Genetics of neural development in zebrafish

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 119-126

  Schier, Alexander F ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL SURVIVAL; GENE MUTATION; GENETICS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ZEBRA FISH;

EID: 0031051336     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(97)80129-8     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Nüsslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E. Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature. 287:1980;795-801.
2. Horvitz HR, Sternberg PW. Multiple intercellular signalling systems control the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva. Nature. 351:1991;535-541.
3. Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Haffter P, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Large-scale mutagenesis in the zebrafish: in search of genes controlling development in a vertebrate. Curr Biol. 4:1994;189-202.
4. Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Driever W. Efficient recovery of ENU-induced mutations from the zebrafish germline. Genetics. 136:1994;1401-1420.
5. Driever W, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Malicki J, Stemple DL, Stainier DYR, Zwartkruis F, Abdelilaha S, Rangini Z, et al. A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish. of special interest Development. 123:1996;37-46 See annotation [6].
6. Haffter P, Granato M, Brand M, Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Odenthal J, Van Eeden FJM, Jiang Y-J, Heisenberg C-P, et al. The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danilo rerio. of special interest Development. 123:1996;1-36 These two papers [5,6] summarize the results of the systematic genetic screens performed in Tübingen and Boston. More than 400 genes with specific mutant phenotypes have been identified. Statistical estimates indicate that the screens may have isolated up to 50% of the loci that can be identified in a morphological screen. The authors discuss how redundancy, semi-lethality, maternal effects and other factors may have limited the detection of genes with important functions.
7. Hatta K, Kimmel CB, Ho RK, Walker C. The cyclops mutation blocks specification of the floor plate of the zebrafish central nervous sytem. Nature. 350:1991;339-341.
8. Halpern ME, Ho RK, Walker C, Kimmel CB. Induction of muscle pioneers and floor plate is distinguished by the zebrafish no tail mutation. Cell. 75:1993;99-111.
9. Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Odenthal J, Brand M, Van Eeden FJM, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Haffter P, Heisenberg C-P, et al. Gene establishing dorsoventral pattern formation in the zebrafish embryo: the ventral specifying genes. of special interest Development. 123:1996;81-93 See annotation [10].
10. Hammerschmidt M, Pelegri F, Mullins MC, Kane DA, Van Eeden FJM, Granato M, Brand M, Furutani-Seiki M, Haffter P, Heisenberg C-P, et al. dino and mercedes, two genes regulating dorsal development in the zebrafish embryo. of special interest Development. 123:1996;95-102 Studies performed in amphibian embryos have indicated that the dorsal mesoderm (Spemann's organizer) induces and patterns the neuroectoderm, and dorsalizes the mesoderm by counteracting signals that promote ventral mesodermal and epidermal development. These two studies [9,10] describe the identification and first phenotypic analysis of zebrafish mutations that affect this process. Mutations in dino form less dorsal mesoderm and fewer neural structures, whereas swirl, somitabun, and snailhouse mutant embryos are dorsalized and have an expanded neuroectoderm.
11. Hammerschmidt M, Serbedzija GN, McMahon AP. Genetic analysis of dorsoventral pattern formation in the zebrafish: requirement of a BMP-like ventralizing activity and its dorsal repressor. of special interest Genes Dev. 10:1996;2452-2461 Molecular studies in amphibians have indicated that the antagonistic activities of bone morphogenetic protein BMP-4 (promoter of epidermis and ventral mesoderm), and chordin and noggin (promoters of neural fate and dorsal mesoderm) are involved in the early patterning of vertebrates. This study suggests that the zebrafish genes dino and swirl are components of this antagonistic pathway. Genetic mosaic studies indicate that dino is expressed on the dorsal side and non-autonomously blocks ventralizing signals. Blocking of BMP-4 signaling (by injecting noggin or dominant-negative BMP receptor constructs) can rescue dino mutant embryos and phenocopy the swirl mutant phenotype. Conversely, ectopic expression of BMP-4 phenocopies the dino mutant phenotype and partially rescues swirl mutants. Double mutants of dino and swirl resemble swirl mutants. These results suggest that, like chordin and noggin, dino acts in the production or transmission of activities counteracting swirl-dependent signals, such as BMP-4 on the ventral side.
12. Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Harvey M, Malicki J, Solnica-Krezel L, Stainier DYR, Zwartkruis F, Abdelilah S, Stemple DL, Rangini Z, et al. Mutations affecting the development of the embryonic zebrafish brain. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;165-178 Describes the phenotypic analysis of mutations affecting various aspects of brain development: the midbrain - hindbrain boundary region is affected in spiel ohne grenzen mutants; mind bomb mutants have supernumerary primary neurons (see also [19]); and mutations in one-eyed pinhead (Figure 1d), uncle freddy, cyclops and bozozok lead to cyclopedia and floor plate defects. Mutant analysis also suggests that a functional cardiovascular system is required for brain ventricle inflation.
