메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 2-18

The effects of epidural analgesia on uterine activity and labor

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CESAREAN SECTION; DECISION MAKING; DELIVERY; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY; LABOR; NORMAL HUMAN; REVIEW; RISK; UTERINE CERVIX DILATATION; UTERUS CONTRACTION;

EID: 0031043498     PISSN: 0959289X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-289X(97)80046-5     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

References (169)
  • 1
    • 0042492054 scopus 로고
    • Contractility of the human Uterus recorded by new methods
    • Alvarez H, Caldeyro-Barcia R. Contractility of the human Uterus recorded by new methods. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1950; 91: 1-13.
    • (1950) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.91 , pp. 1-13
    • Alvarez, H.1    Caldeyro-Barcia, R.2
  • 2
    • 0015223902 scopus 로고
    • The functional divisions of labor
    • Friedman E A. The functional divisions of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 109: 274-280.
    • (1971) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.109 , pp. 274-280
    • Friedman, E.A.1
  • 6
    • 3142637177 scopus 로고
    • Induction and augmentation of labor
    • Committee on Obstetrics: Maternal and Fetal Medicine. Induction and augmentation of labor. In: ACOG Technical Bulletin no. 157, 1991.
    • (1991) ACOG Technical Bulletin No. 157
  • 8
    • 0018367220 scopus 로고
    • Effect of segmental epidural block on the course of labour and the condition of the infant during the neonatal period
    • Willdeck-Lund G, Lindmark G, Nilsson B A. Effect of segmental epidural block on the course of labour and the condition of the infant during the neonatal period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1979; 23: 301-311.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.23 , pp. 301-311
    • Willdeck-Lund, G.1    Lindmark, G.2    Nilsson, B.A.3
  • 9
    • 0019204349 scopus 로고
    • The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on the rate of cervical dilatation and the outcome of labour of spontaneous onset
    • Studd J W W, Crawford J S, Duignan N M, Rowbotham C J F, Hughes A O. The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on the rate of cervical dilatation and the outcome of labour of spontaneous onset. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 1015-1021.
    • (1980) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.87 , pp. 1015-1021
    • Studd, J.W.W.1    Crawford, J.S.2    Duignan, N.M.3    Rowbotham, C.J.F.4    Hughes, A.O.5
  • 10
    • 0019865209 scopus 로고
    • Extradural analgesia: The influence of volume and concentration of bupivacaine on the mode of delivery, analgesic efficacy and motor block
    • Thornburn J, Moir D D. Extradural analgesia: the influence of volume and concentration of bupivacaine on the mode of delivery, analgesic efficacy and motor block. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53: 933-939.
    • (1981) Br J Anaesth , vol.53 , pp. 933-939
    • Thornburn, J.1    Moir, D.D.2
  • 11
    • 0026551926 scopus 로고
    • Rupture of membranes before the onset of spontaneous labour increases the likelihood of instrumental delivery
    • Kong A S, Bates S J, Rizk B. Rupture of membranes before the onset of spontaneous labour increases the likelihood of instrumental delivery. Br J Anaesth 1992; 68: 252-255.
    • (1992) Br J Anaesth , vol.68 , pp. 252-255
    • Kong, A.S.1    Bates, S.J.2    Rizk, B.3
  • 13
    • 0016140103 scopus 로고
    • A clinical evaluation of the maternal effects of lumbar extradural analgesia for labour
    • Moore J, Murnaghan G A, Lewis M A. A clinical evaluation of the maternal effects of lumbar extradural analgesia for labour. Anaesthesia 1974; 29: 537-544.
    • (1974) Anaesthesia , vol.29 , pp. 537-544
    • Moore, J.1    Murnaghan, G.A.2    Lewis, M.A.3
  • 14
    • 0017231715 scopus 로고
    • Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: A clinical analysis
    • Raabe N, Belfrage P. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: a clinical analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1976; 55: 125-129.
    • (1976) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.55 , pp. 125-129
    • Raabe, N.1    Belfrage, P.2
  • 15
    • 0023226120 scopus 로고
    • Influence of the pelvic outlet capacity on fetal head presentation at delivery
    • Floberg J, Belfrage P, Ohlsén H. Influence of the pelvic outlet capacity on fetal head presentation at delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987; 66: 127-130.
    • (1987) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.66 , pp. 127-130
    • Floberg, J.1    Belfrage, P.2    Ohlsén, H.3
  • 16
    • 0027524410 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and neonatal outcomes after prolonged latent phase
    • Chelmow D, Kilpatrick S J, Laros R K. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after prolonged latent phase. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 486-491.
    • (1993) Obstet Gynecol , vol.81 , pp. 486-491
    • Chelmow, D.1    Kilpatrick, S.J.2    Laros, R.K.3
  • 17
    • 0019994646 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of pain relief in labour:'survey of 1000 mothers
    • Morgan B, Bulpitt C J, Clifton P, Lewis P J. Effectiveness of pain relief in labour:'survey of 1000 mothers. BMJ 1982; 285: 689-690.
    • (1982) BMJ , vol.285 , pp. 689-690
    • Morgan, B.1    Bulpitt, C.J.2    Clifton, P.3    Lewis, P.J.4
  • 18
    • 0022640355 scopus 로고
    • Local anaesthetic techniques in obstetrics
    • Moir D D. Local anaesthetic techniques in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 1986; 58: 747-759.
    • (1986) Br J Anaesth , vol.58 , pp. 747-759
    • Moir, D.D.1
  • 19
    • 0004761768 scopus 로고
    • Caudal anesthesia. The factors that influence its effect on labor
    • Friedman E A, Sachtleben M R. Caudal anesthesia. The factors that influence its effect on labor. Obstet Gynecol 1959; 13: 442-450.
    • (1959) Obstet Gynecol , vol.13 , pp. 442-450
    • Friedman, E.A.1    Sachtleben, M.R.2
  • 20
    • 0017334186 scopus 로고
    • An extradural service in a district general hospital
    • Brown S E, Vass A C R. An extradural service in a district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 1977; 49: 243-246.
    • (1977) Br J Anaesth , vol.49 , pp. 243-246
    • Brown, S.E.1    Vass, A.C.R.2
  • 21
    • 0017330463 scopus 로고
    • Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: Relation to fetal malposition and instrumental delivery
    • Hoult J, MacLennan A H, Carrie L E S. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: relation to fetal malposition and instrumental delivery. BMJ 1977; 1: 14-16.
    • (1977) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 14-16
    • Hoult, J.1    MacLennan, A.H.2    Carrie, L.E.S.3
  • 23
    • 0023317636 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia during labor and the incidence of forceps delivery
    • Cox S M, Bost J E, Faro S, Carpenter R J. Epidural anesthesia during labor and the incidence of forceps delivery. Tex Med 1987; 83: 45-47.
    • (1987) Tex Med , vol.83 , pp. 45-47
    • Cox, S.M.1    Bost, J.E.2    Faro, S.3    Carpenter, R.J.4
  • 25
    • 0014514665 scopus 로고
    • The use of local anesthetic agents in obstetrics
    • Evans J A, Chastain G M, Philips J M. The use of local anesthetic agents in obstetrics. South Med J 1969; 62: 519-524.
