Clinical applications of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in cancer

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 257, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 157-180

  Diamandis, Eleftherios P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

BRCA 1; BRCA 2; Cancer diagnosis; Oncogenes; Tumor markers; Tumor suppressors

Indexed keywords

BCR ABL PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53;

CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOMINANT GENE; FAMILIAL CANCER; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE DELETION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TRANSLOCATION; HUMAN; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE C ERB; ONCOGENE MYC; ONCOGENE RAS; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTO ONCOGENE; REPRESSOR GENE; RETROVIRUS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

FUSION PROTEINS, BCR-ABL; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE DELETION; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; ONCOGENES; POINT MUTATION; TRANSLOCATION, GENETIC;

EID: 0031035745     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-8981(96)06442-X     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (125)

1. Bishop JM. Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 1991;64:235-248.
2. Verma IM, Vogt PK. Oncogenes: 20 years later. Genes Dev 1995;9:1289-1302.
3. Diamandis EP. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes - New bochemical tests. CRC. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1992;29:269-305.
4. Rowley JD. Molecular cytogenetics: rosetta stone for understanding cancer. Cancer Res 1990;50:3816-3825.
5. Marshall CJ. Oncogenes and cell proliferation: an overview. In: Glover DM, Hames BD, eds. Oncogenes. Pp. I-21. Oxford: IRL Press, 1989.
6. Marshall CJ. Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 1991;64:313-326.
7. Stanbridge EJ. Human tumor suppressor genes. Annu Rev Genet 1990;24:615-657.
8. Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991;254:1138-1146.
9. Kurzrock R, Gutterman JU, Talpaz M. The molecular genetics of Phialdelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med 1988;319:990-998.
10. Shtivelman E, Lifshitz B, Gale RP et al. Alternative splicing of RNAs transcribed from the human abl gene and from the bcr-abl fused gene. Cell 1986;47:277-284.
11. Konopka JB, Watanabe SM, Witte ON. An alteration in the human c-abl protein in K562 leukemia cells unmasks associated tyrosine kinase activity. Cell 1984;37:1035-1042.
12. Daley GQ, McLaughlin J, Witte ON et al. The CML-specific P210 bcr/abl protein, unlike v-abl, does not transform NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Science 1987;237:532-535.
13. Witte ON. Functions of the abl oncogene. Cancer Surv 1986;5:183-197.
14. Yoffe G, Blick M, Kantarjian H et al. Molecular analysis of interferon-induced suppression of Philadelphia chromosome in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 1987;69:961-963.
15. Shtivelman E, Gale RP, Dreazen O et al. bcr-abl RNA in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1987;69:971-973.
16. Collins SJ, Kubonishi I, Miyoishi I et al. Altered transcription of the c-abl oncogene in K-562 and other chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Science 1984;225:72-74.
17. Kurzrock R, Shtalrid M, Romero P et al. A novel c-abl protein product in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nature 1987;325:631-635.
18. Grotten J, Stephenson JR, Heistenkamp N et al. Philadelphia chromosomal breakpoints are clustered within a limited region, bcr, on chromosome 22. Cell 1984;36:93-99.
19. Kawasaki ES, Clark SS, Coyne MY et al. Diagnosis of chronic myeloid and acute lymphocytic leukemias by detection of leukemia-specific mRNA sequences amplified in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:5698-5702.
20. Bartram CR. Detection of minimal residual leukemia by the polymerase chain reaction: potential implications for therapy. Clin Chim Acta 1993;217:75-83.
21. Bos JL. The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 1988;195:255-271.
22. Bos JL. ras Oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1989;49:4682-4689.
23. Sukumar S. An experimental analysis of cancer: role of ras oncogenes in multistep carcinogenesis. Cancer Cells 1990;2:199-204.
24. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Stanley BA et al. Genetic alteration during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988;319:525-532.
25. Karga H, Lee JK, Vickery AL et al. ras Oncogene mutations in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:832-836.
26. Slebos RJC, Kibbelaar R, Dalesio O et al. K-ras oncogene activation as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1990;323:561-565.
27. DeVries MV, Bogaard ME, Van den Elst H et al. A dot-blot screening procedure for mutated ras oncogenes using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides. Gene 1986;50:313-320.
28. r 21 000 protein, the product of ras oncogenes, using antibodies with specificity for amino acid 12. Cancer Res 1986;46:6029-6033.
29. Sagae S, Kudo R, Kuzumaki N et al. ras Oncogene expression and progression in intraepithelial neoplasia of the uterine cervix. Cancer 1990;66:295-301.
30. Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR et al. Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 1992;256:102-105.
31. Tobi M, Luo FC, Ronai Z. Detection of K-ras mutation in colonic effluent samples from patients without evidence of colorectal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Instit 1994;86:1007-1010.
32. Tada M, Omata M, Ohio M. Clinical application of ras gene mutation for diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology, 1991;100:233-238.
33. Caldas C, Hahn SA, Hruban RH, Redston MS, Yeo CJ, Kern SE. Detection of K-ras mutations in the stool of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal hyperplasia. Cancer Res, 1994;54:3568-3573.
34. Tada M, Omata M, Kawai S, Saisho H, Ohto M, Saiki RK, Sninsky JJ. Detection of ras gene mutations in pancreatic juice and peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res, 1993;53:2472-2474.
35. Yanagisawa A, Kato Y, Ohtake K, Oheshi K, Hori M, Takagi K, Sugano H. c-Ki-ras point mutation in ductectatic-type mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1991;82:1057-1060.
36. Tada M, Omata M, Ohto M. Ras mutations in intraductal papillary neoplasms of the pancreas. Cancer, 1992;67:637-639.
37. Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Tockman M, Sidransky D. Detection of oncogene mutations in sputum precedes diagosis of lung cancer. Cancer Res, 1994;54:1634-1637.
38. Fitzgerald JM, Ramchurren N, Rieger K, Levesque P, Silverman M, Livertino JA, Summerhayes IC. Identification of H-ras mutations in urine sediments complements cytology in the detection of bladder tumors. J Natl Cancer Institue, 1995;87:129-133.
39. Hruban RH, Van Der Riet P, Erozan Y, Sidransky D. Brief report: Molecular biology and the early detection of carcinoma of the bladder - the case of Hubert H. Humphrey. N Eng J Med, 1994;330:1276-1278.
40. Rabbitts TH, Rabbitts PH. Molecular pathology of chromosomal abnormalities and cancer genes in human tumors. In: Glover DM, Hames BD, eds. Oncogenes. Pp. 67-111 Oxford: IRL Press, 1989.
41. Escot C, Theillet C, Lidereau R et al. Genetic alterations of the c-myc proto-oncogene (MYC) in human primary breast carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 186; 83: 4834-4838.
42. Selvanayagam P, Blick M, Narni F et al. Alteration and abnormal expression of the c-myc oncogene in human multiple myeloma. Blood 1988;71:30-35.
43. Schwab M, Amler LC. Amplification of cellular oncogenes: a predictor of clinical outcome in human cancer. Genes Chrom Cancer 1990;1:181-193.
44. Dias P, Kumar P, Marsden HB et al. N-myc gene is amplified in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) but not in embryonal RMS. Int J Cancer 1990;45:593-596.
45. Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M et al. Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. Science 1984;224:1121-1124.
46. Ibson JM, Rabbitts PH. Sequence of a germ-line N-myc gene and amplification as a mechanism of activation. Oncogene 1988;2:399-405.
47. Koskinen PJ, Makela TP, Vastrick I, Alitalo K. myc amplification: regulation of myc function. Clin Chim Acta 1993;217:57-62.
48. Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA et al. Studies of the HER21/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 1989;244:707-712.
49. Van de Vijver MJ, Peterse JL, Mooi WJ et al. neu protein overexpression in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1239-1245.