13. Brand M, Heisenberg C-P, Jiang Y-J, Beuchle D, Lun K, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, Kane D, et al. Mutations in zebrafish genes affecting the formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;129-142 This detailed study describes the role of acerebellar and no isthmus in the formation of the midbrain - hindbrain boundary region. Whereas no isthmus is involved in the development of both prospective tectum and cerebellum, the effect of acerebellar is mostly restricted to the cerebellum. Molecular analysis indicates that no isthmus is a mutation in the pax-b locus, confirming and extending previous antibody injection experiments [51].
14. Heisenberg C-P, Brand M, Jiang Y-J, Warga RM, Beuchle D, Van Eeden FJM, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, et al. Genes involved in forebrain development in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;191-203 Describes mutations affecting forebrain development. Mutations in silberblick result in weak cyclopia, and embryos mutant for masterblind lack anterior forebrain structures, including telencephalon, eyes, anterior pituitary, and olfactory placodes (Figure 1b). Gene expression studies and transplantation experiments suggest that masterblind specifies the anterior forebrain and represses posterior forebrain fates. The masterblind gene has not yet been isolated, but pax-6 has been excluded as a possible candidate by linkage analysis.
15. Odenthal J, Haffter P, Vogelsang E, Brand M, Van Eeden FJM, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Hammerschmidt M, Heisenberg C-P, Jiang Y-J, et al. Mutations affecting the formation of the notochord in the zebrafish, Danio rario. Development. 123:1996;103-115.
16. Stemple DL, Solnica-Krezel L, Zwartkruis F, Neuhauss SCF, Schier AF, Malicki J, Stainier DYR, Abdelilah S, Rangini Z, Mountcastle-Shah E, Driever W. Mutations affecting development of the notorchord in zebrafish. Development. 123:1996;117-128.
17. Brand M, Heisenberg C-P, Warga R, Pelegri F, Karlstrom RO, Beuchle D, Picker A, Jiang Y-J, Furutani-Seiki M, Van Eeden FJM, et al. Mutations affecting development of the midline and general body shape during zebrafish embryogenesis. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;129-142 Ten genes are described that are required for floor plate development. Several of these mutations also affect the formation of somites, motor neurons, ventral brain regions, and ventral neurocranium (see also [18]). The common phenotypic features suggest that these genes act in the inductive function and maintenance of midline tissue.
18. Van Eeden FJM, Granato M, Schach U, Brand M, Furutani-Seiki M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, Heisenberg C-P, Jiang Y-J, Kane DA, et al. Mutations affecting somite formation and patterning in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;153-164 Contains a careful analysis of mutations affecting the development of muscle pioneers, a specialized cell group in the somites. Several of these genes also have defects in the formation of other structures thought to be induced by midline signaling pathways (see also [17]). The common phenotypes suggest a possible of these genes in Hh signaling pathways.
19. Jiang Y-J, Brand M, Heisenberg C-P, Beuchle D, Furutani-Seiki M, Kelsh RN, Warga RM, Granato M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, et al. Mutations affecting neurogenesis and brain morphology in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;205-216 Describes the phenotypic effects of mutations in mind bomb (mib; see [12]), here called white tail. Mutant embryos have supernumerary primary neurons, a phenotype that resembles neurogenic mutants in Drosophila and that mimics the effects of blocking the Notch/Delta pathway of lateral inhibition in Xenopus. Interestingly, the number of secondary neurons seems to be reduced in mib embryos, suggesting that primary neurons differentiate at the expense of secondary neurons. Mutants for mib are rather pleiotropic, affecting muscle development, pigmentation, and ear development, among other processes. This suggests that mib might be a general factor in multiple lateral inhibition of specification pathways.
20. Abdelilah S, Mountcastle-Shah E, Harvey M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Stemple DL, Malicki J, Neuhauss SCF, Zwartkruis F, Stainier DYR, et al. Mutations affecting neural survival in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of special interest Development. 123:1996;217-227 See annotation [21].
