Iron management in end-stage renal disease

American Journal of Kidney Diseases

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 319-333

  Fishbane, Steven ^a   Maesaka, John K ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

anemia; erythropoietin; hemodialysis; Iron deficiency

Indexed keywords

FERRITIN; FERROUS GLUCONATE; HEMOGLOBIN; IRON; IRON DEXTRAN; IRON SACCHARATE; PROTOPORPHYRIN ZINC; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; TRANSFERRIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR;

ANEMIA; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON METABOLISM; IRON STORAGE; IRON THERAPY; KIDNEY FAILURE; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; REVIEW;

EID: 0031044128     PISSN: 02726386     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(97)90192-X     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Eschbach JW, Haley NR, Egrie JC, Adamson JW: A comparison of the responses to recombinant human erythropoietin in normal and uremic subjects. Kidney Int 43:407-416, 1992
2. Eschbach JW, Kelly MR, Haley NR, Abels RI, Adamson JW: Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 321:158-163, 1989
3. Eschbach JW, Downing MR, Egrie JC, Browne JK, Adamson JW: USA multicenter clinical trial with recombinant human erythropoietin. Contrib Nephrol 76:160-165, 1989
4. Powe NR, Griffiths RI, Greer JW, Watson AJ, Anderson GF, De Lissovoy G, Herbert RJ, Eggers PW, Milam RA, Whelton PK: Early dosing practices and effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 43:1125-1133, 1993
5. Macdougall IC, Coles GA, Williams JD: Inhibition of a response to erythropoietin in the presence of infection or malignancy. Erythropoiesis 3:29-30, 1992
6. Muirhead N, Hodsman AB: Occult infection and resis-tance of anemia to rHuEPO therapy in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5:232-234, 1990
7. Rao DS, Shih MS, Mohini R: Effect of serum parathyroid hormone and bone marrow fibrosis on the response to erythropoietin in uremia. N Engl J Med 328:171-175, 1993
8. Macdougall IC: Poor response to erythropoietin should be fully investigated and treated. Br Med J 310:1424-1425, 1995
9. Ifudu O, Feldman J, Friedman EA: The intensity of hemodialysis and the response to erythropoietin in patients with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 334:420-425, 1996
10. Eschbach JW, Adamson JW: Recombinant human erythropoietin: Implications for nephrology. Am J Kidney Dis 11:203-209, 1989
11. Sunder-Plassman G, Horl WH: Importance of iron supply for erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:2070-2076, 1995
12. Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK, Delano BG, Downing MR, Egrie JC, Evans RW, Friedman EA, Graber SE, Haley NR: Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease: Results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 111:992-1000, 1989
13. Macdougall IC, Hutton RD, Cavill I, Coles GA, Williams JD: Poor response to treatment of renal anemia with erythropoietin corrected by iron given intravenously. Br Med 1299:157-158, 1989
14. Tsobanelis T, Hoppe D, Scigalla P, Grutzmacher P: Optimierte behandlung der renalen anamie mit kombinierter intravenoser eisen und ultra low dose erythropoietin substitution. Nieren-Hochdruckkrankh 20:454, 1991 (abstr)
15. Allegra V, Mangozzi G, Vasile a. iron deficiency in maintenance hemodialysis patients: Assessment of diagnostic criteria and of three different iron treatments. Nephron 57:175-182, 1991
16. Van Wyck DB, Stivelman JC, Ruiz J, Kirlin LF, Katz MA, Ogden DA: Iron status in patients receiving erythropoietin for dialysis-associated anemia. Kidney Int 35:712-716, 1989
17. London I: Iron and Heme: Crucial Carriers and Catalysts, in Wintrobe MM (ed): Blood, Pure and Eloquent. New York, NY, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1980
18. Granick S: Iron metabolism. Bull NY Acad Med 30:81, 1954, in Trace Elements. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1958
19. Granick S: Iron metabolism. Bull NY Acad Med 30:81, 1954, in Trace Elements. New York, NY, Academic Press, 1958
20. Emery T: Iron metabolism in humans and plants. Am Sci 70:626-631, 1982
21. Fairbanks VF, Beutler E: Iron metabolism, in Williams Hematology (ed 5). New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp 369-380
