CDKs and cyclins in transition(s)

Current Opinion in Genetics and Development

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 32-38

  Fisher, Robert P ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYCLINE;

CELL CYCLE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ENZYME REGULATION; MAMMAL CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 0031044072     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80106-2     Document Type: Article

References (78)

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13. Russo AA, Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP. Structural basis of cyclin-dependent kinase activation by phosphorylation. of outstanding interest Nat Struct Biol. 3:1996;696-700 The crystallographic last act in the CDK activation trilogy finds the phosphorylated T-loop moving ~6 Å to make new contacts on the carboxy-terminal lobe of CDK2, making the catalytic cleft still more inviting to peptide substrates. The phosphate group becomes largely buried in a pocket of arginine residues, forming an organizing center that stabilizes the kinase through a network of hydrogen bonds. The interaction with cyclin A is also strengthened. These conformational changes may seem modest (in comparison with the havoc wrought by binding of cyclin or p27) but lead to full activation of the kinase.
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16. 1 cyclin - Cdk protein kinase activity, is related to p21. Cell. 78:1994;67-74.
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20. Zhang H, Hannon GJ, Beach D. p21-containing cyclin kinases exist in both active and inactive states. Genes Dev. 8:1994;1750-1758.
21. 1 events in fibroblasts showing that adhesion substratum profoundly influences many of the same phenomena regulated by mitogens. Together with [66], this work provides a plausible blueprint for how both anchorage- and mitogen-dependence are enforced in normal cells and lost in oncogenically transformed ones.
22. Fisher RP, Jin P, Chamberlin HM, Morgan DO. Alternative mehanisms of CAK assembly require an assembly factor or an activating kinase. of special interest Cell. 83:1995;47-57 Describes the identification and cloning of the gene for murine MAT1 (p36), the third subunit of mammalian CAK, CDK7 and cyclin H can form a stable ternary complex with MAT1; stable binary complexes can form without MAT1, provided that the T-loop threonine of CDK7 is phosphorylated.
23. Devault A, Martinez A-M, Fesquet D, Labbé J-C, Morin N, Cavadore J-C, Dorée M. MAT1 ('ménage à trois') a new RING finger protein subunit stabilizing cyclin H - cdk7 complexes in starfish and Xenopus CAK. of special interest EMBO J. 14:1995;5027-5036 Cloning of Xenopus and starfish MAT1, and demonstration of the assembly-promoting activity of its encoded product towards CDK7 and cyclin H translated in vitro; also provides evidence for CDK7 - cyclin H dimers, lacking MAT1, in frog egg extracts.
24. Tassan J-P, Jaquenod M, Fry AM, Frutiger S, Hughes G, Nigg EA. In vitro assembly of a functional human cdk7/cyclin H complex reauires MAT1, a novel 36 kD RING finger protein. of special interest EMBO J. 14:1995;5608-5617 Human MAT1 cloning and protein characterization. The authors show that MAT1 is associated with CDK7 and cyclin H throughout the mammalian cell cycle and that the RING finger of MAT1 is dispensable for its assembly factor function.
25. Fesquet D, Labbé J-C, Derancourt J, Capony J-P, Galas S, Girard F, Lorca T, Shuttleworth J, Dorée M, Cavadore J-C. The MO15 gene encodes the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that activates cdc2 and other cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through phosphorylation of Thr161 and its homologues. EMBO J. 12:1993;3111-3121.
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27. Kato J-Y, Matsuoka M, Strom DK, Sherr CJ. Regulation of cyclin D-dependent kinases (cdk4) by cdk4-activating kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 14:1994;2713-2721.
28. Xiong Y, Zhang H, Beach D. D type cyclins associate with multiple protein kinases and the DNA replication and repair factor PCNA. Cell. 71:1992;505-514.
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30. Ink4B - which promotes redistribution of p27 (and p21) from CDK4 and CDK6 complexes to CDK2 complexes - coinciding with cell cycle arrest in mink lung cells.