21. Furutani-Seiki M, Jiang Y-J, Brand M, Heisenberg C-P, Houart C, Beuchle D, Van Eeden FJM, Granato M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, et al. Neural degeneration mutants in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of special interest Development. 123:1996;229-239 Of several hundred mutations identified as leading to neural degeneration, more than 90 loci have been maintained and their analysis is described in two recent studies [20,21]. Most mutants initially display non-regionalized apoptosis of the nervous system. At later stages, cell death spreads to other regions of the embryo. A few mutations lead to more regionalized defects and, in some cases, may reflect underlying defects in the specification of neuronal cell types or regions. At the present level of analysis, it is unclear if most neural degeneration mutations affect neuronal survival factors, differentiation factors, or just reflect a general and early requirement for housekeeping genes in the function or maintenance of the nervous system. It will be one of the challenges of future research to develop and apply criteria to determine which of these mutants are of interest to neurobiologists.
22. Baier H, Klostermann S, Trowe T, Karlstrom RO, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Bonhoeffer F. Genetic dissection of the retinotectal projection. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;415-425 See annotation [24].
23. Karlstrom RO, Trowe T, Klostermann S, Baier H, Brand M, Crawford AD, Grunewald B, Haffter P, Hoffmann H, Meyer SU, et al. Zebrafish mutations affecting retinotectal axon pathfinding. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;427-438 See annotation [24].
24. Trowe T, Klostermann S, Baier H, Granato M, Crawford AD, Grunewald B, Hoffmann H, Karlstrom RO, Meyer SU, Muller B, et al. Mutations disrupting the ordering and topographic mapping of axons in the retinotectal projection of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. of outstanding interest Development. 123:1996;439-450 These three studies [22-24] describe the isolation and phenotypic analysis of mutations affecting retinotectal projections. To identify mutants, the authors developed an ingenious axon tracing assay using anterograde labeling with fluorescent dyes. They found mutations that disrupt discrete steps in the retinotectal pathway, including crossing of the midline, sorting of axons, and map formation on the tectum.
25. Solnica-Krezel L, Stemple DL, Mountcastle-Shah E, Rangini Z, Neuhauss SCF, Malicki J, Schier AF, Stainier DYR, Zwartkruis F, Abdelilah S, Driever W. Mutations affecting call fates and cellular rearrangements during gastrulation in zebrafish. Development. 123:1996;67-80.
26. Hammerschmidt M, Pelegri F, Mullins MC, Kane DA, Brand M, Van Eeden FJM, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Haffter P, Heisenberg C-P, et al. Mutations affecting morphogenesis during gasturation and tail formation in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development. 123:1996;143-151.
27. Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Helde KA, Talbot WS, Driever W. The one-eyed pinhead gene functions in mesoderm and endoderm formation in zebrafish and interacts with no tail. of special interest Development. 124:1997;327-342 A detailed phenotypic analysis of the one-eyed pinhead mutant reveals multiple roles during mesoderm, endoderm and ventral neuroectoderm formation. The prechordal plate does not form, and embryos are cyclopic, but display anteroposterior brain patterning. Double-mutant analysis indicates that one-eyed pinhead and no tail have partially overlapping functions during mesoderm formation.
28. Granato M, Van Eeden FJM, Schach U, Trowe T, Brand M, Furutani-Seiki M, Haffter P, Hammerschmidt M, Heisenberg C-P, Jiang Y-J, et al. Genes controlling and mediating locomotion behavior of the zebrafish embryo and larva. of special interest Development. 123:1996;399-413 Describes mutations identified in a screen for abnormal touch response behavior. The mutations affect muscle formation or neuronal development or function. Detailed phenotypic analysis indicates that the formation and elongation of motor neurons is disrupted by mutations in unplugged and diwanka.
29. Neuhauss SCF, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Zwartkruis F, Stemple DL, Malicki J, Abdelilah S, Stainier DYR, Driever W. Mutations affecting craniofacial development in zebrafish. Development. 123:1996;357-367.
30. Kimmel CB. Patterning the brain of the zebrafish embryo. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:1993;707-732.
31. Woo K, Fraser S. Order and Coherence in the fate map of the zebrafish nervous system. of outstanding interest Development. 121:1995;2595-2609 This detailed analysis of neural fate map domains in wild-type embryos at the beginning and end of gasturation provides the framework for a careful phenotypic analysis of neural mutants.
32. Shih J, Fraser SE. Characterizing the zebrafish organizer: microsurgical analysis at the early-shield stage. Development. 122:1996;1313-1322.
33. Ho RK. Cell movements and cell fate during zebrafish gastrulation. Development. 1992;65-73. suppl.
34. Kimmel GB. Genetics and early development of zebrafish. Trend Genet. 5:1989;283-288.
35. Driever W, Stemple D, Schier A, Solnica-Krezel L. Zebrafish: genetic tools for studying vertebrate development. Trends Genet. 10:1994;152-159.