    • (1969) South Med J , vol.62 , pp. 519-524
    • Evans, J.A.1    Chastain, G.M.2    Philips, J.M.3
  • 26
    • 0017260339 scopus 로고
    • Effects of local anesthetic agents on the uterine vasculatures and myometrium
    • Greiss F C, Still J G, Anderson S C. Effects of local anesthetic agents on the uterine vasculatures and myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 124: 889-899.
    • (1976) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.124 , pp. 889-899
    • Greiss, F.C.1    Still, J.G.2    Anderson, S.C.3
  • 27
    • 0000879311 scopus 로고
    • Effects of synthetic anesthetics on the spontaneous motility of human uterine muscles in vitro
    • McCaughey H S Jr, Corey E L, Eastwood D, Thornton W N. Effects of synthetic anesthetics on the spontaneous motility of human uterine muscles in vitro. Obstet Gynecol 1962; 19: 233-240.
    • (1962) Obstet Gynecol , vol.19 , pp. 233-240
    • McCaughey Jr., H.S.1    Corey, E.L.2    Eastwood, D.3    Thornton, W.N.4
  • 28
    • 0013918158 scopus 로고
    • ++ exchangeability in rat uterus by local anesthetics
    • ++ exchangeability in rat uterus by local anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1966; 152: 516-524.
    • (1966) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.152 , pp. 516-524
    • Feinstein, M.B.1
  • 29
    • 0016820641 scopus 로고
    • The shape of the amniotic pressure curve before and after paracervical block during labour
    • Jenssen H. The shape of the amniotic pressure curve before and after paracervical block during labour. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1975; 42: 1-29.
    • (1975) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) , vol.42 , pp. 1-29
    • Jenssen, H.1
  • 30
    • 12644303908 scopus 로고
    • Caudal analgesia in obstetrics: Report of thirteen years' experience
    • Ritmiller L F, Rippmann E T. Caudal analgesia in obstetrics: report of thirteen years' experience. Obstet Gynecol 1957; 9: 25-28.
    • (1957) Obstet Gynecol , vol.9 , pp. 25-28
    • Ritmiller, L.F.1    Rippmann, E.T.2
  • 31
    • 84941405816 scopus 로고
    • Continuous caudal anesthesia in three hundred unselected obstetric cases
    • Siever J M, Mousel L H. Continuous caudal anesthesia in three hundred unselected obstetric cases. JAMA 1943; 122: 424-426.
    • (1943) JAMA , vol.122 , pp. 424-426
    • Siever, J.M.1    Mousel, L.H.2
  • 32
    • 0004794068 scopus 로고
    • Dysfunctional labor I. Prolonged latent phase in the nullipara
    • Friedman E A, Sachtleben M R. Dysfunctional labor I. Prolonged latent phase in the nullipara. Obstet Gynecol 1961; 17: 135-148.
    • (1961) Obstet Gynecol , vol.17 , pp. 135-148
    • Friedman, E.A.1    Sachtleben, M.R.2
  • 33
    • 50549163263 scopus 로고
    • Effect of conduction and inhalation anesthesia on uterine contractions: Experimental study of the influence of anesthesia on intra-amniotic pressures
    • Vasicka A, Kretchmer H. Effect of conduction and inhalation anesthesia on uterine contractions: experimental study of the influence of anesthesia on intra-amniotic pressures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 82: 600-611.
    • (1961) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.82 , pp. 600-611
    • Vasicka, A.1    Kretchmer, H.2
  • 34
    • 12644277069 scopus 로고
    • Spinal and epidural anesthesia, fetal and uterine response to acute hypoand hypertension
    • Vasicka A, Hutchinson H T, Eng M, Allen C R. Spinal and epidural anesthesia, fetal and uterine response to acute hypoand hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 90: 800-810.
    • (1964) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.90 , pp. 800-810
    • Vasicka, A.1    Hutchinson, H.T.2    Eng, M.3    Allen, C.R.4
  • 35
    • 0024502518 scopus 로고
    • Epidural block or parenteral pethidine as analgesic in labour; a randomized study concerning progress in labour and instrumental deliveries
    • Philipsen T, Jensen N-H. Epidural block or parenteral pethidine as analgesic in labour; a randomized study concerning progress in labour and instrumental deliveries. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989; 30: 27-33.
    • (1989) Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol , vol.30 , pp. 27-33
    • Philipsen, T.1    Jensen, N.-H.2
  • 37
    • 0019171233 scopus 로고
    • Maternal opinion about analgesia for labour: A controlled trial between epidural block and intramuscular pethidine combined with inhalation
    • Robinson J O, Rosen M, Evans J M, Revill S I, David H, Rees G A D. Maternal opinion about analgesia for labour: a controlled trial between epidural block and intramuscular pethidine combined with inhalation. Anaesthesia 1980; 35: 1173-1181.
    • (1980) Anaesthesia , vol.35 , pp. 1173-1181
    • Robinson, J.O.1    Rosen, M.2    Evans, J.M.3    Revill, S.I.4    David, H.5    Rees, G.A.D.6
  • 38
    • 0027444534 scopus 로고
    • The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: A randomized, controlled, prospective trial
    • Thorp J A, Hu D H, Albin R M et al. The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: a randomized, controlled, prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 851-858.
    • (1993) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.169 , pp. 851-858
    • Thorp, J.A.1    Hu, D.H.2    Albin, R.M.3
  • 39
    • 0025923335 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia and instrumental vaginal delivery
    • Chestnut D H. Epidural anesthesia and instrumental vaginal delivery (editorial). Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 805-808.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.74 , pp. 805-808
    • Chestnut, D.H.1
  • 40
    • 0015452484 scopus 로고
    • The second thousand epidural blocks in an obstetric hospital practice
    • Crawford J S. The second thousand epidural blocks in an obstetric hospital practice. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44: 1277-1286.
    • (1972) Br J Anaesth , vol.44 , pp. 1277-1286
    • Crawford, J.S.1
  • 41
    • 0018399183 scopus 로고
    • Segmental epidural analgesia in labour: Related to the progress of labour, fetal malposition and instrumental delivery
    • Jouppila R, Jouppila P, Karinen J-M, Hollmén A. Segmental epidural analgesia in labour: related to the progress of labour, fetal malposition and instrumental delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979; 58: 135-139.
    • (1979) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.58 , pp. 135-139
    • Jouppila, R.1    Jouppila, P.2    Karinen, J.-M.3    Hollmén, A.4
  • 43
    • 0013817737 scopus 로고
    • Experiences with lumbar epidural block
    • Cowles G T. Experiences with lumbar epidural block. Obstet Gynecol 1965; 26: 734-739.
    • (1965) Obstet Gynecol , vol.26 , pp. 734-739
    • Cowles, G.T.1
  • 44
    • 84965265129 scopus 로고
    • Management of incoordinate uterine action under continuous epidural analgesia
    • Moir D D, Willocks J. Management of incoordinate uterine action under continuous epidural analgesia. BMJ 1967; 2: 396-400.
    • (1967) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 396-400
    • Moir, D.D.1    Willocks, J.2
  • 45
    • 12644277068 scopus 로고
    • The influence of extradural spinal anesthesia on the motility of the gravid uterus
    • Minneapolis: Burgess
    • Ruppert H. The influence of extradural spinal anesthesia on the motility of the gravid uterus. In: Proceedings of the First World Congress of Anesthesiologists. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1956.
