Methods of sympathetic degeneration and alteration

Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System

Volumn 62, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 111-125

  Picklo, Matthew J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Auto immune; Guanethidine; Immunotoxin; Neurotrophin; Noradrenaline; Transgenic

Indexed keywords

2 BROMO N (2 CHLOROETHYL) N ETHYLBENZYLAMINE; GUANACLINE; GUANETHIDINE; IMMUNOTOXIN; NEUROTROPHIN; OXIDOPAMINE;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION; CHEMICAL SYMPATHECTOMY; IMMUNE MEDIATED INJURY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYMPATHECTOMY; TECHNIQUE; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; NERVE DEGENERATION; SYMPATHECTOMY; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 0031024769     PISSN: 01651838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1838(96)00121-X     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Albers, K.M., Wright, D.E. and Davis, B.M., Overexpression of nerve growth factor in epidermis of transgenic mice causes hypertrophy of the peripheral nervous system, J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 1422-1432.
2. Albino-Teixeira, A., Azevedo, I., Martel., F. and Osswald, W., Superoxide dismutase partially prevents sympathetic denervation by 6-hydroxydopamine, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 344 (1991) 36-40.
3. Allman, F.D., Rogers, E.L., Caniano, D.A., Jacobowitz, D.M. and Rogers, M.C., Selective chemical hepatic sympathectomy in the dog, Crit. Care Med., 10 (1982) 100-103.
4. Alm, P. Uvelius, B., Ekstrom, J., Holmqvist, B., Larsson and B., Andersson, K. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in rat parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensroy ganglia: A comparative study, Histochem. J., 27 (1995) 819-831.
5. Angeletti, P.U. and Levi-Montalcini, R., Sympathetic nerve destruction in newborn animals by 6-hydroxydopamine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 65 (1970) 114-121.
6. Angeletti, P.U., Chemical sympathectomy in new born animals, Neuropharmacology, 10 (1971) 55-59.
7. Angeletti, P.U., Levi-Montalcini, R. and Caramia, F., Structural and ultrastructural changes in developing sympathetic ganglia induced by guanethidine, Brain Res., 43 (1972) 515-525.
8. Angeletti, P.U. and Levi-Montalcini, R., Growth inhibition of sympathetic cells by adrenergic blocking agents, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69 (1972) 86-88.
9. Antebi, E., Berman, H.J., Giron, F., Angelakos, T. and Soroff, H.S., Localized sympathectomy by single intra-arterial injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, J. Surg. Res., 15 (1973) 117-121.
10. Appenzellerr, O., The Autonomic Nervous System, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982.
11. Bamber, B.A., Masters, B.A., Hoyle, G.W., Brinster, R.L. and Palmiter, R.D., Leukemia inhibitory factor induces neurotransmitter switching in transgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 7839-7843.
12. Barbacid, M., Nerve growth factor a tale of two receptors, Oncogene, 8 (1993) 2033-2042.
13. Berkowitz, B.A., Spector, S. and Tarver, J.H., Resistance of noradrenaline in blood vessels to depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine or immunosympathectomy, Br. J. Pharmacol., 44 (1972) 10-16.
14. Blaugrund, E., Pham, T.D., Tennyson, V.M., Lo, L., Anderson, DJ. and Gershon, M.D. Distinct subpopulations of enteric neuronal progenitors defined by time of development, sympathoadrenal lineage markers and Mash-1-dependence, Development, 122 (1996) 309-320.
15. Blottner, D., Grozdanovic, Z. and Gossrau, R. Histochemistry of nitric oxide in the nervous system, Histochem. J., 27 (1995) 785-811.
16. Bock, K.D. and Heimsoth, V., Persistierende orthostatische hypotenie nach behandlung mit guanacline, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 6 (1969) 265-270.
17. Book, A., Wiley, R.G. and Schweitzer, J.B., Specificity of 192-saporin for NGF receptor-positive cholinergic basal forebrain lesions in the rat, Brain Res., 590 (1992) 350-355.
18. Brimijion, S. and Lennon, V.A., Auto-immune preganglionic sympathectomy induced by acetylcholinesterase antibodies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87 (1990) 9630-934.
19. Brimijoin, S., Hammond, P., Khraibi, A.A. and Tyce, G.M., Catecholamine release and excretion in rats with immunologically induced preganglionic sympathectomy, J. Neurochem., 62 (1994) 2195-2204.
20. Buj-Bello, A., Buchman, V.L., Horton, A., Rosenthal, A. and Davies, A.M. GDNF is an age-specific survival factor for sensory and autonomic neurons, Neuron, 15 (1995) 821-828.
21. Burnstock, G. and Ralevic, V., Cotransmission. In J.A. Angus (Ed.), Pharmacology of Vascular Smooth Muscle. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, pp. 210-232.
22. Burnstock, G., Doyle, A.E., Gannon, B.J., Gerkens, J.F., Iwayama, T. and Mashford, M.L., Prolonged hypotension and ultrastructural changes in sympathetic neurons following guanacline treatment, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 13 (1971) 175-187.