36. Henion PD, Raible DW, Beattie CE, Stoesser KL, Weston JA, Eisen JS. Screen for mutations affecting development of zebrafish neural crest. of special interest Dev Genet. 18:1996;11-17 Describes the first results of a genetic screen using immunohistochemistry to identify neural crest mutants. This approach promises to efficiently identify subtle mutant phenotypes.
37. Moens CB, Yan Y-L, Appel B, Force A, Kimmel CB. valentino: a zebrafish gene required for normal hindbrain segmentation. of special interest Development. 122:1996;3981-3990 A careful analysis of the valentino phenotype shows that this gene is required for the development of hindbrain rhombomeres 5 and 6. The authors suggest that the mutant phenotype uncovers an intermediate stage of hindbrain development during which 'protosegments', the progenitor regions of two adjacent rhombomeres, are further subdivided into rhombomeres.
38. Brockerhoff SE, Hurley JB, Janssen BU, Neuhauss SC, Driever W, Dowling JE. A behavioral screen for isolating zebrafish mutants with visual system defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;10545-10549.
39. Lumsden A. The cellular basis of segmentation in the developing hindbrain. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;329-335.
40. Lumsden A, Krumlauf R. Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science. 274:1996;1109-1115.
41. Cordes SP, Barsh GS. The mouse segmentation gene kr encodes a novel basic domain-leucine zipper transcription factor. Cell. 79:1994;1025-1034.
42. McKay IJ, Muchamore I, Krumlauf R, Maden M, Lumsden A, Lewis J. The kreisler mouse: a hindbrain segmentation mutant that lacks two rhombomeres. Development. 120:1994;2199-2211.
43. Frohman MA, Martin GR, Cordes SP, Halamek LP, Barsh GS. Altered rhombomere-specific gene expression and hyoid bone differentiation in the mouse segmentation mutant, kreiser (kr). Development. 117:1993;925-936.
44. Crossley PH, Martinez S, Martin GR, Midbrain development, induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature. 380:1996;66-68.
45. Joyner AL. Engrailed, wnt and pax genes regulate midbrain-hindbrain development. Trends Genet. 12:1996;15-20.
46. Chalepakis G, Stoykova A, Wijnholds J, Tremblay P, Gruss P. Pax: gene regulators in the developing nervous system. J Neurobiol. 24:1993;1367-1384.
47. Urbanek P, Wang ZQ, Fetka I, Wagner EF, Busslinger M. Complete block of early B cell differentiation and altered patterning of the posterior mildbrain in mice lacking Pax5/BSAP. Cell. 79:1994;901-912.
48. Torres M, Gomez-Pardo E, Dressler GR, Gruss P. Pax-2 controls multiple steps of urogenital development. Development. 121:1995;4057-4065.
49. Song DL, Chalepakis G, Gruss P, Joyner AL. Two Pax-binding sites are required for early embryonic brain expression of an Engrailed-2 transgene. Development. 122:1996;627-635.
50. Danielian PS, McMahon AP. Engrailed-1 as a target of the wnt-1 signaling pathway in vertebrate midbrain development. Nature. 383:1996;332-334.
51. Krauss S, Maden M, Holder N, Wilson SW. Zebrafish pax[b] is involved in the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Nature. 360:1992;87-89.
52. Ingham PW. Signalling by hedgehog family proteins in Drosophila and vertebrate development. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 5:1995;492-498.
53. Chiang C, Litingtung Y, Lee E, Young KE, Corden JL, Westphal H, Beachy PA. Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking sonic hedgehog gene function. of outstanding interest Nature. 383:1996;407-413 Disruption of the sonic hedgehog gene in mouse directly demonstrates the requirement for this signaling molecule in somite patterning and induction of ventral neuroectoderm. The cyclopic phenotype associated with this mutation suggests that the large collection of cyclopic mutations in zebrafish might define genes involved in the establishment, transmission or execution of Hedgehog signaling.
54. Talbot WS, Trevarrow B, Halpern ME, Melby AE, Farr G, Postlethwait JH, Jowett T, Kimmel CB, Kimelman D. A homeobox gene essential for zebrafish notochord development. of special interest Nature. 378:1995;150-157 See annotation [56].
55. Halpern ME, Thisse C, Ho RK, Thisse B, Riggleman B, Trevarrow B, Weinberg ES, Postlethwait JH, Kimmel CB. Cell-autonomous shift from axial to paraxial mesodermal development in zebrafish floating head mutants. of special interest Development. 121:1995;4257-4264 See annotation [56].