22. Bridges KR, Seligman PA: Disorders of iron metabolism, in Handlin RJ, Lux SE, Stossel TP (eds): Blood: Principles and Practice of Hematology. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1995, pp 1433-1435
23. Cavill I: Diagnostic methods. Clin Haematol 11:259-273, 1982
24. Huebers HA, Finch CA: The physiology of transferrin and transferrin receptors. Physiol Rev 67:520-582, 1987
25. Skikne BS, Flowers CH, Cook JD: Serum transferrin receptor: A quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency. Blood 75:1870-1876, 1990
26. Pennington JA, Young BE, Wilson DB, Johnson RD, Vanderveen JE: Mineral content of foods and total diets: The selected minerals in food survey, 1982 to 1984. J Am Diet Assoc 86:876-891, 1986
27. Schiffer LM, Price DC, Cronkite EP: Iron absorption and anemia. J Lab Clin Med 65:316, 1965
28. Murray MJ, Stein N: The integrity of the stomach as a requirement for maximal iron absorption. J Lab Clin Med 70:673-677, 1967
29. Golubov J, Flanagan P, Adams P: Inhibition of iron absorption by omeprozole in a rat model. Dig Dis Sci 36:405-408, 1991
30. Hunt JR, Mullen LM, Lykken GI, Gallagher SK, Nielsaon FH: Ascorbic acid: Effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women. Am J Clin Nutr 51:649-655, 1990
31. Hallberg L: Bioavailability of dietary iron in man. Annu Rev Nutr 1:123-147, 1981
32. Skikne BS, Cook JD: Effect of enhanced erythropoiesis on iron absorption. J Lab Clin Med 120:746-751, 1992
33. Hartman RS, Conrad ME Jr, Hartman RE: Ferritin-containing bodies in human small intestinal epithelium. Blood 22:397, 1963
34. Huebers H, Huebers E, Rummel W, Crichton RR: Isolation and characterization of iron binding proteins from rat intestinal mucosa. Eur J Biochem 66:447-455, 1976
35. Akmal M, Sawelson S, Karubian F, Gadallah M: The prevalence and significance of occult blood loss in patients with predialysis advanced chronic renal failure, or receiving dialytic therapy. Clin Nephrol 42:198-202, 1994
36. Cavill I, Macdougall IC: Erythropoiesis and iron supply in patients treated with erythropoietin. Erythropoiesis 3:50-55, 1992
37. Means RT, Krantz SB: Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 80:1639-1647, 1992
38. Eschbach JW, Egrie JC, Downing MR, Browne JK, Adamson JW: Correction of the anemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 316:73-78, 1987
39. Milman N: Iron therapy in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Acta Med Scand 200:315-319, 1976
40. Eschbach JW, Cook JD, Finch CA: Iron absorption in chronic renal disease. Clin Sci 38:191-196, 1970
41. Kooistra MP, van Es A, Struyvenberg A, Marx JJM: Low iron absorption in erythropoietin-treated hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:543, 1995 (abstr)
42. Donnelly SM, Posen GA, Ali MA: Oral iron absorption in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin. Clin Invest Med 14:271-276, 1991
43. Valanis B: Epidemiology in nursing and health care. Norwalk, CT, Appleton & Lange, 1992, pp 333-340
44. Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA: A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. N Engl J Med 290:1213-1216, 1974
45. Finch CA, Bellotti V, Stray S, Lipschitz DA: Plasma ferritin determination as a diagnostic tool. West J Med 145:657-663, 1986
46. Konijn AM, Hershko C: Ferritin synthesis in inflammation: Pathogenesis of impaired iron release. Br J Haematol 37:7-16, 1977
47. Hazard JT, Drysdale JW: Ferritinaemia in cancer. Nature 265:755-756, 1977
48. Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, DuBard MB: Effect of smoking on plasma ferritin concentrations in pregnancy. Clin Chem 41:1190-1191, 1995
49. Ali M, Rigolosi R, Fayemi AO, Braun EV, Frascino J, Singer R: Failure of serum ferritin levels to predict bonemarrow iron content after intravenous iron-dextran therapy. Lancet 1:652-655, 1982
50. Jacobs A, Worwood J: Ferritin in serum. N Engl J Med 292:951-956, 1975
51. Allegra V, Mengozzi G, Vasile A: Iron deficiency in maintenance hemodialysis patients: Assessment of diagnosis criteria and of three different iron treatments. Nephron 57:175-182, 1991
52. Barth RH, Aboul-Magd A, Goldwasser P: Response to iron dextran therapy is not precluded by high serum ferritin. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:519, 1995 (abstr)