31. 1 and mitotic cyclins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;4651-4655.
32. Cdc37, a mammalian homolog of budding yeast Cdc37, is shown to interact with CDK4 both in vivo and in vitro. Notably absent from CDK4 - Cdc37 complexes is cyclin D but complexes formed both in insect and mammalian cells contains the molecular chaperone Hsp90.
33. Dai K, Kobayashi R, Beach D. Physical interaction of mammalian CDC37 with CDK4. of special interest J Biol Chem. 271:1996;22030-22034 As in [32], the authors demonstrate an association between mammalian Cdc37 and CDK4 by immunoprecipitation of CDK4-containing complexes. They also go on to show that Hsp90 is part of the complex. Still missing is a mechanistic explanation of how this interaction might promote assembly with cyclin D.
34. Roy R, Adamczewski JP, Seroz T, Vermuelen W, Tassan J-P, Schaffer L, Nigg EA, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Egly J-M. The MO15 cell cycle kinase is associated with the TFIIH transcription - DNA repair factor. Cell. 79:1994;1093-1101.
35. Feaver VVJ, Svestrup JO, Henry NL, Kornberg RD. Relationship of CDK-activating kinase and RNA polymerase II CTD kinase TFIIH/TFIIK. Cell. 79:1994;1103-1109.
36. Serizawa H, Mäkelä TR, Conaway JW, Conaway RC, Weinberg RA, Young RA. Association of Cdk-activating kinase subunits with transcription factor TFIIH. Nature. 374:1995;280-282.
37. Shiekhattar R, Mermelstein F, Fisher RP, Drapkin R, Dynlacht B, Westling HC, Morgan DO, Reinberg D. Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex is a component of human transcription factor IIH. Nature. 374:1995;283-287.
38. Tassan J-P, Jaquernoud M, Léopold P, Schultz SJ, Nigg EA. Identification of human cyclin-dependent kinase 8, a putative protein kinase partner for cyclin C. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;8871-8875 A partner for cyclin C at long last, CDK8 - like its budding yeast homolog Srb10 - contains many of the regulatory features characteristic of CDKs but conspicuously lacks a CAK phosphorylation site, having an aspartate residue at that location in its T-loop.
39. Maldonado E, Shiekhattar R, Sheldon M, Cho H, Drapkin R, Rickert P, Lees E, Anderson CW, Linn S, Reinberg D. A human RNA polymerase II complex associated with SRB and DNA repair proteins. of special interest Nature. 381:1996;86-89 A description of the biochemical isolation and characterization of a -2000 kDa RNAP II holoenzyme complex from mammalian cells, which is active in both activated transcription and DNA repair. The complex contains the CDK8 - cyclin C pair, which is homologous to the SRB10-SRB11 complex that associates with yeast RNAP II holoenzyme [48]; also present are basal transcription factors: some in stoichiometric amounts (TFIIE and TFIIF); and some (TFIIH) in substoichiometric functionally rate-limiting amounts.
40. Goodrich JA, Tjian R. Transcription factors IIE and IIH and ATP hydrolysis direct promoter clearance by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 77:1994;145-156.
41. Parvin JD, Sharp PA. DNA topology and a minimal set of basal factors for transcription by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 73:1993;533-540.
42. Dvir A, Garrett KP, Chalut C, Egly J-M, Conaway JW, Conaway RC. A role for ATP and TFIIH in activation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex prior to transcription initiation. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;7245-7248.
43. Yankulov KY, Pandes M, McCracken S, Bouchard D, Bentley DL. TFIIH functions in regulating transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 16:1996;3291-3299.
44. Nikolov DB, Chen H, Halay ED, Usheva AA, Hisatake K, Lee DK, Roeder RG, Burley SK. Crystal structure a TFIIB - TBP - TATA - element ternary complex. Nature. 377:1995;119-128.
