Delay in simple reaction time after focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain occurs at the final motor output stage

Brain Research

Volumn 744, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 32-40

  Ziemann, Ulf ^a   Tergau, Frithjof ^a   Netz, Johannes ^b   Hömberg, Volker ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

F wave; human; motor cortex; silent period; simple reaction time; spinal motoneuron excitability; supplementary motor area; transcranial magnetic brain stimulation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MOTONEURON; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTION TIME; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

ADULT; BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR NEURONS; PYRAMIDAL TRACTS; TIME FACTORS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 0031037627     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01062-1     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Amassian, V.E., Cracco, J.B., Cracco, R.C. and Maccabee, P.J., Magnetic coil stimulation of human premotor cortex affects sequential digit movements, J. Physiol., 424 (1990) 65P.
2. Amassian, V.E., Cracco, R.Q., Maccabee, P.J., Bigland-Ritchie, B. and Cracco, J.B., Matching focal and non-focal magnetic coil stimulation to properties of human nervous system: mapping motor unit fields in motor cortex contrasted with altering sequential digit movements by premotor-SMA stimulation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., Suppl. 43 (1991) 3-28.
3. Amassian, V.E., Cracco, R.Q., Maccabee, P.J., Cracco, J.B., Rudell, A. and Eberle, L., Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 74 (1989) 458-462.
4. Beckers, G., Canavan, A.G.M., Zangemeister, W.H. and Hömberg, V., Transcranial magnetic stimulation of human frontal and parietal cortex impairs programming of periodic saccades, Neuroophthalmology, 12 (1992) 289-295.
5. Beckers, G. and Hömberg, V., Cerebral visual motion blindness: transitory akinetopsia induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation of human area V5, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 249 (1992) 173-178.
6. Boyd, S.G., Rothwell, J.C., Cowan, J.M.A., Webb, P.J., Morley, T., Asselman, P. and Marsden, C.D., A method of monitoring function in corticospinal pathways during scoliosis surgery with a note on motor conduction velocities, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 49 (1986) 251-257.
7. Brasil-Neto, J.P., Cohen, L.G., Panizza, M., Nilsson, J., Roth, B.J. and Hallett, M., Optimal focal transcranial magnetic activation of the human motor cortex: Effects of coil orientation, shape of the induced current pulse, and stimulus intensity, J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 9 (1992) 132-136.
8. Burke, D., Hicks, R., Gandevia, S.C., Stephen, J., Woodforth, I. and Crawford, M., Direct comparison of corticospinal volleys in human subjects to transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation, J. Physiol., 470 (1993) 383-393.
9. Cantello, R., Gianelli, M., Civardi, C. and Mutani, R., Magnetic brain stimulation: the silent period after the motor evoked potential, Neurology, 42 (1992) 1951-1959.
10. Cohen, L.G., Bandinelli, S., Sato, S., Kufta, C. and Hallett, M., Attenuation in detection of somatosensory stimuli by transcranial magnetic stimulation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 81 (1991) 366-376.
11. Creutzfeldt, O.D., Baumgartner, G. and Schoen, L., Reaktionen einzelner Neurone des senso-motorischen Cortex nach elektrischen Reizen. I. Hemmung und Erregung nach direkten und kontralateralen Reizen, Arch. Psychiatrie Z. Neurol., 194 (1956) 597-619.
12. Cunnington, R., Iansek, R., Thickbroom, G.W., Laing, B.A., Mastaglia, F.L., Bradshaw, J.L. and Phillips, J.G., Effects of magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area on movement in Parkinson's disease, Brain, 119 (1996) 815-822.
13. Day, B.L., Thompson, P.D., Dick, J.P., Nakashima, K. and Marsden, C.D., Different sites of action of electrical and magnetic stimulation of the human brain, Neurosci. Lett., 75 (1987) 101-106.
14. Day, B.L., Dressler, D., Maertens De Noordhout, A., Marsden, C.D., Nakashima, K., Rothwell, J.C. and Marsden, C.D., Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: Surface EMG and single motor unit responses, J. Physiol., 412 (1989) 449-473.
15. Day, B.L., Rothwell, J.C., Thompson, P.D., Maertens De Noordhout, A., Nakashima, K., Shannon, K. and Marsden, C.D., Delay in the execution of voluntary movement by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in intact man. Evidence for the storage of motor programs in the brain, Brain, 112 (1989) 649-663.
16. Evarts, E.V., Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey, J. Neurophysiol., 29 (1966) 1011-1027.
17. Fisher, M.A., H reflexes and F waves: Physiology and clinical indications, Muscle Nerve, 15 (1992) 1223-1233.
18. Freund, H.J., Historical overview. In H.O. Lüders (Ed.) Supplementary Sensorimotor Area, Advances in Neurology, Vol. 70, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996, pp. 17-27.
19. Fuhr, P., Agostino, R. and Hallett, M., Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 81 (1991) 257-262.