    • (1956) Proceedings of the First World Congress of Anesthesiologists
    • Ruppert, H.1
  • 46
    • 12644302880 scopus 로고
    • Advances in obstetric anesthesiology during the period 1960-1970
    • Fabian L W, ed. Philadelphia: Davis
    • Akamatsu T J. Advances in obstetric anesthesiology during the period 1960-1970. In: Fabian L W, ed. Clinical anesthesiology: a decade of clinical progress. Philadelphia: Davis, 1971: 222.
    • (1971) Clinical Anesthesiology: A Decade of Clinical Progress , pp. 222
    • Akamatsu, T.J.1
  • 47
    • 85030285063 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the anesthetic blockage of the spinal cord on the contractility of the pregnant human uterus
    • Buenos Aires
    • Alvarez H, Poseiro J J, Pose S V et al. Effects of the anesthetic blockage of the spinal cord on the contractility of the pregnant human uterus. XXI International Congress of Physiological Sciences. Buenos Aires, 1959: 14.
    • (1959) XXI International Congress of Physiological Sciences , pp. 14
    • Alvarez, H.1    Poseiro, J.J.2    Pose, S.V.3
  • 48
    • 12644253522 scopus 로고
    • Caudal analgesia in first-stage labor: Effect on uterine activity and the cardiovascular system
    • Cibils L A, Spackman T J. Caudal analgesia in first-stage labor: effect on uterine activity and the cardiovascular system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1962; 84: 1042-1050.
    • (1962) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.84 , pp. 1042-1050
    • Cibils, L.A.1    Spackman, T.J.2
  • 49
    • 0007279830 scopus 로고
    • Uterine motility studies during labor: Observations on bilateral sympathetic nerve block in the normal and abnormal first stage of labor
    • Hunter C A. Uterine motility studies during labor: observations on bilateral sympathetic nerve block in the normal and abnormal first stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963; 85: 681-685.
    • (1963) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.85 , pp. 681-685
    • Hunter, C.A.1
  • 51
    • 12644268897 scopus 로고
    • The place of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia in the management of abnormally prolonged labour
    • Climie G R. The place of continuous lumbar epidural analgesia in the management of abnormally prolonged labour. Med J Aust 1964; 2: 447-450.
    • (1964) Med J Aust , vol.2 , pp. 447-450
    • Climie, G.R.1
  • 52
    • 84946684732 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural analgesia in incoordinate uterine action
    • Moir D D, Willocks J. Continuous epidural analgesia in incoordinate uterine action. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (suppl) 1966; 23: 144-153.
    • (1966) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (Suppl) , vol.23 , pp. 144-153
    • Moir, D.D.1    Willocks, J.2
  • 53
    • 0016171306 scopus 로고
    • The use of lumbar epidural analgesia during the first stage of labour in high risk pregnancies
    • Mercer W H, Simons E G, Philpott R H. The use of lumbar epidural analgesia during the first stage of labour in high risk pregnancies. South Afr Med J 1974; 48: 774-779.
    • (1974) South Afr Med J , vol.48 , pp. 774-779
    • Mercer, W.H.1    Simons, E.G.2    Philpott, R.H.3
  • 54
    • 49549141699 scopus 로고
    • An appraisal of lumbar epidural blockade in labour in patients with multiple pregnancy
    • Crawford J S. An appraisal of lumbar epidural blockade in labour in patients with multiple pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 929-935.
    • (1975) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.82 , pp. 929-935
    • Crawford, J.S.1
  • 55
    • 0141582476 scopus 로고
    • An appraisal of lumbar epidural blockade in patients with a singleton fetus presenting by the breech
    • Crawford J S. An appraisal of lumbar epidural blockade in patients with a singleton fetus presenting by the breech. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1974; 81: 867-872.
    • (1974) J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw , vol.81 , pp. 867-872
    • Crawford, J.S.1
  • 56
    • 49549144213 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia, fetal monitoring and the condition of the baby at birth with breech presentation
    • Donnai P, Nicholas A D. Epidural analgesia, fetal monitoring and the condition of the baby at birth with breech presentation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975; 82: 360-365.
    • (1975) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.82 , pp. 360-365
    • Donnai, P.1    Nicholas, A.D.2
  • 57
    • 0018593963 scopus 로고
    • Effect of segmental epidural analgesia upon the uterine activity with special reference to the use of different local anaesthetic agents
    • Willdeck-Lund G, Lindmark G, Nilsson B A. Effect of segmental epidural analgesia upon the uterine activity with special reference to the use of different local anaesthetic agents. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1979; 23: 519-528.
    • (1979) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.23 , pp. 519-528
    • Willdeck-Lund, G.1    Lindmark, G.2    Nilsson, B.A.3
  • 58
    • 0027518869 scopus 로고
    • Does epidural analgesia influence the mode of delivery in primiparae managed actively? A preliminary study of 1250 women
    • Carli F, Creagh-Barry P, Gordon H, Logue M M, Doré C J. Does epidural analgesia influence the mode of delivery in primiparae managed actively? A preliminary study of 1250 women. Int J Obstet Anesth 1993; 2: 15-20.
    • (1993) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.2 , pp. 15-20
    • Carli, F.1    Creagh-Barry, P.2    Gordon, H.3    Logue, M.M.4    Doré, C.J.5
  • 60
    • 0016289230 scopus 로고
    • Intrapartum epidural anesthesia: An evaluation of effects on uterine activity
    • Lowensohn R I, Paul R, Fales S, Yeh S, Hon E H. Intrapartum epidural anesthesia: an evaluation of effects on uterine activity. Obstet Gynecol 1974; 44: 388-393.
    • (1974) Obstet Gynecol , vol.44 , pp. 388-393
    • Lowensohn, R.I.1    Paul, R.2    Fales, S.3    Yeh, S.4    Hon, E.H.5
  • 61
    • 0016259441 scopus 로고
    • Continuous drip lumbar epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine for vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labour and foetal acid-base status
    • Zador G, Nilsson B A. Continuous drip lumbar epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine for vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labour and foetal acid-base status. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1974; 34: 41-49.
    • (1974) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) , vol.34 , pp. 41-49
    • Zador, G.1    Nilsson, B.A.2
  • 62
    • 0016226688 scopus 로고
    • Low dose intermittent epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine for vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labour and foetal acid-base status
    • Zador G, Nilsson B A. Low dose intermittent epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine for vaginal delivery. II. Influence on labour and foetal acid-base status. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1974; 34: 17-30.
    • (1974) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) , vol.34 , pp. 17-30
    • Zador, G.1    Nilsson, B.A.2
  • 63
    • 0016468984 scopus 로고
    • Patient management during extradural anaesthesia for obstetrics
    • Crawford J S. Patient management during extradural anaesthesia for obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47: 273-277.
    • (1975) Br J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 273-277
    • Crawford, J.S.1
  • 64
    • 0017365537 scopus 로고
    • Uterine activity during lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine
    • Schellenberg J S. Uterine activity during lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 127: 26-31.