45. Bagby S, Kim S, Maldonado E, Tong KI, Reinberg D, Ikura M. Solution structure of the -terminal core domain of human TFIIB: similarity to cyclin A and interaction with TATA-binding protein. Cell. 82:1995;857-867.
46. Cismowski MJ, Laff GM, Solomon MJ, Reed SI. KIN28 encodes a C-terminal domain kinase that controls mRNA transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but lacks cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) activity. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;2983-2992.
47. Valay J-G, Simon M, Dubois M-F, Bensaude O, Facca C, Faye G. The KIN28 gene is required both for RNA polymerase II mediated transcription and phosphorylation of the Rpb1p CTD. J Mol Biol. 249:1995;535-544.
48. Liao S-M, Zhang J, Jeffery DA, Koleske AJ, Thompson CM, Chao DM, Viljoen V, Van Vuuren HJJ, Young RA. A kinase - cyclin pair in the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. of special interest Nature. 374:1995;193-196 A CDK is a component of the basal transcription machinery. The Srb10-Srb11 pair of S. cerevisiae is homologous to mammalian CDK8 - cyclin C, both associate with RNA polymerase II.
49. Sterner DE, Lee JM, Hardin SE, Greenleaf AL. The yeast carboxyl-terminal repeat domain kinase CTDK-1 is a divergent cyclin - cyclin-dependent kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol. 15:1995;5716-5724.
50. cdc2. EMBO J. 12:1993;3123-3132.
51. MO15. EMBO J. 12:1993;3133-3142.
52. Matsuoka M, Kato J, Fisher RP, Morgan DO, Sherr CJ. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) by mouse MO15-associated kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 14:1994;7265-7275.
53. Fisher RP, Morgan DO. A novel cyclin associates with MO15/CDK7 to form the CDK-activating kinase. Cell. 78:1994;713-724.
54. Mäkelä TP, Tassan J-P, Nigg EA, Frutiger S, Hughes GJ, Weinberg RA. A cyclin associated with the CDK-activating kinase MO15. Nature. 371:1994;254-257.
55. Nigg EA. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7: at the cross-roads of transcription, DNA repair and cell cycle control? Curr Opin Cell Biol. 8:1996;312-317.
56. Fisher RP, Morgan DO. CAK in TFIIH: crucial connection or confounding coincidence? Biochim Biophys Acta. 1288:1996;O7-O10.
57. 2 at the non-permissive temperature.
58. 1. These authors also report a genetic interaction with KIN28, which encodes the TFIIH-associated CDK7 homolog.
59. Espinoza FH, Farrell A, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Morgan DO. A cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) in budding yeast unrelated to vertebrate CAK. of special interest Science. 273:1996;1714-1717 Purification of Cak1 (and cloning of Cak1) by different methods than those used in [57] and [58]. These authors show that Cak1 activity, as with vertebrate CDK7 activity, does not fluctuate significantly during the cell cycle.
60. Buck V, Russell P, Millar JBA. Identification of a cdk-activating kinase in fission yeast. of special interest EMBO J. 14:1995;6173-6183 A CDK7 homolog in fission yeast, here called Crk1, is CAK at least in vitro. Cells lacking functional Crk1 are inviable, and show a discrete if puzzling late mitotic arrest phenotype that can be suppressed by expression of human CDK7. A role for Crk1 in activating CDKs is not demonstrated in vivo, not is the possibility of a fission yeast homolog of budding yeast Cak1 excluded by the study (or the one in [6]).
61. Damagnez V, Mäkelä TP, Cottarel G. Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mop1 - Mcs2 is related to mammalian CAK. of special interest EMBO J. 14:1995;6164-6172 PCR-cloning leads to the identification of the CDK7 homolog from fission yeast, here called Mop1, that is identical to Crk1 in [60]. CAK activity is reconstituted in vitro with Mcs2, a previously identified cyclin H homolog, the partner of Mop1 in vivo.
62. *. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;6482-6487.
