1992) Differential sensitivity to fibrinogen inhibition of SP-C- vs SP-B-based surfactants. Am J Physiol 261:L286-291
282. Seidner S, Rider E, Jobe A, Yamada T, Ikegami M (1992) Effects of antenatal thyrotropin-releasing hormone, antenatal corticosteroid, and postnatal ventilation on surfactant mobilization in premature rabbits. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:1551-1559
283. Sen N, Grunstein MM, Chander A (1994) Stimulation of lung surfactant secretion by endothelin-1 from rat alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol 266:L255-L262
284. Shardonofsky FR, McDonough JM, Grunstein MM (1993) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on lung tissue mechanics in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 7:2506-2513
285. Sherman MP, Campbell LA, Merritt TA, Long WA, Gunkel JH, Curstedt T, Robertson B (1994) Effect of different surfactants on pulmonary group B streptococcal infection in premature rabbits. J Pediatr 125:939-947
286. Shiffer K, Hawgood S, Haagsman HP, Benson B, Clements JA, Goerke J (1993) Lung surfactant proteins. SP-B and SP-C, alter the thermodynamic properties of phospholipid membranes: a differential calorimetry study. Biochemistry 32:590-597
287. Shimizu H, Miyamura K, Kuroki Y (1991) Appearance of surfactant proteins, SP-A and SP-B, in developing rat lung and the effects of in vivo dexamethasone treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 1081:53-60
288. Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Farrell EE, Ragin A, Davis C, Socol ML (1993) Perinatal factors influencing survival at twenty-four weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1724-1731
289. Simatos GA, Forward KB, Morrow MR, Keough KMW (1990) Interaction between perdeuterated dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine and low molecular weight pulmonary surfactant protein SP-C. Biochemistry 29:5807-5814
290. Skita V, Kavel SG (1994) The effects of SP-C and cholesterol on pulmonary surfactant monolayers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:95 (abstr)
291. Speer CP, Gefeller O, Groneck P, Lautkötter E, Roll C, Hanssler L, Harms K, Herting E, Boenisch H, Windeler J, Robertson B (1995) Randomized clinical trial of two treatment regimens of natural surfactant preparations in neonatal respiratory distress .syndrome. Arch Dis Child 72:F8-F13
292. Speer CP, Robertson B, Curstedt T, Halliday HL, et al. (1992) Randomized European multicenter trial of surfactant replacement therapy for severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: single versus multiple doses of Curosurf. Pediatrics 89:13-20
293. Spragg RG, Gilliard N, Richman P, Smith RM, Hite RD, Pappert D, Robertson B, Curstedt T, Strayer D (1994) Acute effects of a single dose of porcine surfactant on patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 105:195-202
294. Stein HM, Oyama K, Martinez A, Chappell BA, Buhl E, Blount L, Padbury JF (1993) Effects of corticosteroids in preterm sheep on adaptation and sympathoadrenal mechanisms at birth. Am J Physiol 264:E763-E769
295. Strayer DS, Hallman M, Merritt TA (1991) Immunogenicity of surfactant. Clin Exp Immunol 83:41-46
296. Stults JT, Griffin PR, Lesikar DD, Naidu A, Moffat B, Benson BJ (1991) Lung surfactant protein SP-C from human, bovine, and canine sources contains palmityl cysteine thioester linkages. Am J Physiol 261:L118-L125
297. Suen HC, Bloch KD, Donahoe PK (1994) Antenatal glucocorticoid corrects pulmonary immaturity in experimentally induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Pediatr Res 35:523-529
298. Sun B, Herting E, Curstedt T, Robertson B (1994) Exogenous surfactant improves lung compliance and oxygenation in adult rats with meconium aspiration. J Appl Physiol 77:1961-1971
299. Sun B, Jobe A, Rider E, Ikegami M (1993) Single dose versus two doses of betamethasone for lung maturation in preterm rabbits. Pediatr Res 33:256-260
