The role of pulmonary surfactant in obstructive airways disease

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 482-491

  Hohlfeld, J ^a   Fabel, H ^a   Hamm, H ^b  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

airway obstruction; airway resistance; asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; pulmonary surfactant; surfactant dysfunction

Indexed keywords

AMBROXOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; LUNG SURFACTANT; THEOPHYLLINE;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; AIRWAY RESISTANCE; BRONCHOSPASM; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AIRWAY RESISTANCE; BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE; PULMONARY SURFACTANTS; SMOKING;

EID: 0031048168     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.97.10020482     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. von Neergard K. Neue Auffassungen über einen Begriff der Atemmechanik: die Retraktionskraft der Lunge, abhängig von der Oberflächenspannung der Alveolen. Z Ges Exp Med 1929; 66: 373-381.
2. Avery ME, Mead J. Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Am J Dis Child 1959; 97: 517-523.
3. Hamm H, Kroegel C, Hohlfeld J. Surfactant: a review of its functions and relevance in adult respiratory disorders. Respir Med 1996; 90: 251-270.
4. Günther A, Siebert C, Schmidt R, et al. Surfactant alterations in severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiogenic lung edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153 (1): 176-184.
5. van de Graaf EA, Jansen HM, Lutter R, et al. Surfactant protein A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120: 252-263.
6. doCampo JL, Bertranou EG, Casellas A, Bonatto P, Battellini R. Pulmonary surfactant post cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141 (Suppl): A512.
7. McGowan FX Jr, Ikegami M, del Nido PJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass significantly reduces surfactant activity in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106 (6): 968-977.
8. Bos JAH, Lachmann B. Effects of artificial ventilation on surfactant function. In: Rügheimer E, ed. New Aspects on Respiratory Failure. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer, 1992; pp. 194-208.
9. Hohlfeld J, Tschorn H, Tiryaki E, et al. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) alterations in bronchoalveolar lavage of lung transplant patients. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol 1995; 5 (Suppl. 3): 59-61.
10. Kurashima K, Ogawa H, Ohka T, Fujimura M, Matsuda T, Kobayashi T. A pilot study of surfactant inhalation in the treatment of asthmatic attack. Aerugi (Jpn J Allergol) 1991; 40 (2): 160-163.
11. Gregory TJ, Gadek JE, Weiland JE, et al. Survanta supplementation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149 (4/2); A567.
12. Walmrath D, Günther A, Ghofrani HA, et al. Bronchoscopic surfactant administration in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 57-62.
13. Hamm H, Fabel H, Bartsch W. The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives. Clin Invest 1992; 70: 637-657.
14. Mason RJ. Surfactant synthesis, secretion, and function in alveoli and small airways. Respiration 1987; 51 (Suppl. 1): 3-9.
15. Auten RL, Watkins RH, Shapiro DL, Horowitz S. Surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A) is synthetized in airway cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3: 491-496.
16. Crouch E, Rust K, Marienchek W, Parghi D, Chang D, Persson A. Developmental expression of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5: 13-18.
17. Wohlford-Lenane CL, Snyder JM. Localization of surfactant-associated proteins SP-A and SP-B mRNA in rabbit fetal tissue by in situ hybridization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7: 335-343.
18. van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ, Robertson B. The pulmonary surfactant system: biochemical aspects and functional significance. Physiol Rev 1988; 68: 374-455.
19. Dobbs LG. Pulmonary surfactant. Annu Rev Med 1989; 40: 431-446.
20. Rich EA. Pulmonary surfactant as a physiologic immunosuppressive agent. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116: 4-5.
21. Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG. Synthesis and assembly of lung surfactant. Annu Rev Physiol 1991; 53: 441-464.
22. Pettenazzo A, Jobe A, Humme J, Seidner S, Ikegami M. Clearance of surfactant phosphatidylcholine via the upper airways in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 2151-2155.
23. Gil J, Weibel ER. Extracellular lining of bronchioles after perfusion-fixation of rat lungs for electron microscopy. Anat Rec 1971; 169: 185-200.