    • (1977) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.127 , pp. 26-31
    • Schellenberg, J.S.1
  • 67
    • 0019959651 scopus 로고
    • Maternal, fetal, and neonatal responses after epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or lidocaine
    • Abboud T K, Khoo S S, Miller F, Doan T, Henriksen E H. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal responses after epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, 2-chloroprocaine, or lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1982; 61: 638-644.
    • (1982) Anesth Analg , vol.61 , pp. 638-644
    • Abboud, T.K.1    Khoo, S.S.2    Miller, F.3    Doan, T.4    Henriksen, E.H.5
  • 68
    • 0021343256 scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in parturients receiving bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine: Maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects
    • Abboud T K, Afrasiabi A, Sarkis F et al. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in parturients receiving bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 421-428.
    • (1984) Anesth Analg , vol.63 , pp. 421-428
    • Abboud, T.K.1    Afrasiabi, A.2    Sarkis, F.3
  • 69
    • 0015302250 scopus 로고
    • Effect of lidocaine with epinephrine versus lidocaine (plain) on induced labor
    • Craft J B, Epstein B S, Coakley C S. Effect of lidocaine with epinephrine versus lidocaine (plain) on induced labor. Anesth Analg 1972; 51: 243-246.
    • (1972) Anesth Analg , vol.51 , pp. 243-246
    • Craft, J.B.1    Epstein, B.S.2    Coakley, C.S.3
  • 70
    • 0017681625 scopus 로고
    • Fetal heart patterns and uterine activity after segmental epidural analgesia
    • Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Kaar K, Merila M. Fetal heart patterns and uterine activity after segmental epidural analgesia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1977; 84: 481-486.
    • (1977) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.84 , pp. 481-486
    • Jouppila, P.1    Jouppila, R.2    Kaar, K.3    Merila, M.4
  • 71
    • 0017169072 scopus 로고
    • The effect of epidural anesthesia on uterine activity and blood pressure
    • Matadial L, Cibils L A. The effect of epidural anesthesia on uterine activity and blood pressure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125: 846-854.
    • (1976) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.125 , pp. 846-854
    • Matadial, L.1    Cibils, L.A.2
  • 72
    • 0008148422 scopus 로고
    • Rapid intravenous saline infusion decreases uterine activity in labor. Epidural analgesia does not
    • Cheek T G, Samuels P, Tobin M, Gutsche B B. Rapid intravenous saline infusion decreases uterine activity in labor. Epidural analgesia does not (abstr). Anesthesiology 1989; 71: A884.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71
    • Cheek, T.G.1    Samuels, P.2    Tobin, M.3    Gutsche, B.B.4
  • 73
    • 0021796349 scopus 로고
    • Continuous extradural infusion of 0.0625% or 0.125% bupivacaine for pain relief in primigravid labour
    • Li D F, Rees G A D, Rosen M. Continuous extradural infusion of 0.0625% or 0.125% bupivacaine for pain relief in primigravid labour. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57: 264-270.
    • (1985) Br J Anaesth , vol.57 , pp. 264-270
    • Li, D.F.1    Rees, G.A.D.2    Rosen, M.3
  • 74
    • 0023836903 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia with a bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture in obstetrics: Comparison of repeated injections and continuous infusion
    • D'Athis F, Machebouef M, Thomas H et al. Epidural analgesia with a bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture in obstetrics: comparison of repeated injections and continuous infusion. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35: 116-122.
    • (1988) Can J Anaesth , vol.35 , pp. 116-122
    • D'Athis, F.1    Machebouef, M.2    Thomas, H.3
  • 76
    • 0024436456 scopus 로고
    • Continuous versus intermittent epidural analgesia: A randomised trial to observe obstetric outcome
    • Lamont R F, Pinney D, Rodgers P, Bryant T N. Continuous versus intermittent epidural analgesia: a randomised trial to observe obstetric outcome. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 893-896.
    • (1989) Anaesthesia , vol.44 , pp. 893-896
    • Lamont, R.F.1    Pinney, D.2    Rodgers, P.3    Bryant, T.N.4
  • 77
    • 0023785267 scopus 로고
    • Epidural fentanyl plus bupivacaine 0.125 per cent for labour: Analgesic effects
    • Celleno D, Capogna G. Epidural fentanyl plus bupivacaine 0.125 per cent for labour: analgesic effects. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35: 375-378.
    • (1988) Can J Anaesth , vol.35 , pp. 375-378
    • Celleno, D.1    Capogna, G.2
  • 78
    • 0023908224 scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion epidural analgesia during labor: A randomized double-blind comparison of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl versus 0.125% bupivacaine
    • Chestnut D H, Owen C L, Bates J N, Ostman L G, Choi W W, Geiger M W. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia during labor: a randomized double-blind comparison of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl versus 0.125% bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 754-759.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.68 , pp. 754-759
    • Chestnut, D.H.1    Owen, C.L.2    Bates, J.N.3    Ostman, L.G.4    Choi, W.W.5    Geiger, M.W.6
  • 79
    • 0024466882 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of bupivacaine and bupivacaine with fentanyl in continuous extradural analgesia during labour
    • Jones G, Paul D L, Elton R A, McClure J H. Comparison of bupivacaine and bupivacaine with fentanyl in continuous extradural analgesia during labour. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 254-259.
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.63 , pp. 254-259
    • Jones, G.1    Paul, D.L.2    Elton, R.A.3    McClure, J.H.4
  • 80
    • 0025967066 scopus 로고
    • Bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus fentanyl for epidural analgesia: Effect on maternal satisfaction
    • Murphy J D, Henderson K, Bowden M I, Lewis M, Cooper G M. Bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus fentanyl for epidural analgesia: effect on maternal satisfaction. BMJ 1991; 302: 564-567.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.302 , pp. 564-567
    • Murphy, J.D.1    Henderson, K.2    Bowden, M.I.3    Lewis, M.4    Cooper, G.M.5
  • 81
    • 12644255344 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of epidural alfentanil and fentanyl for labor pain relief
    • Kavuri S, Janardhan Y, Fernando E, Shevde K, Eddi D. A comparative study of epidural alfentanil and fentanyl for labor pain relief (abstr). Anesthesiology 1989; 71: A846.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71
    • Kavuri, S.1    Janardhan, Y.2    Fernando, E.3    Shevde, K.4    Eddi, D.5
  • 82
    • 0023492029 scopus 로고
    • Extradural bupivacaine with sufentanil for vaginal delivery - A double-blind trial
    • Van Steenberge A, Debroux H C, Noorduin H. Extradural bupivacaine with sufentanil for vaginal delivery - a double-blind trial. Br J Anaesth 1987; 59: 1518-1522.
    • (1987) Br J Anaesth , vol.59 , pp. 1518-1522
    • Van Steenberge, A.1    Debroux, H.C.2    Noorduin, H.3
  • 84
    • 0023917434 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and continuous infusion epidural analgesia (CIEA) during labour
    • Gambling D R, Yu P, McMorland G H, Palmer L. A comparative study of patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) and continuous infusion epidural analgesia (CIEA) during labour. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35: 249-254.