20. Gosh, S. and Porter, R., Morphology of pyramidal neurones in monkey motor cortex and the synaptic actions of their intracortical axon collaterals, J. Physiol., 400 (1988) 593-615.
21. Hallett, M., Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Negative effects. In S. Fahn, M. Hallett, H.O. Lüders and C.D. Marsden (Eds.) Negative Motor Phenomena, Advances in Neurology, Vol. 67, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1995, pp. 107-113.
22. Hess, C.W., Mills, K.R. and Murray, N.M.F., Responses in small hand muscles from magnetic stimulation of the human brain, J. Physiol., 388 (1987) 397-419.
23. Hicks, R., Burke, D., Stephen, J., Woodforth, I. and Crawford, M., Cortico-spinal volleys evoked by electrical stimulation of human motor cortex after withdrawal of volatile anaesthetics, J. Physiol., 456 (1992) 393-404.
24. Hultborn, H. and Nielsen, J.B., H-reflexes and F-responses are not equally sensitive to changes in motoneuronal excitability, Muscle Nerve, 18 (1995) 1471-1474.
25. Inghilleri, M., Beradelli, A., Cruccu, G. and Manfredi, M., Silent period evoked by transcranial stimulation of the human cortex and cervicomedullary junction, J. Physiol., 466 (1993) 521-534.
26. Krnjevic, K., Randic, M. and Straughan, D.W., Cortical inhibition, Nature, 201 (1964) 1294-1296.
27. Luce, R.D., Response Times. Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.
28. Mercuri, B., Wassermann, E.M., Manganotti, P., Ikoma, K., Samii, A. and Hallett, M., Cortical modulation of spinal excitability: an F-wave study, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 101 (1996) 16-24.
29. Neshige, R., Lüders, H. and Shibasaki, H., Recording of movement-related potentials from scalp and cortex in man, Brain, 111 (1988) 719-736.
30. Nickerson, R.S., Intersensory facilitation of reaction time: Energy summation or preparation enhancement? Psychol. Rev., 80 (1973) 489-509.
31. Palmer, E., Cafarelli, E. and Ashby, P., The processing of human ballistic movements explored by stimulation over the cortex, J. Physiol., 481.2 (1994) 509-520.
32. Pascual-Leone, A., Brasil-Neto, J.P., Valls-Solé, J., Cohen, L.G. and Hallett, M., Simple reaction time to focal transcranial stimulation. Comparison with reaction time to acoustic, visual and somatosensory stimuli, Brain, 115 (1992) 109-122.
33. Pascual-Leone, A., Gomez-Tortosa, E., Grafman, J., Alway, D., Nichelli, P. and Hallett, M., Induction of visual extinction by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of parietal lobe, Neurology, 44 (1994) 494-498.
34. Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Wassermann, E.M., Brasil-Neto, J., Cohen, L.G. and Hallett, M., Effects of focal transcranial magnetic stimulation on simple reaction time to acoustic, visual and somatosensory stimuli, Brain, 115 (1992) 1045-1059.
35. Pierrot-Deseilligny, E., Lacert, P. and Cathala, H.P., Amplitude et variabilité des réflexes monosynaptiques avant un mouvement voluntaire, Physiol. Behav., 7 (1971) 495-508.
36. Priori, A., Bertolasi, L., Rothwell, J.C., Day, B.L. and Marsden, C.D., Some saccadic eye movements can be delayed by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebral cortex in man, Brain, 116 (1993) 355-369.
37. Roick, H., von Giesen, H.J. and Benecke, R., On the origin of the post-excitatory inhibition seen after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in awake human subjects, Exp. Brain Res., 94 (1993) 489-498.
38. Rossini, P.M., Zarola, F., Stålberg, E. and Caramia, M., Pre-movement facilitation of motor-evoked potentials in man during transcraniai stimulation of the central motor pathways, Brain Res., 458 (1988) 20-30.
39. Rothwell, J.C., Day, B.L., Thompson, P.D. and Marsden, C.D., Interruption of motor programmes by electrical or magnetic brain stimulation in man. In J.H.J. Allum and M. Hulliger (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 80, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 467-472.
40. Starr, A., Caramia, M., Zarola, F. and Rossini, P.M., Enhancement of motor cortical excitability in humans by non-invasive electrical stimulation appears prior to voluntary movement, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 70 (1988) 26-32.
41. Sternberg, S., The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method. In W.G. Koster (Ed.) Attention and Performance II, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 276-315.
42. Taylor, J.L., Wagener, D.S. and Colebatch, J.G., Mapping of cortical sites where transcranial magnetic stimulation results in delay of voluntary movement, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 97 (1995) 341-348.
43. Uncini, A., Treviso, M., Di Muzio, A., Simone, P. and Pullman, S., Physiological basis of voluntary activity inhibition induced by transcranial cortical stimulation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 89 (1993) 211-220.
44. Wilson, S.A., Lockwood, R.J., Thickbroom, G.W. and Mastaglia, F.L., The muscle silent period following transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation, J. Neurol. Sci., 114 (1993) 216-222.
45. Ziemann, U., Netz, J., Szélenyi, A. and Hömberg, V., Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms contribute to the silent period in the contracting soleus muscle after transcranial magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex, Neurosci. Lett., 156 (1993) 167-171.