24. Yoneda K. Mucus blanket of rat bronchus: an ultrastructural study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114: 837-842.
25. Bernhard W, von der Hardt H. Bronchiolar surfactant: phospholipid classes and phosphatidylcholine molecular species as indicators of its alveolar origin. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol 1995; 5 (Suppl 3): 6-7.
26. Schürch S, Gehr P, Im Hof V, Geiser M, Green F. Surfactant displaces particles toward the epithelium in airways and alveoli. Respir Physiol 1990; 80 (1): 17-32.
27. Schürch S, Goerke J, Clements JA. Direct determination of surface tension in the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 4698-4702.
28. Schürch S, Bachofen H, Weibel ER. Alveolar surface tensions in excised rabbit lungs: effect of temperature. Respir Physiol 1985; 62: 31-45.
29. Lee MM, Schürch S, Roth SH, et al. Effects of acid aerosol exposure on the surface properties of airway mucus. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21: 835-851.
30. Barrow RE. Chemical structure of phospholipids in the lungs and airways of sheep. Respir Physiol 1990; 79 (1): 1-8.
31. Girod S, Fuchey C, Galabert C, et al. Identification of phospholipids in secretory granules of human submucosal gland respiratory cells. J Histochem Cytochem 1991; 39: 193-198.
32. Macklem PT, Proctor DF, Hogg JC. The stability of peripheral airways. Respir Physiol 1970; 8: 191-203.
33. Otis DR, Johnson M, Pedley TJ, Kamm RD. Role of pulmonary surfactant in airway closure: a computational study. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75: 1323-1333.
34. Kamm RD, Schroter RC. Is airway closure caused by a liquid film instability? Respir Physiol 1989; 75 (2): 141-156.
35. Gaver DP, Samsel RW, Solway J. Effects of surface tension and viscosity on airway reopening. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 74-85.
36. Halpern D, Grotberg JB. Surfactant effects on fluid-elastic instabilities of liquid-lined flexible tubes: a model of airway closure. J Biomech Eng 1993; 115 (3): 271-277.
37. Liu M, Wang L, Li E, Enhorning G. Pulmonary surfactant will secure free airflow through a narrow tube. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 742-748.
38. Enhorning G, Holm BA. Disruption of pulmonary surfactant's ability to maintain openness of a narrow tube. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74 (6): 2922-2927.
39. Bredenberg CE, Paskanik AM, Nieman GF. High surface tension pulmonary edema. J Surg Res 1983; 34: 515-523.
40. Morgenroth K, Bolz J. Morphological features of the interaction between mucus and surfactant in the bronchial mucosa. Respiration 1985; 47: 225-231.
41. Gehr P, Geiser M, Im Hof V, Schürch S, Waber U, Baumann M. Surfactant and inhaled particles in the conducting airways: structural, stereological, and biophysical aspects. Microsc Res Tech 1993; 26 (5): 423-436.
42. De Sanctis GT, Tomkiewicz RP, Rubin BK, Schürch S, King M. Exogenous surfactant enhances mucociliary clearance in the anaesthetized dog. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1616-1621.
43. Rensch H, von Seefeld G, Gebhardt VF, Renzow D, Sell PJ. Stop and go particle transport in the peripheral airways? Respiration 1983; 44: 346-350.
44. Kakuta Y, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Effect of artificial surfactant on ciliary beat frequency in guinea-pig trachea. Respir Physiol 1991; 83: 313-322.
45. Catanzaro A, Richman P, Batcher S, Hallman M. Immunomodulation by pulmonary surfactant. J Lab Clin Med 1988; 112: 727-734.
46. Richman PS, Batcher S, Catanzaro A. Pulmonary surfactant suppresses the immune lung injury response to inhaled antigen in guinea-pigs. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116 (1): 18-26.
47. van Iwaarden JF. Surfactant and the pulmonary defense system. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ, eds. Pulmonary surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo, Elsevier, 1992; 215-227.