    • (1988) Can J Anaesth , vol.35 , pp. 249-254
    • Gambling, D.R.1    Yu, P.2    McMorland, G.H.3    Palmer, L.4
  • 85
    • 0025038055 scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor: A comparision of three solutions with a continuous infusion control
    • Lysak S Z, Eisenach J C, Dobson C E. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor: a comparision of three solutions with a continuous infusion control. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 44-49.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 44-49
    • Lysak, S.Z.1    Eisenach, J.C.2    Dobson, C.E.3
  • 86
    • 0025747996 scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: Demand dosing
    • Ferrante F M, Lu L, Jamison S B, Datta S. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: demand dosing. Anesth Analg 1991; 73: 547-552.
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.73 , pp. 547-552
    • Ferrante, F.M.1    Lu, L.2    Jamison, S.B.3    Datta, S.4
  • 87
    • 0026079184 scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor
    • Viscomi C, Eisenach J C. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 348-351.
    • (1991) Obstet Gynecol , vol.77 , pp. 348-351
    • Viscomi, C.1    Eisenach, J.C.2
  • 88
    • 0014541725 scopus 로고
    • Obstetrical caudal anesthesia. I. A randomized study comparing 1 per cent mepivacaine with 1 per cent lidocaine plus epinephrine
    • Gunther R E, Bauman J. Obstetrical caudal anesthesia. I. A randomized study comparing 1 per cent mepivacaine with 1 per cent lidocaine plus epinephrine. Anesthesiology 1969; 31:5-19.
    • (1969) Anesthesiology , vol.31 , pp. 5-19
    • Gunther, R.E.1    Bauman, J.2
  • 89
    • 0015400702 scopus 로고
    • Obstetrical caudal anesthesia. II. A randomized study comparing 1 per cent mepivacaine with 1 per cent mepivacaine plus epinephrine
    • Gunther R E, Bellville J W. Obstetrical caudal anesthesia. II. A randomized study comparing 1 per cent mepivacaine with 1 per cent mepivacaine plus epinephrine. Anesthesiology 1972; 37: 288-298.
    • (1972) Anesthesiology , vol.37 , pp. 288-298
    • Gunther, R.E.1    Bellville, J.W.2
  • 90
    • 0021715467 scopus 로고
    • Maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of lidocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics
    • Abboud T K, David S, Nagappala S et al. Maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of lidocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 973-979.
    • (1984) Anesth Analg , vol.63 , pp. 973-979
    • Abboud, T.K.1    David, S.2    Nagappala, S.3
  • 91
    • 0021913885 scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of epinephrine added to bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia in obstetrics
    • Abboud T K, Shiek-al-Eslam A, Yanagi T et al. Safety and efficacy of epinephrine added to bupivacaine for lumbar epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 585-591.
    • (1985) Anesth Analg , vol.64 , pp. 585-591
    • Abboud, T.K.1    Shiek-al-Eslam, A.2    Yanagi, T.3
  • 92
    • 0023219496 scopus 로고
    • Comparative maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of chloroprocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics
    • Abboud T K, Der Sakissian L, Terrasi J, Minekawa K, Zhu J, Longhitano M. Comparative maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of chloroprocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 71-75.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 71-75
    • Abboud, T.K.1    Der Sakissian, L.2    Terrasi, J.3    Minekawa, K.4    Zhu, J.5    Longhitano, M.6
  • 93
    • 0023243339 scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine enhances analgesia produced by epidural bupivacaine during labor
    • Eisenach J, Grice S C, Dewan D M. Epinephrine enhances analgesia produced by epidural bupivacaine during labor. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 447-451.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 447-451
    • Eisenach, J.1    Grice, S.C.2    Dewan, D.M.3
  • 94
    • 0025233401 scopus 로고
    • Labor analgesia with epidural bupivacaine plus fentanyl: Enhancement with epinephrine and inhibition with 2-chloroprocaine
    • Grice S C, Eisenach J C, Dewan D M. Labor analgesia with epidural bupivacaine plus fentanyl: enhancement with epinephrine and inhibition with 2-chloroprocaine. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 623-628.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 623-628
    • Grice, S.C.1    Eisenach, J.C.2    Dewan, D.M.3
  • 96
    • 0016466924 scopus 로고
    • Extradural anesthesia: Choice of local anaesthetic agents
    • Lund P C, Cwik J C, Gannon R T. Extradural anesthesia: choice of local anaesthetic agents. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47: 313-321.
    • (1975) Br J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 313-321
    • Lund, P.C.1    Cwik, J.C.2    Gannon, R.T.3
  • 97
    • 0017089195 scopus 로고
    • The effects of adding adrenaline to etidocaine and lignocaine in extradural anaesthesia. II. Pharmacokinetics
    • Mather L E, Tucker C T, Murphy T M, Stanton-Hicks Md'A, Bonica J J. The effects of adding adrenaline to etidocaine and lignocaine in extradural anaesthesia. II. Pharmacokinetics. Br J Anaesth 1976; 48: 989-993.
    • (1976) Br J Anaesth , vol.48 , pp. 989-993
    • Mather, L.E.1    Tucker, C.T.2    Murphy, T.M.3    Stanton-Hicks, Md'A.4    Bonica, J.J.5
  • 98
    • 0018578482 scopus 로고
    • Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, in obstetric epidural analgesia: Experience in three thousand cases
    • Bleyaert A, Soetens M, Vaes L, Van Steenberge A L, Van der Donck A. Bupivacaine, 0.125 per cent, in obstetric epidural analgesia: experience in three thousand cases. Anesthesiology 1979; 51: 435-438.
    • (1979) Anesthesiology , vol.51 , pp. 435-438
    • Bleyaert, A.1    Soetens, M.2    Vaes, L.3    Van Steenberge, A.L.4    Van Der Donck, A.5
  • 99
    • 0023247194 scopus 로고
    • The influence of continuous epidural bupivacaine analgesia on the second stage of labor and method of delivery in nulliparous women
    • Chestnut D H, Vandewalker G E, Owen C L, Bates J N, Choi W W. The influence of continuous epidural bupivacaine analgesia on the second stage of labor and method of delivery in nulliparous women. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 774-780.
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.66 , pp. 774-780
    • Chestnut, D.H.1    Vandewalker, G.E.2    Owen, C.L.3    Bates, J.N.4    Choi, W.W.5
  • 101
    • 0025213917 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine-0.0002% fentanyl during the second stage of labor
    • Chestnut D H, Laszewski L J, Pollack K L, Bates J N, Manago N K, Choi W W. Continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine-0.0002% fentanyl during the second stage of labor. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 613-618.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 613-618
    • Chestnut, D.H.1    Laszewski, L.J.2    Pollack, K.L.3    Bates, J.N.4    Manago, N.K.5    Choi, W.W.6
  • 102
    • 0023101476 scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion epidural analgesia with lidocaine: Efficacy and influence during the second stage of labor
    • Chestnut D, Bates J N, Choi W W. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia with lidocaine: efficacy and influence during the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 323-327.
    • (1987) Obstet Gynecol , vol.69 , pp. 323-327
    • Chestnut, D.1    Bates, J.N.2    Choi, W.W.3
  • 103
  • 104
    • 0028947909 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anaesthesia in labour: Influence on surgical delivery rates, intrapartum fever and blood loss
    • Ploeckinger B, Ulm M R, Chalubinski K, Gruber W. Epidural anaesthesia in labour: influence on surgical delivery rates, intrapartum fever and blood loss. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1995; 39: 24-27.
