Causal modeling to estimate sensitivity and specificity of a test when prevalence changes

Epidemiology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 80-86

  Choi, Bernard C K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

diagnostic test; prevalence; screening test; sensitivity; specificity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031030270     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199701000-00013     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Yerushalmy J. Statistical problems in assessing methods of medical diagnosis, with special reference to x-ray techniques. Public Health Rep 1947;62:1432-1449.
2. Vecchio TJ. Predictive value of a single diagnostic test in unselected populations. N Engl J Med 1966;274:1171-1173.
3. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH. Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988.
4. Choi BCK. Index for rating predictive accuracy of screening tests. Methods Inf Med 1982;21:149-153.
5. Sox HC Jr, Blatt MA, Higgins MC, Marton KI. Medical decision making. Boston: Butterworth, 1988.
6. Feinstein AR. Clinical Epidemiology: The Architecture of Clinical Research. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.
7. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.
8. Lusted LB. Introduction to Medical Decision Making. Chicago: Charles C Thomas, 1968.
9. Kramer MS. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics: A Primer for Clinical Investigators and Decision-makers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
10. Weiss NS. Clinical Epidemiology: The Study of the Outcome of Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
11. Inglefinger JA, Mosteller F, Thibodeau LA, Ware JH. Biostatistics in Clinical Medicine. New York: Macmillan, 1983.
12. Bayes T. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos Trans 1763;53:370-418. (Reproduced in: Biometrika 1958;45:293-315.)
13. Bayes T. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos Trans 1763;53:370-418. (Reproduced in: Biometrika 1958;45:293-315.)
14. Choi BCK. Sensitivity and specificity of a single diagnostic test in the presence of work-up bias. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:581-586.
15. Diamond GA. "Work-up bias" (Letter). J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:207-208.
16. Choi BCK. Response (Letter). J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:208-209.
17. Diamond GA. Reverend Bayes' silent majority: an alternative factor affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:1175-1180.
18. Zheng G, Choi BCK, Yu X, Zou R, Shao Y, Ma X. Mass screening for rectal neoplasm in Jiashan county, China. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;12:1379-1385.
19. Pitts NB. Monitoring of caries progression in permanent and primary posterior approximal enamel by bitewing radiography: a review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1983;11:228-235.
20. Mileman PA. Treatment decisions using bitewing radiographs, a survey of Dutch dentists. Community Dent Health 1987;4:190.
21. Provart SJ, Carmichael CL. The use of an index of material deprivation to identify groups of children at risk to dental caries in County Durham. Community Dent Health 1995;12:138-142.
22. Choi BCK, Hanley AJG, Holowaty EJ, Dale D. Use of surnames to identify individuals of Chinese ancestry. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:723-734.
23. Boyko EJ, Alderman BW. The use of risk factors in medical diagnosis: opportunities and cautions. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:851-858.
24. Morrison AS. Screening for Chronic Disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
25. Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Cohen BH. Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
26. Khoury MJ, Newill CA, Chase GA. Epidemiologic evaluation of screening for risk factors: application to genetic screening. Am J Public Health 1985; 75:1204-1208.
27. Williamson R. Universal community carrier screening for cystic fibrosis? Nature Genet 1993;3:195-201.
28. Berkelman RL, Buehler JW, Dondero TJ Jr. Surveillance of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In: Halperin W, Baker EL Jr, Monson RR, eds. Public Health Surveillance. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992; 108-120.
29. Wegman DH. Hazard surveillance. In: Halperin W, Baker EL Jr, Monson RR, eds. Public Health Surveillance. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992;67.
30. Mercier MJ, Robinson AE. Use of biologic markers for toxic end-points in assessment of risks from exposure to chemicals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993;65:S7-S10.
31. Rothstein MA. Medical Screening of Workers. Washington DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1984.
32. Wong T, Detsky AS. Preoperative cardiac risk assessment for patients having peripheral vascular surgery. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:743-753.
33. Simon JA. Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:107-125.
34. Reunanen A, Knekt P, Aaran R-K. Serum ceruloplasmin level and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1082-1090.
35. Kraemer HC. Evaluating Medical Tests: Objective and Quantitative Guidelines. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992.
36. Weiner DA, Ryan TJ, McCabe CH, Kennedy JW, Schloss M, Tristani F, Chaitman BR, Fisher LD. Exercise stress testing: correlations among history of angina, ST-segment response and prevalence of coronary-artery disease in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS). N Engl J Med 1979;301:230-235.
37. Hlatky MA, Pryor DB, Harrell FE, Califf RM, Mark DB, Rosati RA. Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography: multivariable analysis. Am J Med 1984;77:64-71.
38. Hlatky MA, Mark DB, Harrell FE, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Rethinking sensitivity and specificity. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:1195-1198.
39. Fagen TJ. Nomogram for Bayes' Theorem. N Engl J Med 1975;293:257.
40. Galen RS, Gambino SR. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley, 1975.
41. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1350-1358.
42. Patterson R, Horowitz SF, Eng C, Rudin A, Heller J, Halgash DA, Pichard AD, Goldsmith SF, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Can exercise electrocardiography and thallium-201 myocardial imaging exclude the diagnosis of coronary artery disease? Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1127-1135.
43. Theroux P, Waters DD, Halphen C, Debaisieux JC, Mizgala HF. Prognostic value of exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1979;301:341-345.