48. Tenner AJ, Robinson SL, Borchelt J, Wright JR. Human pulmonary surfactant protein (SP-A), a protein structurally homologous to Clq, can enhance FcR- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 13923-13928.
49. van Iwaarden F. Welmers B, Verhoef J, Haagsman HP, van Golde LMG. Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2: 91-98.
50. Benne CA, Kraaijeveld CA, van Strijp JA, et al. Interactions of pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) with influenza A viruses: binding and neutralization. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 335-341.
51. Malhotra R, Haurum J, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Sims RB. Pollen grains bind to lung alveolar type II cells (A549) via lung surfactant protein A (SP-A). Biosci Rep 1993; 13: 79-90.
52. Wilsher ML, Parker DJ, Haslam PL. Immunosuppression by pulmonary surfactant: mechanisms of action. Thorax 1990; 45: 3-8.
53. Roth MD, Pinto M, Golub SH, Shau H. Pulmonary surfactant inhibits interleukin-2 induced proliferation and the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 652-658.
54. Borron P, Veldhuizen RAW, Lewis JF, et al. Surfactant associated protein-A inhibits human lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15: 115-121.
55. Hills BA. Asthma: is there an airway receptor barrier? Thorax 1996; 51: 773-776.
56. Bergmann J, Schnitzler S, Seidel M, Lachmann B. Suppression of angiotensin II-induced contraction of the isolated guinea-pig ileum by alveolar surfactants. Z Erkr Atmorg 1977; 149: 328-330.
57. Hohlfeld J, Molthan J, Hoymann HG, Fabel H, Heinrich U. Aerosolized surfactant inhibits acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction in rats in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149 (4/2): A97.
58. Hohlfeld J, Molthan J, Hoymann HG, Fabel H, Heinrich U. Der Effekt von inhaliertem Terbutalin auf die Acetylcholin-induzierte Bronchokonstriktion wird durch vernebeltes Surfactant nicht verstärkt. Pneumologie 1994; 48 (Suppl. 2): 623.
59. So KL, Gommers D, Lachmann B. Bronchoalveolar surfactant and intratracheal adrenaline. Lancet 1993; 341: 120-121.
60. Wiggs BR, Bosken C, Paré PD, James A, Hogg JC. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1251-1258.
61. Brusasco V, Pellegrino R, Violante B, Crimi E. Relationship between quasi-static pulmonary hysteresis and maximal airway narrowing in humans. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 2075-2080.
62. Yager D, Kamm RD, Drazen JM. Airway wall liquid: sources and role as an amplifier of bronchoconstriction. Chest 1995; 107 (Suppl. 3): 105S-110S.
63. Yager D, Butler JP, Bastacky J, Israel E, Smith G, Drazen J. Amplification of airway constriction due to liquid filling of airway interstices. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 2873-2884.
64. Persson CGA. Airway microcirculation, oedema and exudation. Eur Respir Rev 1995; 5 (29): 195-201.
65. Ikegami M, Jobe A, Jacobs H, Lam R. A protein from airways of premature lambs that inhibits surfactant function. J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 1984; 57: 1134-1142.
66. Seeger W, Stohr G, Wolf HRD, Neuhof H. Alteration of surfactant function due to protein leakage: special interaction with fibrin monomer. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 326-338.
67. Fuchimukai T, Fujiwara T, Takahashi A, Enhorning G. Artificial pulmonary surfactant inhibited by proteins. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 429-437.
68. Enhorning B, Duffy LC, Welliver RC. Pulmonary surfactant maintains patency of conducting airways in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 554-556.
69. Postle AD. Lung surfactants and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 1030-1033.
70. Liu M, Wang L, Enhorning G. Surfactant dysfunction develops when the immunized guinea-pig is challenged with ovalbumin aerosol. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 1053-1060.
71. Lemarchand P, Chinet T, Collignon MA, Urzua G, Barritault L, Huchon GJ. Bronchial clearance of DTPA is increased in acute asthma but not in chronic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 147-152.