    • (1995) Gynecol Obstet Invest , vol.39 , pp. 24-27
    • Ploeckinger, B.1    Ulm, M.R.2    Chalubinski, K.3    Gruber, W.4
  • 106
    • 0021338682 scopus 로고
    • Studies of oxytocin in plasma of women during hypocontractile labor
    • Amico J A, Seitchik J, Robinson A G. Studies of oxytocin in plasma of women during hypocontractile labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58: 274-279.
    • (1984) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.58 , pp. 274-279
    • Amico, J.A.1    Seitchik, J.2    Robinson, A.G.3
  • 107
    • 0024331727 scopus 로고
    • Oxytocin infusion during second stage of labour in primiparous women using epidural analgesia: A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Saunders N J StG, Spily H, Gilbert L et al. Oxytocin infusion during second stage of labour in primiparous women using epidural analgesia: a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 1989; 299: 1423-1426.
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.299 , pp. 1423-1426
    • Saunders, N.J.St.G.1    Spily, H.2    Gilbert, L.3
  • 108
    • 0015258726 scopus 로고
    • Lumbar epidural block in labour: A clinical analysis
    • Crawford J S. Lumbar epidural block in labour: a clinical analysis. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44: 66-74.
    • (1972) Br J Anaesth , vol.44 , pp. 66-74
    • Crawford, J.S.1
  • 109
    • 0015509009 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pudendal, spinal and peridural block anesthesia on the second stage of labor
    • Johnson W L, Winter W W, Eng M, Bonica J J, Hunter C A. Effect of pudendal, spinal and peridural block anesthesia on the second stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972; 113: 166-173.
    • (1972) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.113 , pp. 166-173
    • Johnson, W.L.1    Winter, W.W.2    Eng, M.3    Bonica, J.J.4    Hunter, C.A.5
  • 110
    • 0020559067 scopus 로고
    • Second stage of labour with or without extradural analgesia
    • Phillips K C, Thomas T A. Second stage of labour with or without extradural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 972-976.
    • (1983) Anaesthesia , vol.38 , pp. 972-976
    • Phillips, K.C.1    Thomas, T.A.2
  • 113
    • 0017767624 scopus 로고
    • Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour
    • McQueen J, Mylrea L. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour (letter). BMJ 1977; 1: 640-641.
    • (1977) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 640-641
    • McQueen, J.1    Mylrea, L.2
  • 114
    • 0015899589 scopus 로고
    • Safety of the low-forceps operation
    • Niswander K R, Gordon M. Safety of the low-forceps operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 117: 619-629.
    • (1973) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.117 , pp. 619-629
    • Niswander, K.R.1    Gordon, M.2
  • 115
    • 0020528155 scopus 로고
    • Delayed pushing with lumbar epidural analgesia in labour
    • Maresh M, Choong K H, Beard R W. Delayed pushing with lumbar epidural analgesia in labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90: 623-627.
    • (1983) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.90 , pp. 623-627
    • Maresh, M.1    Choong, K.H.2    Beard, R.W.3
  • 117
    • 0017361810 scopus 로고
    • Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity
    • Cohen W R. Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49: 266-269.
    • (1977) Obstet Gynecol , vol.49 , pp. 266-269
    • Cohen, W.R.1
  • 118
    • 0025216008 scopus 로고
    • Perinatal outcome after a prolonged second stage of labor
    • Moon J M, Smith C V, Rayburn W F. Perinatal outcome after a prolonged second stage of labor. J Reprod Med 1990; 35: 229-231.
    • (1990) J Reprod Med , vol.35 , pp. 229-231
    • Moon, J.M.1    Smith, C.V.2    Rayburn, W.F.3
  • 119
    • 12644315664 scopus 로고
    • Obstetric forceps
    • Committee on Obstetrics: Maternal and Fetal Medicine. Obstetric forceps. In: ACOG Committee Opinion no. 59, 1988.
    • (1988) ACOG Committee Opinion No. 59
  • 120
    • 0025774020 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and neonatal effects of outlet forceps delivery compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery in term pregnancies
    • Yancey M K, Herpolsheimer A, Jordan G D, Benson W L, Brady K. Maternal and neonatal effects of outlet forceps delivery compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery in term pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 646-650.
    • (1991) Obstet Gynecol , vol.78 , pp. 646-650
    • Yancey, M.K.1    Herpolsheimer, A.2    Jordan, G.D.3    Benson, W.L.4    Brady, K.5
  • 121
    • 0018653558 scopus 로고
    • The reduction of forceps in primagravidae with epidural analgesia: A controlled trial
    • Goodfellow C F, Studd C. The reduction of forceps in primagravidae with epidural analgesia: a controlled trial. Br J Clin Pract 1979; 33: 287-288.
    • (1979) Br J Clin Pract , vol.33 , pp. 287-288
    • Goodfellow, C.F.1    Studd, C.2
  • 122
    • 0025914092 scopus 로고
    • The management of the second stage of labour in primiparae with epidural analgesia
    • Gleeson N C, Griffith A P. The management of the second stage of labour in primiparae with epidural analgesia. Br J Clin Pract 1991; 45: 90-91.
    • (1991) Br J Clin Pract , vol.45 , pp. 90-91
    • Gleeson, N.C.1    Griffith, A.P.2
  • 123
    • 0025225723 scopus 로고
    • The effect of delayed pushing in the second stage of labor with continuous lumbar epidural analgesia
    • Manyonda I T, Shaw D E, Drife J O. The effect of delayed pushing in the second stage of labor with continuous lumbar epidural analgesia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990; 69: 291-295.
    • (1990) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.69 , pp. 291-295
    • Manyonda, I.T.1    Shaw, D.E.2    Drife, J.O.3
  • 124
    • 0016757667 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural anaesthesia with a low frequency of instrumental deliveries
    • Maltau J, Andersen H T. Continuous epidural anaesthesia with a low frequency of instrumental deliveries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1975; 54: 401-406.
    • (1975) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.54 , pp. 401-406
    • Maltau, J.1    Andersen, H.T.2
  • 125
    • 0023091676 scopus 로고
    • The effect of epidural analgesia on the frequency of instrumental obstetric delivery
    • Kaminski H M, Stafl A, Aiman J. The effect of epidural analgesia on the frequency of instrumental obstetric delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 770-773.
    • (1987) Obstet Gynecol , vol.69 , pp. 770-773
    • Kaminski, H.M.1    Stafl, A.2    Aiman, J.3
  • 126
    • 0018827894 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia for uneventful labour
    • Morgan B M, Rehar S, Lewis P J. Epidural analgesia for uneventful labour. Anaesthesia 1980; 35: 57-60.
    • (1980) Anaesthesia , vol.35 , pp. 57-60
    • Morgan, B.M.1    Rehar, S.2    Lewis, P.J.3
  • 127
    • 0021338503 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia and instrumental delivery
    • Walton P, Reynolds F. Epidural analgesia and instrumental delivery. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 218-223.