53. Tarng DC, Chen TW, Huang TP: Iron metabolism indices for early prediction of the response and resistance to erythropoietin therapy in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 15:230-237, 1995
54. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Hoffken B, Wunsch H, Fink H, Kleiner M, Luft FC: Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in renal fialure patients during the post-erythropoietin era. Am J Kidney Dis 26:292-299, 1995
55. Fishbane S, Imbriano LJ, Kowalski EA, Maesaka JK: The evaluation of iron status in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2654-2657, 1996
56. Dallman PR: Diagnosis of anemia and iron deficiency: Analytic and biologic variations of laboratory tests. Am J Clin Nutr 39:937-941, 1984
57. Shatland BE, Winkel P, Bokeland H: Variation of serum iron concentration in young healthy men: Within day and day to day changes. Clin Biochem 9:26-31, 1976
58. Cavil I: Diagnostic methods. Clin Hematol 11:259-273, 1982
59. Rosenberg ME: Role of transferrin measurement in monitoring iron status during recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Dial Transplant 21:81-90, 1992
60. Bainton DF, Finch CA: The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Am J Med 37:62-70, 1964
61. Neff M: Algorhythm for the treatment of anemia in ESRD, Network Forum Quality Assurance Committee, April 1995
62. Muirhead N, Bargman J, Burgess E, Jindal K, Levin A, Nolin L, Parfrey P: Evidence-based recommendations for the clinical use of recombinant human erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis 26:S1-S24, 1995 (suppl 1)
63. Macdougall IC: Monitoring of iron status and iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 3:620-625, 1994
64. Cazzola M, Ascari E: Red cell ferritin as a diagnostic tool. Br J Haematol 62:209-213, 1986
65. Fairbanks VF, Beutler E. Iron deficiency, in Williams Hematology (ed 5). New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp 490-511
66. Beutler E: The red cell indices in the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. Ann Intern Med 50:313, 1959
67. Fishbane S, Lynn RI: The utility of zinc protoporphyrin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 25:426-432, 1995
68. Macdougall IC, Cavill I, Hulme B, Bain B, McGregor E, McKay P, Sanders E, Coles GA, Williams JD: Detection of functional iron deficiency during erythropoietin treatment: A new approach. Br Med J 304:225-226, 1992
69. Schaefer RM, Schaefer L: The hypochromic red cell: A new parameter for monitoring of iron supplementation during rHuEPO therapy. J Perinat Med 23:83-88, 1995
70. Lamola AA, Eisinger J, Blumberg WE: Erythrocyte protoporphyrin/heme ratio by hematofluorometry. Clin Chem 26:677-678, 1980
71. Stockman JA III, Weiner LS, Simon GE, Stuart MJ, Oski FA: The measurement of free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) as a simple means of distinguishing iron deficiency from beta-thalassemia trait in subjects with microcytosis. J Lab Clin Med 85:113-119, 1975
72. Labbe RF, Finch CA, Smith NJ, Doan RN, Sood SK, Madan N: Erythrocyte protoporphyrin/heme ratio in the assessment of iron status. Clin Chem 25:87-92, 1979
73. Schifman RB, Finley PR: Measurement of near-normal concentrations of erythrocyte protoporphyrin with the hematofluourometer: Influence of plasma on "front-surface illumination" assay. Clin Chem 27:153-156, 1981
74. Hastka J, Lasserre JJ, Schwarzbeck A, Hehlmann R, Strauch M: Zinc protoporphyrin as an alternative to ferritin in the management of the iron substitution of rHu-EPO treated dialysis patients. Kidney and Hypertension Disorders 20:697-700, 1991
75. Braun J, Hammerschmidt M, Schreiber M, Heidler R, Horl WH: Is zinc protoporphyrin an indicator of iron deficient erythropoiesis in maintenance hemodialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant (in press)
76. Moreb J, Popovtzer MM, Friedlaender MM, Konijn AM, Hershko C: Evaluation of iron status in patients on chronic hemodialysis: Relative usefulness of bone marrow hemosiderin, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, and red cell protoporphyrin. Nephron 35:196-200, 1983
77. Cook JD, Skikne BS, Baynes RD: Serum transferrin receptor. Annu Rev Med 44:63-74, 1993
78. Beguin Y, Loo M, R'Zik S, Sautois B, Lejeune F, Rorive G, Fillet G: Early prediction of response to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with the anemia of renal failure by serum transferrin receptor and fibrinogen. Blood 82:2010-2016, 1993