50. Callahan R, Campbell G. Mutations in human breast cancer. An overview. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:80-86.
51. Van de Vijver M, Van de Bersselaar R, Devilee P et al. Amplification of the neu (c-erbB-2) oncogene in human mammary tumor is relatively frequent and is often accompanied by amplification of the linked c-erbA oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 1987;7:2019-2023.
52. Paterson MC, Dietrich KD, Danyluk J et al. Correlation between c-erbB-2 amplification and risk of recurrent disease in node-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:556-567.
53. Marx J. Oncogenes evoke new cancer therapies. Science 1990;249:1376-1378.
54. Nugent A, McDermott E, Duffy K et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of c-erbB-2. oncoprotein in breast cancer. Clin Chem 1992;38:1421-1424.
55. Inaji H, Koyama H, Motomura K, Noguchi S, Mori Y, Kimura Y, Sugano K, Ohkura H. ErbB-2 protein levels in nipple discharge: role in diagnosis of early breast cancer. Tumor Biol 1993;14:271-278.
56. Mansour EG, Ravdin PM, Dressler L. Prognostic factors in early breast cancer. Cancer 1994;74:381-400.
57. Noguchi M, Miyazaki I. Prognostic factors in breast cancer and their controversies. Oncol Rep, 1994;1:1157-63.
58. Ravdin PM, Chamness GC. The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene as a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer: a paradigm for the development of other macro-molecular markers. [Review] Gene 1995;159:19-27.
59. Andersen TI, Paus E, Nesland JM et al. Detection of c-erbB-2 related protein in sera from breast cancer patient: Relationship to ERBB2 gene amplification and c-erbB-2 protein overexpression in tumor. Acta Oncol 1995;34:499-504.
60. Zhang LS, Chang CJ, Bacus SS et al. Suppressed transformation and induced differentiation of HER-2neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells by emodin. Cancer Res 1995;55:3890-3896.
61. neu receptor. Nature Med 1995;1:644-648.
62. Muthuswamy SK, Muller WJ. Direct and specific interaction of c-Src with Neu is involved in signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncogene 1995;11:271-279.
63. Tai Y-T, Gould MN. Hormonal modulation of neu-induced mammary carcinogenesis: evidence against a single-step induction of mammary cancer by neu. Carcinogenesis 1995;16:1455-1460.
64. Lee EYHP, To H, Shew JY et al. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in human breast cancers. Science 1988;241:218-221.
65. Cavenee WK, Hansen MF, Nordenskjold M et al. Genetic origin of mutations predisposing to retinoblastoma. Science 1985;228:501-503.
66. Harbour JW, Lai SL, Whang-Peng J et al. Abnormalities in structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science 1988;241:353-357.
67. Varley JM, Armour J, Swallow JE et al. The retinoblastoma gene is frequently altered leading to loss of expression in primary breast tumours. Oncogene 1989;4:725-729.
68. Diamandis EP. Clinical applications of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Clin Chim Acta 1995;237:79-90.
69. Marx, J. New link found between p53 and DNA repair. Science 1994;266:1321-1322.
70. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991;351:453-456.
71. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B et al. p53 Mutations in human cancers. Science 1991;253:49-53.
72. Soussi T, Legros Y, Lubin R, Ory K, Schlichtholz B. Multifactorial analysis of p53 alteration in human cancer. [Review] Int J Cancer 1994;57:1-9.
73. Lambkin HA, Mothersill CM, Kelehan P. Variations in immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein overexpression in cervical carcinomas with different antibodies and methods of detection. J Pathol 1994;172:13-18.
74. Feinstein E, Cimino C, Gale RP et al. p53 In chronic myelogenous leukemia in the acute phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:6293-6297.
75. Borresen AL, Hovig E, Smith-Sorensen B et al. Constant denaturant gel electrophoresis as a rapid screening technique for p53 mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:8405-8409.
76. Murakami Y, Hayashi K, Sekiya T. Detection of aberrations of the p53 alleles and the gene transcript in human tumor cell lines by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Cancer Res 1991;51:3356-3361.
77. Cannon JV, Greaves R, Lane DP. Activating mutations in p53 induce a common conformational effect. A monoclonal antibody specific for the mutant form. EMBO J 1990;9:1595-1602.