    • (1984) Anaesthesia , vol.39 , pp. 218-223
    • Walton, P.1    Reynolds, F.2
  • 128
    • 0018425254 scopus 로고
    • Kielland's forceps: Role of antenatal factors in prediction of use
    • James D K, Chiswick M L. Kielland's forceps: role of antenatal factors in prediction of use. BMJ 1979; 1: 10-11.
    • (1979) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 10-11
    • James, D.K.1    Chiswick, M.L.2
  • 129
    • 0014644645 scopus 로고
    • Selective epidural analgesia and the forceps rate
    • Doughty A. Selective epidural analgesia and the forceps rate. Br J Anaesth 1969; 41: 1058-1062.
    • (1969) Br J Anaesth , vol.41 , pp. 1058-1062
    • Doughty, A.1
  • 131
    • 4244133660 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural infusion of low-dose bupivacaine-fentanyl for labor analgesia
    • Youngstrom P, Sedensky M, Frankmann D, Spagnuolo S. Continuous epidural infusion of low-dose bupivacaine-fentanyl for labor analgesia (abstr). Anesthesiology 1988; 69: A686.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.69
    • Youngstrom, P.1    Sedensky, M.2    Frankmann, D.3    Spagnuolo, S.4
  • 132
    • 84975924675 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia in labour
    • Noble A D, deVere R D. Epidural analgesia in labour (letter). BMJ 1970; 2: 296.
    • (1970) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 296
    • Noble, A.D.1    DeVere, R.D.2
  • 133
    • 0020731618 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia and forceps delivery: Laying a bogey
    • Bailey P W, Howard F A. Epidural analgesia and forceps delivery: laying a bogey. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 282-285.
    • (1983) Anaesthesia , vol.38 , pp. 282-285
    • Bailey, P.W.1    Howard, F.A.2
  • 134
    • 84970797725 scopus 로고
    • Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour
    • Bakhoum S, Lewis B V, Tipton R H. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour. BMJ 1977; 1: 641.
    • (1977) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 641
    • Bakhoum, S.1    Lewis, B.V.2    Tipton, R.H.3
  • 135
    • 0023780511 scopus 로고
    • Benefits of continuous infusion epidural analgesia throughout vaginal delivery
    • Johnsrud M-L, Dale P O, Lovland B. Benefits of continuous infusion epidural analgesia throughout vaginal delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988; 67: 355-358.
    • (1988) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand , vol.67 , pp. 355-358
    • Johnsrud, M.-L.1    Dale, P.O.2    Lovland, B.3
  • 136
    • 0023952408 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of continuous and intermittent epidural analgesia for labour and delivery
    • Smedstad K G, Morison D H. A comparative study of continuous and intermittent epidural analgesia for labour and delivery. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35: 234-241.
    • (1988) Can J Anaesth , vol.35 , pp. 234-241
    • Smedstad, K.G.1    Morison, D.H.2
  • 137
    • 4544220752 scopus 로고
    • Epidural PCA vs. continuous infusion of sufentanil-bupivacaine for analgesia during labor and delivery
    • Naulty J S, Barnes D, Becker R, Pate A, Griffith W. Epidural PCA vs. continuous infusion of sufentanil-bupivacaine for analgesia during labor and delivery (abstr). Anesthesiology 1990; 73: A963.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73
    • Naulty, J.S.1    Barnes, D.2    Becker, R.3    Pate, A.4    Griffith, W.5
  • 138
    • 0027456417 scopus 로고
    • Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labour: Choice of solution
    • Paech M J. Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labour: choice of solution. Int J Obstet Anesth 1993; 2: 65-72.
    • (1993) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.2 , pp. 65-72
    • Paech, M.J.1
  • 139
    • 0027535422 scopus 로고
    • Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labor, or whose finger do you want on the button?
    • Eisenach J C. Patient controlled epidural analgesia during labor, or whose finger do you want on the button? (editorial). Int J Obstet Anesth 1993; 2: 63-64.
    • (1993) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.2 , pp. 63-64
    • Eisenach, J.C.1
  • 140
    • 0022994564 scopus 로고
    • Peridural analgesia in labor. Comparison between bupivacaine and 2-chloroprocaine
    • Feiss P, Collet D, Vincelot A. Peridural analgesia in labor. Comparison between bupivacaine and 2-chloroprocaine. Cah Anesthesiol 1986; 34: 95-98.
    • (1986) Cah Anesthesiol , vol.34 , pp. 95-98
    • Feiss, P.1    Collet, D.2    Vincelot, A.3
  • 141
    • 0005438230 scopus 로고
    • Influence of labor epidural management on outcome in obstetrics
    • Parker R K. Influence of labor epidural management on outcome in obstetrics (abstr). Reg Anesth 1992; 17 (suppl IS): 31.
    • (1992) Reg Anesth , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. IS , pp. 31
    • Parker, R.K.1
  • 142
    • 0343937729 scopus 로고
    • Effect of changes in labor analgesic practice on labor outcome
    • Naulty J S, Smith R, Ross R. Effect of changes in labor analgesic practice on labor outcome (abstr). Anesthesiology 1988; 69: A660.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.69
    • Naulty, J.S.1    Smith, R.2    Ross, R.3
  • 143
    • 85030287287 scopus 로고
    • Epidural alfentanil and bupivacaine for analgesia during labor
    • Ahn N N, Karambelkar D, Cannelli G, Rudy T E. Epidural alfentanil and bupivacaine for analgesia during labor (abstr). Anesthesiology 1989; 71: A845.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71
    • Ahn, N.N.1    Karambelkar, D.2    Cannelli, G.3    Rudy, T.E.4
  • 144
    • 3142578578 scopus 로고
    • Epidural sufentanil-bupivacaine for analgesia during labor and delivery
    • Naulty J S, Ross R, Bergen W. Epidural sufentanil-bupivacaine for analgesia during labor and delivery (abstr). Anesthesiology 1989; 71: A842.
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71
    • Naulty, J.S.1    Ross, R.2    Bergen, W.3
  • 145
    • 12644291611 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural infusion of alfentanil and bupivacaine for labor and delivery
    • Carp H, Johnson M D, Bader A M, Datta S, Ostheimer G W. Continuous epidural infusion of alfentanil and bupivacaine for labor and delivery (abstr). Anesthesiology 1988; 69: A687.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.69
    • Carp, H.1    Johnson, M.D.2    Bader, A.M.3    Datta, S.4    Ostheimer, G.W.5
  • 146
    • 12644266033 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal neurobehavioral effects of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl/bupivacaine/ epinephrine in labor
    • Hoyt M, Youngstrom P. Neonatal neurobehavioral effects of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl/bupivacaine/ epinephrine in labor (abstr). Anesthesiology 1990; 73: A984.
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73
    • Hoyt, M.1    Youngstrom, P.2
  • 147
  • 148
    • 0025915428 scopus 로고
    • The effect of the addition of sufentanil to 0.125% bupivacaine on the quality of analgesia during labor and on the incidence of instrumental deliveries
    • Vertommen J D, Vandermeulen E, Van Aken H et al. The effect of the addition of sufentanil to 0.125% bupivacaine on the quality of analgesia during labor and on the incidence of instrumental deliveries. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 809-814.