300. Survanta Multidose Study Group (1994) Two-year follow-up of infants treated for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with bovine surfactant. J Pediatr 124:962-967
301. Suzuki Y, Fujita Y, Kogishi K (1989) Reconstitution of tubular myelin from synthetic lipids and proteins associated with pig pulmonary surfactant. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:75-81
302. Takahashi A, Fujiwara T (1986) Proteolipid in bovine lung surfactant: its role in surfactant function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 135:527-532
303. Taneva SG, Keough KMW (1994) Dynamic surface properties of pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C and their mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochemistry 33:14660-14670
304. Taneva SG, Keough KMW (1994) Pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C in spread monolayers at the air-water interface. I. Monolayers of pulmonary surfactant protein SP-B and phospholipids. Biophys J 66:1137-1148
305. Taneva SG, Keough KMW (1994) Pulmonary surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C in spread monolayers at the air-water interface. II. Monolayers of pulmonary surfactant protein SP-C and phospholipids. Biophys J 66:1149-1157
306. Tenner AJ, Robinson SL, Borchelt J, Wright JR (1989) Human pulmonary surfactant protein (SP-A), a protein structurally homologous to C1q, can enhance FcR- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 264:13923-13928
307. Thannhauser SJ, Benotti J, Boncoddo NF (1946) Isolation and properties of hydrolecithin (dipalmityl lecithin) from lung: its occurrence in the sphingomyelin fraction of animal tissues. J Biol Chem 166:669-675
308. Tsuzuki A, Kuroki Y, Akino T (1993) Pulmonary surfactant protein A-mediated uptake of phosphatidylcholine by alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol 265:L193-L199
309. Ueda T, Ikegami M, Rider ED, Jobe AH (1994) Distribution of surfactant and ventilation in surfactant-treated preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol 76:45-55
310. van Bel F, de Winter PJ, Wijnands HBG, van de Bor M, Egberts J (1992) Cerebral and aortic blood flow velocity patterns in preterm infants receiving prophylactic surfactant treatment. Acta Paediatr 81:504-510
311. van Daal G-J, Bos JAH, Eijking EP, Gommers D, Hannappel E, Lachmann B (1992) Surfactant replacement therapy improves pulmonary mechanics in end-stage influenza A pneumonia in mice. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:859-863
312. van der Bleek Y, Plötz FB, van Overbeek FM, Heikamp A, Beekhuis H, Wildevuur CRH, Okken A, Bambang Oetomo S (1993) Distribution of exogenous surfactant in rabbits with severe respiratory failure: the effect of volume. Pediatr Res 34:154-158
313. van Golde LMG (1995) Potential role of surfactant protein A and D in innate lung defense against pathogens. Biol Neonate 67:2-17
314. van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ, Robertson B (1988) The pulmonary surfactant system: biochemical aspects and functional significance. Physiol Rev 68:374-455
315. van Iwaarden JF, Pikaar JC, Storm J, Brouwer E, Verhoef J, Oosting RS, van Golde LMG, van Strijp JAG (1994) Binding of surfactant protein A to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Biochem J 303:407-411
316. van Iwaarden JF, Shimizu H, van Golde PHM, Voelker DR, van Golde LMG (1992) Rat surfactant protein D enhances the production of oxygen radicals by rat alveolar macrophages. Biochem J 286:5-8
317. van Iwaarden JF, Teding van Berkhout F, Whitsett JA, Oosting RS, van Golde LMG (1995) A novel procedure for the rapid isolation of surfactant protein A with retainment of its alveolar macrophage stimulating properties. Biochem J 309:551-555
318. van Iwaarden JF, van Strijp JAG, Ebskamp MJM, Welmers AC, Verhoef J, van Golde LMG (1991) Surfactant protein A is opsonin in phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus type I by rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 261:L204-L209