72. Becher G. Lung surfactant prevents allergic bronchial constriction in ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs. Biomed Biochim Acta 1985; 44: K57-K61.
73. Lachmann B, Becher G. Protective effect of lung surfactant on allergic bronchial constriction in guinea-pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133 (Suppl.): A118.
74. Liu M, Wang L, Li E, Enhorning G. Pulmonary surfactant given prophylactically alleviates an asthma attack in guinea-pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26: 270-275.
75. Veldhuizen RA, Hearn SA, Lewis JF, Possmayer F. Surface area cycling of different surfactant preparations: SP-A and SP-B are essential for large-aggregate integrity. Biochem J 1994; 300: 519-524.
76. Broide DH, Lotz M, Cuomo AJ, Coburn DA, Federman EC, Wasserman SI. Cytokines in symptomatic asthma airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 958-967.
77. Osborn L, Kunkel S, Nabel GJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2336-2340.
78. Siebenlist U, Franzoso G, Brown K. Structure, regulation and function of NF-kappa B. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1994; 10: 405-455.
79. Antal JM, Divis LT, Erzurum SC, Wiedemann HP, Thomassen MJ. Surfactant suppresses NF-κB activation in human monocytic cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14: 374-379.
80. Bachofen H, Hildebrandt J, Bachofen M. Pressure-volume curves of air- and liquid-filled excised lungs: surface tension in situ. J Appl Physiol 1970; 29: 422-431.
81. Wilson TA, Bachofen H. A model for mechanical structure of the alveolar duct. J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 1982; 52: 1064-1070.
82. Hyatt RE, Rodarte JR, Wilson TA, Lambert RK. Mechanisms of expiratory flow limitation. Ann Biomed Eng 1981; 9: 489-499.
83. Wirtz HR, Dobbs LG. Calcium mobilization and exocytosis after one mechanical stretch of lung epithelial cells. Science 1990; 250 (4985): 1266-1269.
84. Froese AB, McCulloch PR, Sugiura M, Vaclavik S, Possmayer F, Moller F. Optimizing alveolar expansion prolongs the effectiveness of exogenous surfactant therapy in the adult rabbit. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148 (3): 569-577.
85. Wirtz H, Schmidt M. Ventilation and secretion of pulmonary surfactant. Clin Invest 1992; 70: 3-13.
86. Wright JR, Clements JA. Metabolism and turnover of lung surfactant. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 426-444.
87. Mason RJ. Surfactant secretion. In: Robertson B, van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ, eds Pulmonary Surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo, Elsevier, 1992; 295-312.
88. Nicholas TE, Power JH, Barr HA. Surfactant homeostasis in the rat lung during swimming exercise. J Appl Physiol: Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 1982; 53: 314-324.
89. Finley TN, Ladman AJ. Low yield of pulmonary surfactant in cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 223-227.
90. Low RB, Davis GS, Giancola MS. Biochemical analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy human volunteer smokers and nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 863-875.
91. Hughes DA, Haslam PL. Effect of smoking on the lipid composition of the lung lining fluid and relationship between immunostimulatory lipids, inflammatory cells and foamy macrophages in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 1128-1139.
92. Lusuardi M, Capelli A, Carli S, Tacconi MT, Salmona M, Donner CF. Role of surfactant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: therapeutic implications. Respiration 1992; 59 (Suppl. 1): 28-32.
93. Schmekel B, Bos JA, Khan AR, Wohlfart B, Lachmann B, Wollmer P. Integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier and alveolar surfactant system in smokers. Thorax 1992; 47: 603-608.
94. Mancini NM, Bene MC, Gerard H, et al. Early effects of short-time cigarette smoking on the human lung: a study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Lung 1993; 171 (5): 277-291.
95. Higenbottam T. Lung lipids and disease. Respiration 1989; 55 (Suppl. 1): 14-27.
96. Oetomo SB, Dorrepaal C, Bos H, et al. Surfactant nebulization does not alter airflow obstruction and bronchial responsiveness to histamine in asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1148-1152.