    • (1991) Anesthesiology , vol.74 , pp. 809-814
    • Vertommen, J.D.1    Vandermeulen, E.2    Van Aken, H.3
  • 149
    • 0026680765 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of sufentanil, bupivacaine, and their combination for epidural analgesia in obstetrics
    • Steinberg R B, Dunn S M, Dixon D E, Rehm K L, Pastides H, Hu X. Comparison of sufentanil, bupivacaine, and their combination for epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Reg Anesth 1992; 17: 131-138.
    • (1992) Reg Anesth , vol.17 , pp. 131-138
    • Steinberg, R.B.1    Dunn, S.M.2    Dixon, D.E.3    Rehm, K.L.4    Pastides, H.5    Hu, X.6
  • 150
    • 0024098468 scopus 로고
    • The effects of epidural anesthesia on type of delivery
    • Niehaus L S, Chaska B W, Nesse R E. The effects of epidural anesthesia on type of delivery. J Am Board Fam Pract 1988; 1: 238-244.
    • (1988) J Am Board Fam Pract , vol.1 , pp. 238-244
    • Niehaus, L.S.1    Chaska, B.W.2    Nesse, R.E.3
  • 152
    • 0024425323 scopus 로고
    • The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women
    • Thorp J A, Parisi V M, Boylan P C, Johnston D A. The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on cesarean section for dystocia in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 670-675.
    • (1989) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.161 , pp. 670-675
    • Thorp, J.A.1    Parisi, V.M.2    Boylan, P.C.3    Johnston, D.A.4
  • 154
    • 12644276084 scopus 로고
    • Effects of drugs on uterine contractility
    • Friedman E A. Effects of drugs on uterine contractility. Anesthesiology 1965; 26: 409-422.
    • (1965) Anesthesiology , vol.26 , pp. 409-422
    • Friedman, E.A.1
  • 155
    • 0028113314 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia and frequency of cesarean section
    • Segal S, Datta S. Epidural analgesia and frequency of cesarean section (letter to the editor). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 1396-1397.
    • (1994) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.171 , pp. 1396-1397
    • Segal, S.1    Datta, S.2
  • 156
    • 0028073767 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia and frequency of cesarean section
    • Camann W. Epidural analgesia and frequency of cesarean section (letter to the editor). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 1399.
    • (1994) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.171 , pp. 1399
    • Camann, W.1
  • 157
    • 0028352385 scopus 로고
    • Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are in spontaneous labor?
    • Chestnut D H, McGrath J M, Vincent R D et al. Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are in spontaneous labor? Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 1201-1208.
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.80 , pp. 1201-1208
    • Chestnut, D.H.1    McGrath, J.M.2    Vincent, R.D.3
  • 158
    • 0028287592 scopus 로고
    • Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin?
    • Chestnut D H, Vincent R D, McGrath J M, Choi W W, Bates J N. Does early administration of epidural analgesia affect obstetric outcome in nulliparous women who are receiving intravenous oxytocin? Anesthesiology 1994; 80: 1193-1200.
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.80 , pp. 1193-1200
    • Chestnut, D.H.1    Vincent, R.D.2    McGrath, J.M.3    Choi, W.W.4    Bates, J.N.5
  • 159
    • 0025770169 scopus 로고
    • Effect of epidural analgesia on the primary cesarean rate
    • Gribble R K, Meier P R. Effect of epidural analgesia on the primary cesarean rate. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 231-234.
    • (1991) Obstet Gynecol , vol.78 , pp. 231-234
    • Gribble, R.K.1    Meier, P.R.2
  • 160
    • 0000586360 scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia need not influence the spontaneous vaginal delivery rate
    • A240
    • Robson M, Boylan P, McParland P, McQuillan C, O'Neill M. Epidural analgesia need not influence the spontaneous vaginal delivery rate (abstr). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 364 (A240).
    • (1993) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.168 , pp. 364
    • Robson, M.1    Boylan, P.2    McParland, P.3    McQuillan, C.4    O'Neill, M.5
  • 161
    • 0026328004 scopus 로고
    • Reducing the cesarean section rate in a rural community hospital
    • Iglesias S, Burn R, Saunders L D. Reducing the cesarean section rate in a rural community hospital. Can Med Assoc J 1991; 145: 1459-1464.
    • (1991) Can Med Assoc J , vol.145 , pp. 1459-1464
    • Iglesias, S.1    Burn, R.2    Saunders, L.D.3
  • 162
    • 0027286729 scopus 로고
    • Reducing cesarean births at a primarily private university hospital
    • Socol M L, Garcia P M, Peaceman A M, Dooley S L. Reducing cesarean births at a primarily private university hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1748-1754.
    • (1993) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.168 , pp. 1748-1754
    • Socol, M.L.1    Garcia, P.M.2    Peaceman, A.M.3    Dooley, S.L.4
  • 163
    • 0024341683 scopus 로고
    • Cesarean birth for failed progress in labor
    • Neuhoff D, Burke M S, Porreco R P. Cesarean birth for failed progress in labor. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 915-920.
    • (1989) Obstet Gynecol , vol.73 , pp. 915-920
    • Neuhoff, D.1    Burke, M.S.2    Porreco, R.P.3
  • 164
    • 0025364435 scopus 로고
    • Intervention rates in spontaneous term labour in low risk nulliparous women
    • Cary A J. Intervention rates in spontaneous term labour in low risk nulliparous women. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 30: 46-51.
    • (1990) Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.30 , pp. 46-51
    • Cary, A.J.1
  • 165
    • 0027235528 scopus 로고
    • The effect of health coverage for uninsured pregnant women on maternal health and the use of cesarean section
    • Haas J S, Udvarhelyi S, Epstein A M. The effect of health coverage for uninsured pregnant women on maternal health and the use of cesarean section. JAMA 1993; 270: 61-64.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 61-64
    • Haas, J.S.1    Udvarhelyi, S.2    Epstein, A.M.3
  • 166
    • 0027448307 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between malpractice claims and cesearean delivery
    • Localio A R, Lawthers A G, Bengtson J M et al. Relationship between malpractice claims and cesearean delivery. JAMA 1993; 269: 366-373.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 366-373
    • Localio, A.R.1    Lawthers, A.G.2    Bengtson, J.M.3
  • 167
    • 0023201320 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sitting position on uterine activity during labor
    • Chen S-Z, Aisaka K, Mori H, Kigawa T. Effects of sitting position on uterine activity during labor. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 67-73.
    • (1987) Obstet Gynecol , vol.69 , pp. 67-73
    • Chen, S.-Z.1    Aisaka, K.2    Mori, H.3    Kigawa, T.4
  • 168
    • 0027570476 scopus 로고
    • Nurses' care during labor: Its effect on the cesarean birth rate of healthy, nulliparous women
    • Radin T G, Harmon J S, Hanson D A. Nurses' care during labor: its effect on the cesarean birth rate of healthy, nulliparous women. Birth 1993; 20: 14-21.
    • (1993) Birth , vol.20 , pp. 14-21
    • Radin, T.G.1    Harmon, J.S.2    Hanson, D.A.3
  • 169
    • 0026058606 scopus 로고
    • The second stage of labor: Factors influencing duration
    • Piper J M, Boiling D R, Newton E R. The second stage of labor: factors influencing duration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 976-979.
    • (1991) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.165 , pp. 976-979
    • Piper, J.M.1    Boiling, D.R.2    Newton, E.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.