319. van Iwaarden JF, van Strijp JAG, Visser H, Haagsman HP, Verhoef J, van Golde LMG (1992) Binding of surfactant protein A (SP-A) to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells is mediated by the carbohydrate moiety of SP-A. J Biol Chem 267:25039-25043
320. van Iwaarden JF, Welmers B, Verhoef J, Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG (1990) Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2:91-98
321. van 't Veen A, Mouton JW, Gommers D, Kluytmans JAJW, Dekkers P, Lachmann B (1995) Influence of pulmonary surfactant on in vitro bacterial activities of amoxicillin, ceftazidime, and tobramycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:329-333
322. Vandenbussche G, Clercx A, Clercx M, Curstedt T, Johansson J, Jörnval H, Ruysschaert J-M (1992) Secondary structure and orientation of the surfactant protein SP-B in a lipid environment: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Biochemistry 31:9169-9176
323. Vandenbussche G, Clercx A, Curstedt T, Johansson J, Jörnvall H, Ruysschaert J-M (1992) Structure and orientation of the surfactant-associated protein C in a lipid bilayer. Eur J Biochem 203:201-209
324. Vaucher YE, Harker L, Merritt TA, Hallman M, Gist K, Bejar R, Heldt GP, Edwards D, Pohjavuori M (1993) Outcome at twelve months of adjusted age in very low birth weight infants with lung immaturity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of human surfactant. J Pediatr 122:126-132
325. Veldhuizen RAW, Lee J, Sandler D, Hull W, Whitsett JA, Lewis J, Possmayer F, Novick RJ (1993) Alterations in pulmonary surfactant composition and activity after experimental lung transplantation. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:208-215
326. Venkatesh VC, Ianuzzi DM, Ertsey R, Ballard PL (1993) Differential glucocorticoid regulation of the pulmonary hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 8:222-228
327. Venkitaraman AR, Baatz JE, Whitsett JA, Hall SB, Notter RH (1991) Biophysical inhibition of synthetic phospholipid-lung surfactant apoprotein admixtures by plasma proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 57:49-57
328. Verder H, Robertson B, Greisen G, Ebbesen F, Albertsen P, Lundstrom K, Jacobsen T, Agertoft L, Hobolth N, Djernee B, Grytter C, Hertel J, Holm V, Hansen US, Kamper J, Svenningsen N, Curstedt T, Bertelsen A, Vestergaard A, Petersen E (1994) Surfactant therapy and nasal continuous positive airway pressure for newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 331:1051-1055
329. Vilstrup C, Gommers D, Bos JAH, Lachmann B, Werner O, Larsson A (1992) Natural surfactant instilled in premature lambs increases lung volume and improves ventilation homogeneity within five minutes. Pediatr Res 32:595-599
330. Vincent JS, Revak SD, Cochrane CG, Levin IW (1991) Raman spectroscopic studies of model human pulmonary surfactant systems: phospholipid interactions with peptide paradigms for the surfactant protein SP-B. Biochemistry 30:8395-8401
331. Vincent JS, Revak SD, Cochrane CD, Levin IW (1993) Interactions of model human pulmonary surfactants with a mixed phospholipid bilayer assembly: Raman spectroscopic studies. Biochemistry 32:8228-8238
332. Viswell TE, Peabody SS, Davis JM, Slayter MV, Bent RC, Merritt TA (1994) Surfactant therapy and high-frequency jet ventilation in the management of a piglet model of the meconium aspiration syndrome. Pediatr Res 36:494-500
333. von Neergaard K (1929) Neue Auffassungen über einen Grund-begriff der Atemmechanik. Z Gesamte Exp Med 66:373-394
334. Voorhout WF, Veenendaal T, Haagsman HP, Verkleij AJ, van Golde LMG, Geuze HJ (1991) Surfactant protein A is localized at the corners of the pulmonary tubular myelin lattice. J Histochem Cytochem 39:1331-1336
335. Voorhout WF, Veenendaal T, Haagsman HP, Weaver TE, Whitsett JA, van Golde LMG, Geuze HJ (1992) Intracellular processing of pulmonary surfactant protein B in an endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Am J Physiol 263:L479-L486
336. Voorhout WF, Weaver TE, Haagsman HP, Geuze HJ, van Golde LMG ( 1993 ) The biosynthetic routing of pulmonary surfactant proteins in alveolar type II cells. Microsc. Res. Technique 26:366-373