78. Yewdell JN, Gannon JV, Lane DP. Monoclonal antibody analysis of p53 expression in normal and transformed cells. J Virol 1986;59:444-452.
79. Wade-Evans A, Jenkins JR. Precise epitope mapping of the murine transformation-associated protein, p53. EMBO J 1985;4:699-706.
80. Milner J, Medcalf EA. Cotranslation of activated mutant p53 with wild-type drives the wild-type p53 protein into the mutant conformation. Cell 1991;65:765-74.
81. Midgley CA, Fisher CJ, Bartek J et al. Analysis of p53 expression in human tumors: an antibody raised against human p53 expressed in Escherichia coli. J Cell Sci (in press).
82. Hassapoglidou S, Diamandis EP, Sutherland DJA. Quantification of p53 protein in tumor cell lines, breast tissue extracts and serum with time-resolved immunofluorometry. Oncogene, 1993;8:1501-1509.
83. Levesque MA, D'Costa M, Angelopoulou K, Diamandis EP. Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of p53 protein. Clin Chem 1995;41:1720-1729.
84. Borg A, Lennerstrand J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Ferno M, Brisfors A, Ohrvik A et al. Prognostic significance of p53 overexpression in primary breast cancer; a novel luminometric immunoassay applicable on steroid receptor cytosols. Br J Cancer 1995;71:1013-1017.
85. Levesque MA, Clark GM, Yu H, Diamandis EP. Immunofluorometric analysis of p53 protein and prostate specific antigen in breast tumors and their association with other prognostic indicators. Br J Cancer 1995;72:720-727.
86. Bartek J, Bartkova J, Vojtesek B et al. Aberrant expression of the p53 oncoprotein is a common feature of a wide spectrum of human malignancies. Oncogene 1991;6:1699-1703.
87. Thor AD, Moore DH, Edgerton SM et al. Accumulation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene protein: an independent marker of prognosis in breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:845-855.
88. Allred DC, Clark GM, Elledge R. Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:200-206.
89. MacGrogan G, Bonichon F, De Mascarel I et al. Prognostic value of p53 in breast invasive ductal carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study on 942 cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;36:71-81.
90. Ozbun MA, Butel JS. Tumor suppressor p53 mutations and breast cancer: a critical analysis. Adv Cancer Res 1995;66:71-142.
91. Wold LE, Ingle JN, Pisansky TM et al. Prognostic factors for patients with carcinoma of the breast. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:678-679.
92. Levesque M, Katsaros D, Yu H, Zola P, Sismondi P, Giardina G, Diamandis EP. Mutant p53 protein overexpression is associated with poor outcome in patients with well or moderately differentiated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1995;75:1327-1338.
93. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, Humphrey PA, Pence JC, Dodge RK et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:2979-2984.
94. Kohler MF, Berchuk A, Davidoff AM et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 1992;52:1662-1667.
95. Kohler MF, Kerns BJO, Humphrey PA et al. Mutation and overexpression of p53 in early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:643-650.
96. Marchetti A, Buttita F, Merlo G et al. p53 alterations in non-small cell lung cancers correlate with metastatic involvement of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. Cancer Res 1993;53:2846-2851.
97. Martin HM, Philipe MI, Morris RW et al. p53 expression and prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1992;50:859-862.
98. Riou G, Le M, Fare M et al. Human papilloma virus-negative status and c-myc gene overexpression: independent prognostic indicators of distant metastasis for early-stage invasive cervical cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1526-1536.
99. Navone NM, Trencoso P, Pisters LL, Goodrow TL et al. p53 protein accumulation and gene mutation in the progression of human prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1657-1659.
100. Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC et al. Germ line p53 mutations in familial syndrome of breast cancer sarcomas and other neoplasms. Science 1990;250:1233-1238.
101. Frebourg T, Friend SH. Cancer risks from germ line p53 mutations. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1637-1641.
