Bacteriological quality of Finnish rivers and lakes

Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 15-21

  Niemi, J S ^a,b   Niemi, R M ^a   Malin, V ^a   Poikolainerv, M L ^a  

^a FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b Finland's Environmental Administration   (Finland)

Author keywords

Bacteriological quality; Coliform bacteria; Fecal streptococci; Lakes; Rivers; Water pollution; Water quality

Indexed keywords

LAKE WATER; RIVER WATER;

ARTICLE; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FECES MICROFLORA; FINLAND; POLLUTION CONTROL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SWIMMING; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0031040080     PISSN: 10534725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:1<15::AID-TOX3>3.0.CO;2-B     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Cabelli, V. 1978. New standards for enteric bacteria, P. 233-271 In R. Michell (Ed.), Water Pollution Microbiology, Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Clesceri, L. S., A. E. Greenberg, and R. R. Trussel. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 7th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, Chs. 9222B, 9222D, and 9230C.
3. Craun, G. F. (Ed.). 1990a. Methods for the Investigation and Prevention of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks. EPA/600/ l-90/-005a. Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268,318 p.
4. Craun, G. F. (Ed). 1990b. Waterborne Disease Outbreaks. Selected Reprints of Articles on Epidemiology, Surveillance, Investigation, and Laboratory Analysis. EPA/600/190/005-b, Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 95 p.
5. Ekholm, M. 1993. Drainage Basins of Finland. Publications of the National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland, Series A. 166p. (In Finnish, English summary.)
6. Heinonen, P. 1980. Quality and Composition of Phytoplankton in Finnish Inland Waters. Publication No. 37 of the Water Research Institute, National Board of Waters, Finland, 91 p.
7. Hoadley, A. W., and B. J. Dutka (Eds.) 1977. Bacterial indicators/Health hazards associated with water. ASTM Special Technical Publication 635. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 356 p.
8. Laaksonen, R. 1970. Water Quality in the Water Systems. A Study Based on Observations Carried out by the Water Pollution Control Authority 1962-1968. Soil and Hydrotechnical Investigations No. 17, 132 p. (In Finnish, English abstract.)
9. National Board of Health, Finland. 1988. Directive 3/1988 Given by the National Board of Health for the Supervision of the Hygienic Quality of Swimming Waters. National Board of Health, Finland. (In Finnish.)
10. National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland. 1992. Review of the Finnish Environment 1990-1991. Environmental Report No. 2 of the Environmental Data Centre of the National Board of Waters and the Environment, 128 p.
11. National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland. 1993a. Water services in Finland-domestic water supply and sewerage. National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland, 16 p.
12. National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland. 1993b. Public Water Services in 1992. National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland, 20 p. (In Finnish.)
13. Niemelä, S. I., and R. M. Niemi. 1989. Species distribution and temperature relations of coliform populations from uninhabited watershed areas. Toxicol. Assess. 4:271-280.
14. Niemi, J. S., R. M. Niemi, and P. Pajakko. 1994. Long-term temporal variation of hygienic indicator bacteria in a river. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25:1901-1909.
15. Niemi, R. M., and J. S. Niemi. 1988. Annual variation and reliability of fecal indicators in a polluted river. Toxicol. Assess. 3:657-677.
16. Niemi, R. M., and J. S. Niemi 1990. Monitoring of fecal indicators in rivers on the basis of random sampling and percentiles. Water Air Soil Pollut. 50:331-342.
17. Niemi, R. M., and J. S. Niemi. 1991. Bacterial pollution of waters in pristine and agricultural lands. J. Environ. Qual. 20:620-627.
18. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1988. Environmental Policies in Finland. Paris, 230 p.
19. Poikolainen, M.-L., J. S. Niemi, R. M. Niemi, and V. Malin. 1995. Fecal contamination of Finnish fresh waters in 19621984. Water Air Soil Pollut. 81:37-47.
20. Prescott, S. C., C.-E. A. Winslow, and M. H. McCrady. 1947. Water Bacteriology, 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 353 p.
21. Repo, M., and M. L. Hämäläinen (Eds.). 1994. Industrial Water Statistics 1992. Publications of the Water and Environment Administration, Series A, No. 184, National Board of Waters and the Environment, Finland, 60 p. (In Finnish, English summary.)
22. Smith, R. A., R. B. Alexander, and M. G. Wolman. 1987. Water-quality trends in the nation's rivers. Science 235: 1607-1615.
23. Wolf, H. W. 1972. The coliform count as a measure of water quality, P. 333-361. In R. Mitchell (Ed.) Water Pollution Microbiology. Wiley-Interscience, New York.