97. Wirtz H, Habscheid W, Ertl G, Schmidt M, Kochsiek K. Exogenous surfactant application in respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 1995; 62: 157-159.
98. Svedmyr N. Adrenergic beta agonists and corticosteroids in obstructive lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 1995; 5 (31): 339-346.
99. Brown LAS, Longmore WJ. Adrenergic and cholinergic regulation of lung surfactant secretion in the isolated perfused lung and in the alveolar type II cell in culture. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 66-72.
100. Dobbs LG, Mason RJ. Pulmonary alveolar type II cells isolated from rats; release of phosphatidylcholine in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 378-387.
101. Mettler NR, Gray ME, Schuffman S, LeQuire VS. Beta-adrenergic induced synthesis and secretion of phosphatidylcholine by isolated alveolar type II cells. Lab Invest 1981; 45: 575-586.
102. Fisher AB, Dodia C, Chander A. Secretagogues for lung surfactant increase lung uptake of alveolar phospholipids. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: L248-L252.
103. Bergman B. Beta-mimetics and the preterm neonatal lung. Acta Physiol Scand 1981; 113 (Suppl.): 1-52.
104. van Golde LMG. Synthesis of surfactant lipids in the adult lung. Annu Rev Physiol 1985; 47: 765-774.
105. Pope TS, Smart DA, Rooney SA. Hormonal effects on fatty-acid synthase in cultured fetal rat lung; induction by dexamethasone and inhibition of activity by triiodothyronine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 959: 169-177.
106. Young SL, Silbajoris R. Dexamethasone increases adult rat lung surfactant lipids. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 1665-1672.
107. Young SL, Ho YS, Silbajoris RA. Surfactant apoprotein in adult rat lung compartments is increased by dexamethasone. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: 161-167.
108. Gross NJ, Skorodin MS. Role of parasympathetic system in airway obstruction due to emphysema. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 421-425.
109. Barnes PJ. Neural control of human airways in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1289-1314.
110. Corbet AJS, Flax P, Rudolph AJ. Reduced surface tension in lungs of fetal rabbits injected with pilocarpine. J Appl Physiol 1976; 41: 7-14.
111. Massaro D, Clerch L, Massaro GD. Surfactant secretion: evidence that cholinergic stimulation of secretion is indirect. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: C39-C49.
112. Jaffar ZH, Sullivan P, Page C, Costello J. Low-dose theophylline modulates T-lymphocyte activation in allergen-challenged asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 456-462.
113. Pedersen B, Dahl R, Karlström R, Peterson CGB, Venge P. Eosinophil and neutrophil activity in asthma in a one-year trial with inhaled budesonide: the impact of smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1519-1529.
114. Ekelund L, Burgoyne R, Brymer D, Enhorning G. Pulmonary surfactant release in fetal rabbits as affected by terbutaline and aminophylline. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1981; 41: 237-245.
115. Corbet AJ, Flax P, Alston C, Rudolph AJ. Effect of aminophylline and dexamethasone on secretion of pulmonary surfactant in fetal rabbits. Pediatr Res 1978; 12: 797-799.
116. Post M, Batenburg JJ, Schuurmans EAJM, Odenborg V, van der Molen AJ, van Golde LMG. The perfused rat lung as a model for studies on the formation of surfactant and the effect of ambroxol on this process. Lung 1983; 161: 349-359.
117. Zavattini G, Leproux GB, Daniotti S. Ambroxol. In: Braga PC, Allegra L, eds. Drugs in Bronchial Mucology. New York, Raven Press, 1989: pp. 263-291.
118. Bottino S, De Micheli C, Arosio P, Marini MG, Pierfederici P. Profilassi della RDS neonatale in gestanti con ipertensione. Neonatologica 1989; (Suppl.): 20-23.
119. Oetomo SB, Lewis J, Ikegami M, Jobe AH. Surfactant treatments alter endogenous surfactant metabolism in rabbit lungs. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1590-1596.