102. Malkin D, Jolly KW, Barbier N et al. Germline mutations of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in children and young adults with second malignant neoplasms. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1309-1315.
103. Toguchida J, Yamaguchi T, Dayton SH et al. prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations of the p53 gene among patients with sarcomas. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1301-1308.
104. Chang K, Ding I, Kern FG et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 and HER-21/ neu proteins in human tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 1991;39:1281-1287.
105. Crawford LV, Pim DC, Bulbrook RD. Detection of antibodies against the cellular protein p53 in sera from patients with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1982;30:403-408.
106. Davidoff AM, Iglehart JD, Marks JR. Immune response to p53 is dependent upon p53 HSP70 complexes in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:3439-3442.
107. Schlichtholz B, Legros Y, Gillet D, Gaillard C, Marty M, Lane D, Calvo F, Soussi T. The immune response to p53 in breast cancer patients is directed against immunodominant epitopes unrelated to the mutational hot spot. Cancer Res 1992;52:6380-6384.
108. Mudenda B, Green JA, Green B et al. The relationship between serum p53 autoantibodies and characteristics of human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1994;69:1115-1119.
109. Angelopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Sutherland DJA, Kellen JA, Bunting PS. Prevalence of serum antibodies against the p53 tumor suppressor gene protein in various cancers. Int J Cancer, 1994;58:480-487.
110. Winter SF, Minna JD, Johnson BE, Takahashi T, Gazdar AF, Carbone DP. Development of antibodies against p53 in lung cancer patients appears to be dependent on the p53 mutation. Cancer Res 1992;52:4168-4174.
111. Schlichtholz B, Tredaniel J, Lubin R, Zalcman G, Hirsch A, Soussi T. Analysis of p53 antibodies in sera of patients with lung carcinoma define immunodominant regions in the p53 protein. Br J Cancer 1994;69:809-816.
112. Houbiers JGA, Van der Burg SH, Van de Watering LMG, Tollenaar RAEM, Brand A, Van de Velde CJH, Melief CJM. Antibodies against p53 are associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;72:637-641.
113. Green JA, Robertson BA, Capbell IR. Jenkins J. Expression of the p53 gene and presence of serum autoantibodies in ovarian cancer: correlation with differentiation. Cancer Detection and Prevention 1995;19:151-155.
114. Lubin R, Schlichtholz B, Bengoufa D, Zalcman G, Tredaniel J, Hirsch A et al. Analysis of p53 antibodies in patients with various cancers define B-cell epitopes of human p53: distribution on primary structure and exposure on protein surface. Cancer Res 1993;53:5872-5876.
115. Peyrat JP, Jacques B, Lubin R, Vanlemmens L, Fournier J, Soussi T. Prognostic significance of circulating p53 antibodies in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional breast cancer. Lancet 1995;345:621-622.
116. Lubin R, Zalcman G, Bouchet L, Tredaniel J, Legros Y, Cazals D et al. Serum p53 antibodies as early markers of lung cancer. Nature Med 1995;1:701-702.
117. Green JA, Mudenda JB, Jenkins J, Leinster SJ, Tarunina M, Green B, Robertson L. Serum p53 auto-antibodies: incidence in familial breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1994;30:584-587.
118. Sidransky D, Von Eschenbach A, Tsai YC et al. Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 1991;252:706-709.
119. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA-1. Science 1994;266:66-71.
120. Futreal PA, Liu Q, Shattuck-Eidens D et al. BRCA-1 mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science 1994;266:120-122.
121. Wooster R, Neuhausen SL, Mangion J et al. Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA-2, to chromosome 13Q12-13. Science 1994;265:2088-2090.
122. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA-2. Nature 1995;378:789-792.
123. Davis K. Breast cancer genes. Further enigmatic variations. Nature 1995;378:762-763.
124. Marx J. A second breast cancer susceptibility gene is found. Science 1996;271:30-31.
125. Gao X, Zacharek A, Salkowski A, Grignon DJ, Sakr W, Porter AT, Honn KV. Loss of heterozygosity of the BRCA-1 and other loci on chromosome 17q in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:1002-1005.