79. Hallberg L: Studies on oral iron therapy. Acta Med Scand 459, 1966 (suppl)
80. Schneider W: The fate of iron compounds in the gastrointestinal tract. Arzneimittelforschung 37:92-95, 1987
81. Grebe C, Martinez-Torres C, Layrisse M: Effects of meals and ascorbic acid on the absorption of a therpapeutic dose of iron as ferrous and ferric salts. Curr Ther Res 17:382-397, 1975
82. Brise H, Hallberg L: Iron absorption studies. Acta Med Scand 171:1, 1962
83. Blumenkrantz MJ: Nutrition, in Daugirdas JT, Ing TS: Handbook of Dialysis (ed 2). Boston, MA, Little, Brown, 1994, pp 374-400
84. Wingard RL, Parker RA, Ismail N, Hakim RM: Efficacy of oral iron therapy in patients receiving recombinant human erythropoietin. Am J Kidney Dis 25:433-439, 1995
85. Macdougall IC, Tucker B, Thompson J, Baker LRI, Raine AEG: A randomised controlled study of iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:428, 1993 (abstr)
86. Fishbane S, Frei GL, Maesaka J: Reduction of recombinant human erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation. Am J Kidney Dis 26:41-46, 1995
87. Macara IG, Hoy TG, Harrison PM: The formation of ferritin from apoferritin. Kinetics and mechanism of iron uptake. Biochem J 126:151-162, 1972
88. Geisser P, Baer M, Schaub E: Structure/histiotoxicity relationships of parenteral iron preparations. Arzneimittelforschung 42:1439-1452, 1992
89. Kamakakom K, Cavill I, Jacobs A: The metabolism of intravenously administered iron dextran. Br J Haematol 25:637-643, 1973
90. Wood JK, Milner PFA, Pathak UN: The metabolism of iron-dextran given as a total dose infusion to iron deficient Jamaican subjects. Br J Haematol 14:119-129, 1968
91. Vercammen M, Goedhuys W, Boeyckens A, De Roy R, Sennesael J, Sevens S, Gorus F: Iron and total iron binding capacity in serum of patients receiving iron-dextran: Kodak Ektachem methodologies, spectophotometry, and atom absorption spectrometry compared. Clin Chem 36:1812-1815, 1990
92. Fishbane S, Lynn RI: The efficacy of iron dextran for the treatment of iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 44:238-240, 1995
93. Sunder-Plassman G, Horl WH: Importance of iron supply for erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10:2070-2076, 1995
94. Schaefer RM, Schaefer L: Management of iron substitution during rHuEPO therapy in chronic renal failure patients. Erythropoiesis 3:71-75, 1992
95. Hamstra RD, Block MH, Schocket AL: Intravenous iron dextran in clinical medicine. JAMA 243:1726-1731, 1980
96. Novey HS, Pahl M, Haydik I, Vaziri ND: Immunologic studies of anaphylaxis to iron dextran in patients on renal dialysis. Ann Allerg 72:224-228, 1994
97. Cos JSG, King RE: Valency investigations of iron dextran (Imferon). Nature 207:1202, 1965
98. Fishbane S, Ungureanu VD, Maesaka JK, Adam G, Kaupke CJ, Lim V, Wish J: A multicenter study of the safety of intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28:529-534, 1996
99. Salem MM, Brennan JF: Anaphylactoid reactions in dialysis patients: Pathogenesis and management. Semin Dial 8:212-219, 1995
100. Ali M, Rigolosi R, Fayemi AO, Braun EV, Frascino J, Singer R: Failure of serum ferritin to predict bone marrow iron content after intravenous iron-dextran therapy. Lancet 1:652-655, 1982
101. Murray JA, Slater DN, Parsons MA, Fox M, Smith S, Platts MM: Splenic siderosis and parenteral iron dextran in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Clin Pathol 37:59-64, 1984
102. Fleming LW, Hopwood D, Shepherd AN, Stewart WK: Hepatic iron in dialyzed patients given intravenous iron dextran. J Clin Pathol 43:119-124, 1990
103. Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW: Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology 6:24-29, 1986
104. Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Peer G, Kaplan E, Levi BA, Frank N, Steinbruch S, Blum M: Intravenous iron supplementation for the treatment of the anemia of moderate to severe chronic renal failure patients not receiving dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 27:234-238, 1996
105. Raja R, Bloom E, Johnson R: Comparative effects of erythropoietin with oral iron in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Adv Perit Dial 9:177-180, 1993