337. Vorbroker DK, Voorhout WF, Weaver TE, Whitsett JA (1995) Posttranslational processing of surfactant protein C in rat type II cells. Am J Physiol 269:L727-L733
338. Voss T, Eistetter H, Schäfer KP (1988) Macromolecular organization of natural and recombinant lung surfactant protein SP 28-36. J Mol Biol 201:219-227
339. Walther FJ, David-Cu R, Supnet MC, Longo ML, Fan BR, Bruni R (1993) Uptake of antioxidants in surfactant liposomes by cultured alveolar type II cells is enhanced by SP-A. Am J Physiol 265:L330-L339
340. Ward HE, Nicholas TE (1992) Effect of artificial ventilation and anesthesia on surfactant turnover in rats. Respir Physiol 87:115-129
341. Weaver T, Whitsett JA (1991) Function and regulation of expression of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins. Biochem J 273:249-264
342. Weissbach S, Neuendank A, Pettersson M, Schaberg T, Pison U (1994) Surfactant protein A modulates release of reactive oxygen species from alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol 267:L660-L666
343. White RT, Damm D, Miller J, Spratt K, Schilling J, Hawgood S, Benson B, Cordell B (1985) Isolation and characterization of the human pulmonary surfactant apoprotein gene. Nature 317:361-363
344. Whitsett JA, Hull WM, Luse S (1991) Failure to detect surfactant protein-specific antibodies in sera of premature infants treated with Survanta, a modified bovine surfactant. Pediatrics 87:505-510
345. Whitsett JA, Nogee LM, Weaver TE, Horowitz AD (1995) Human surfactant protein B: structure, function, regulation, and genetic disease. Physiol Rev 75:749-757
346. Wilkie RA, Bryan MH, Tarnow-Mordi WO (1994) Static respiratory compliance in the newborn. II. Its potential for improving the selection of infants for early surfactant treatment. Arch Dis Child 70:F16-F18
347. Williams MC, Hawgood S, Hamilton RL (1991) Changes in lipid structure produced by surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 5:41-50
348. Wright JR, Borchelt JD, Hawgood S (1989) Lung surfactant apoprotein SP-A (26-36 kDa) binds with high affinity to isolated alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5410-5414
349. Wright JR, Dobbs LG (1991) Regulation of pulmonary surfactant secretion and clearance. Annu Rev Physiol 53:395-414
350. r = 26,000-36,000 enhances uptake of liposomes by type II cells. J Biol Chem 262:2888-2894
351. Wright JR, Youmans DC (1993) Pulmonary surfactant protein A stimulates chemotaxis of alveolar macrophage. Am J Physiol 264:L338-L344
352. Wright JP, Youmans DC (1995) Degradation of surfactant lipids and surfactant protein A by alveolar macrophages in vitro. Am J Physiol 268:772-780
353. Yan C, Sever Z, Whitsett JA (1995) Upstream enhancer activity in the human surfactant protein B gene is mediated by thyroid transcription factor 1. J Biol Chem 270:24852-24857
354. Young SL, Wright JR, Clements JA (1989) Cellular uptake and processing of surfactant lipids and apoprotein SP-A by rat lung. J Appl Physiol 66:1336-1342
355. Yu S-H, Possmayer F (1992) Effect of pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B) and calcium on phospholipid adsorption and squeeze-out of phosphatidylglycerol from binary phospholipid monolayers containing dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1126:26-34
356. Yu S-H, Possmayer F (1992) Studies on surfactant-associated protein B-mediated adsorption of surfactant phospholipids. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:874 (abstr)
357. Yukitake K, Brown CL, Schlueter MA, Clements JA, Hawgood S (1995) Surfactant apoprotein A modifies the inhibitory effect of plasma proteins on surfactant activity in vivo. Pediatr Res 37:21-25
358. Zola EM, Gunkel JH, Chan RK, Lim MO, Knox I, Feldman BH, Denson SE, Stonestreet BS, Mitchell BR, Wyza MM, Bennett KJ, Gold AJ (1993) Comparison of three dosing procedures for administration of bovine surfactant to neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 122:453-459