56. Melby AE, Warga RM, Kimmel CB. Specification of cell fates at the dorsal margin of the zebrafish gastrula. of special interest Development. 122:1996;2225-2237 These three studies [54-56] describe the cloning, expression [54] and sophisticated phenotypic analysis [55,56] of floating head, the zebrafish homologue of the Xenopus homeobox gene Xnot. The floating head gene appears to be a developmental switch, promoting notochord formation and repressing muscle development.
57. Macdonald R, Barth KA, Xu Q, Holder N, Mikkola I, Wilson SW. Midline signalling is required for Pax gene regulation and patterning of the eyes. of special interest Development. 121:1995;3267-3278 See annotation [62].
58. Ekker SC, Ungar AR, Greenstein P, Von Kessler DP, Porter JA, Moon RT, Beachy PA. Patterning activities of vertebrate hedgehog proteins in the developing eye and brain. of special interest Curr Biol. 5:1995;944-955 See annotation [62].
59. Barth KA, Wilson SW. Expression of zebrafish nk2.2 is influenced by sonic hedgehog/vertebrate hedgehog-1 and demarcates a zone of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic forebrain. of special interest Development. 121:1995;1755-1768 See annotation [62].
60. Hammerschmidt M, Bitgood MJ, McMahon AP. Protein kinase A is a common negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the vertebrate embryo. of special interest Genes Dev. 10:1996;647-658 See annotation [62].
61. Currie PD, Ingham PW. Induction of a specific muscle cell type by a hedgehog-like protein in zebrafish. of special interest Nature. 382:1996;452-455 See annotation [62].
62. Weinberg ES, Allende ML, Kelly CS, Abdelhamid A, Murakami T, Andermann P, Doerre OG, Grunwald DJ, Riggleman B. Developmental regulation of zebrafish MyoD in wild-type, no tail and spadetail embryos. of special interest Development. 122:1996;271-280 This six papers [57-62] establish a role for Hh signaling in the patterning of the eye [57,58,60], forebrain [59] and somitic muscles [60-62] in zebrafish.
63. Holt CE, Harris WA. Position, guidance, and mapping in the developing visual system. J Neurobiol. 24:1993;1400-1422.
64. Postlethwait JH, Johnson SL, Midson CN, Talbot WS, Gates M, Ballinger EW, Africa D, Andrews R, Carl T, Eisen JS, et al. A genetic linkage map for the zebrafish. Science. 264:1994;699-703.
65. Knapik EW, Goodman A, Atkinson OS, Roberts CT, Shiozawa M, Sim CU, Weksler-Zangen S, Trolliet MR, Futrell C, Innes BA, et al. A reference cross DNA panel for zebrafish (Danio rerio) anchored with simple sequence length polymorphisms. Development. 123:1996;451-460.
66. Schulte-Merker S, Vam Eeden FJM, Halpern ME, Kimmel CB, Nüsslein-Volhard C. No Tail (Ntl) is the zebrafish homologue of the mouse T (Brachyury) gene. Development. 120:1994;1009-1015.
67. Michelmore RW, Paran I, Kesseli RV. Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;9828-9832.
68. Williams JG, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1990;6531-6535.
69. Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, Van de Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. of special interest Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1995;4407-4414 Two recent studies [68,69] describe powerful DNA fingerprinting techniques (RAPD and AFLP) to identify closely linked markers for positional cloning. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) technique relies on the amplification of fragments using 10mer primers of arbitrary sequence. A single RAPD primer amplifiers multiple fragments (markers) that are polymorphic in different strains. Linked markers amplify in wild type but not in mutant embryos or vice versa. The AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) techniques relies on the selective amplification of restriction fragments from a total digest of mutant and wild-type genomic DNA pools. Selective amplification is based on the use of primers that extend into the restriction fragments that are ligated to oligonucleotide adapters. Restriction length polymorphisms are amplified differentially, identifying linked markers. Using the AFLP and RAPD techniques, thousands of loci scattered throughout the genome can be assayed efficiently.
70. Gaiano N, Amsterdam A, Kawakami K, Allende M, Becker T, Hopkins N. Insertion mutagenesis and rapid cloning of essential genes in zebrafish. of outstanding interest Nature. 382:1996;829-832 Describing the isolation and cloning of insertional mutations in zebrafish. Pseudotyped viruses were to isolate 217 proviral insertions, three of which displayed mutant phenotypes. Two of the disrupted genes were cloned. One insertion affects pharyngeal arch development and disrupts a homologue of clipper, a Drosophila zinc finger containing gene. Improving the efficiency of insertional mutagenesis will facilitate the cloning of zebrafish mutations.
71. Schier AF, Joyner AL, Lehmann R, Talbot WS. From screens to genes: prospects for insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 10:1996;3077-3080.