63. Drapkin R, Le Roy G, Cho H, Akoulitchev S, Reinberg D:, Human cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase exists, in three distinct complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;6488-6493.
64. Ossipow V, Tassan J-P, Nigg EA, Schibler U. A mammalian RNA polymerase II holoenzyme containing all components required for promoter-specific transcription initiation. of special interest Cell. 83:1995;137-146 By immunoaffinity purification with an anti-CDK7 monoclonal antibody, these authors isolate an RNAP II holoenzyme which is possibly analogous to the one reported in [39].
65. Adamczewski JP, Rossignol M, Tassan J-P, Nigg EA, Moncollin V, Egly J-M. MAT1, cdk7 and cyclin H form a kinase complex which is UV light-sensitive upon association with TFIIH. of special interest EMBO J. 15:1996;1877-1884 The first evidence that different CDK7 complexes may be regulated differently, supporting the idea that CDK7 performs multiple functions. In UV-irradiated mammalian cells, the TFIIH-associated fraction of CDK7 is inhibited, whereas the TFIIH-free major form of the enzyme is unaffected.
66. Fang F, Orend G, Watanabe N, Hunter T, Ruoslahti E. Dependence of cyclin E-CDK2 kinase activity on cell anchorage. of special interest Science. 271:1996;499-502 In untransformed human diploid fibroblasts, loss of cell anchorage leads to upregulation of p27 and p21, consequent inactivation of cyclin E-CDK2, and (secondarily) decreased phosphorylation of CDK2 by CAK. The mechanism may be different than in the fibroblasts studied in [21] but the result - cell cycle arrest in suspension - is the same.
67. 1, correlates with their ability to down-regulate p27. When p27 is inactivated with antisense oligonucleotides, cells are unable to exit the cell cycle in response to serum deprivation; the enforced expression of p27 in these cells re-imposed restriction point control.
68. Kip1 accumulation during the cell cycle. of outstanding interest Science. 271:1996;1861-1864 Another mechanism to the one described in [67] for increasing cellular p27 levels is suggested in this study which demonstrates increased translation of the p27 mRNA as cells exit the division cycle.
69. Aprelikova O, Xiong Y, Liu ET. Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activity kinase. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;18195-18197.
70. Kip1 knockout mouse is bigger than its wild-type littermates because of a proportional increase in cell number in most tissues. It also shows gonadal hyperplasia, impaired ovulation associated with female sterility, and a high incidence of tumors (benign adenomas) of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Interestingly, cultured cells from homozygous mutant animals exhibited no defects in their ability to arrest the cell cycle in response to standard treatments.
71. Kip1. of outstanding interest Cell. 85:1996;721-732 Another mouse similar to the one described in [70], lacking functional p27, is also larger than normal, with hyperplasia (not frank tumors) of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and female sterility.
72. Kip1-deficient mice. of outstanding interest Cell. 85:1996;733-744 The association between p27 loss-of-function and endocrine abnormalities is confirmed in the third of this trio of mouse knockouts [70-72]. As in [70], the homozygous null animals develop intermediate lobe adenomas; it will be interesting to see if the subtly different phenotypes reported here and in reference [71] reflect differences in the mutagenic strategy or different strain backgrounds.
73. Cip1 causes no obvious phenotype in the intact animal. Cells from the mutant mice did grow to higher density in culture and were defective in arresting the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or perturbation of nucleotide pools.
74. Sicinski P, Donaher JL, Parker SB, Li T, Fazeli A, Gardner H, Haslam SZ, Bronson RT, Elledge SJ, Weinberg RA. Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in retina and breast. of special interest Cell. 82:1995;621-630 Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small, have hypoplastic retinas, are subtly neurologically impaired, and show decreased proliferation of mammary epithelium during pregnancy. The authors suggest that these tissues are the most cyclin during pregnancy. The authors suggest that these tissues are the most cyclin D1-dependent for their normal development; it will be fascinating to see the phenotypes associated with mutations of cyclins D2 and D3.
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