23. Burnstock, G., Evans, B., Gannon, B.J., Heath, J.W. and James, V., A new method of destroying adrenergic nerves in adult animals using guanethidine, Br. J. Pharmacol., 43 (1971) 295-301.
24. Cadd, G.G., Hoyle, G.W., Quaife, C.J., Marck, B., Matsumoto, A.M., Brinster, R.L. and Palmiter, R.D, Alteration in neurotransmitter phenotype in noradrenergic neurons of transgenic mice, Mol. Endocrinol., 6 (1992) 1951-1960.
25. Cannon, W.B., Newton, H.F., Bright, E.M., Menkin, V. and Moore, R.M., Some aspects of the physiology of animals surviving complete exclusion of sympathetic nerve impulses, Am. J. Physiol., 89 (1929) 84-107.
26. Caramia, F., Angeletti, P.U., Levi-Montalcini, R. and Carratelli, L., Mitochondrial lesions of developing sympathetic neurons induced by bretylium tosylate, Brain Res., 40 (1972) 237-246.
27. Chao, M.V., Neurotrophin receptors a window into neuronal differentiation, Neuron, 9 (1992) 583-593.
28. Clark, D.W.J., Laverty, R. and Phelan, E.L., Long-lasting peripheral and central effects of 6-hydroxydopamine in rats, Br. J. Pharmacol., 44 (1972) 233-243.
29. Cohen, G. and Heikkila, R., The generation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical and hydroxy radical by 6-hydroxydopamine, dialuric acid and related cytotoxic agents, J. Biol. Chem., 249 (1974) 2447-2452.
30. Cohen, G., Allis, B., Winston, B., Mytilineou, C. and Heikkila, R., Prevention of 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 33 (1975) 217-221.
31. Cohen S., Purification of a nerve-growth factor promoting protein from the mouse salivary gland and its neuro-cytotoxic antiserum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 46 (1960) 302-311.
32. Cooper, T., Surgical sympathectomy and adrenergic function, Pharmacol. Rev., 18 (1966) 611-618.
33. Costa, M., Rush, R.A., Furness, J.B. and Geffen, L.B., Histochemical evidence for the degeneration of peripheral noradrenergic axons following intravenous injection of antibodies to dopamine beta-hydroxylase, Neurosci. Lett., 3 (1976) 201-207.
34. Costa, M., Geffen, L.B., Rush, R.A., Bridges, D., Blessing, W.W. and Heath, J.W., Immune lesions of central noradrenergic neurons produced by antibodies to dopamine-β-hydroxylase, Brain Res., 173 (1979) 65-78.
35. Crowley, C., Spencer, S.D., Nishimura, M.C., Chen, K.S., Pitts-Meek, S., Armanini, M.P., Ling, L.H., McMahon, S.B., Shelton, D.L., Levinson, A.D. and Phillips, H.S., Mice lacking nerve growth factor display perinatal loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons yet develop basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, Cell, 76 (1994) 1001-1011.
36. Dagerlind, A., Brimijoin, S., Goldstein, M. and Hokfelt, T., Effects of antibodies against acetylcholinesterase on the expression of peptides and catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in the rat adrenal gland, Neuroscience, 54 (1993) 1079-1090.
37. Davis, B.M., Albers, K.M., Seroogy, K.B. and Katz, D.M., Over-expression of nerve growth factor in transgenic mice induces novel sympathetic projections to primary sensory neurons, J. Comp. Neurol., 349 (1994) 464-474.
38. Davis, T.L. and Wiley, R.G., Anti-Thy-1 immunotoxin, OX7-saporin, destroys cerebellar Purkinje cells after intraventricular injection in rats, Brain Res., 504 (1989) 216-222.
39. Davison, A.J., Wilson, B.D. and Belton, P., Deterioration of axonal membranes induced by phenolic pro-oxidants, Biochem. Pharmacol., 33 (1984) 3887-3891.
40. Dawborn, J.K., Doyle, A.E., Ebringer, A., Howqua, J., Jerums, G., Johnston, C.I., Mashford, M.L. and Parkin, J.D., Persistent postural hypotension due to guanacline, Pharmacol. Clin., 2 (1969) 1-5.
41. Donath, K. and Scifert, G., Sympathicusveranderungen in der parotis bei guanacline-therapie, Virchows Arch. A:, 360 (1973) 195-207.
42. Durbec, P. L., Larsson-Blomberg, L.B., Schuchardt, A., Constantini, F. and Pachnis, V. Common origin and developmental dependence on c-ret of subsets of enteric and sympathetic neuroblasts, Development, 122 (1996) 349-358.
43. Ebendal, T., Tomac, A., Hoffer, B.J. and Olson, L. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates fiber formation and survival in cultured neurons from peripheral autonomic ganglia, J. Neurosci. Res., 40 (1995) 276-284.
44. Edvinsson, L., Erlinge, D., Sun, X.Y. and Hedner, T. Neuropeptide Y in sympathetic co-transmission: Recent advances in the search for neuropeptide Y antagonists, Pharmacol. Toxicol., (1994) 193-201.
45. Elfvin, L.G., Lindh, B. and Hokfelt, T.L. The chemical neuroanatomy of sympathetic ganglia, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 16 (1993) 471-501.
46. Eranko, L. and Eranko, O., Effect of guanethidine on nerve cells and small intensely fluorescent cells in sympathetic ganglia of newborn and adult animals, ACTA Pharmacol. Toxicol., 30 (1971) 403-416.
47. Eranko., O. and Eranko, L. Histochemical evidence of chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine in newborn rats. Histochem. J., 3 (1971) 451-456.
48. Fillenz, M., Gagnon, C., Stoeckel, K. and Thoenon, H., Selective uptake and retrograde axonal transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase antibodies in peripheral adrenergic neurons, Brain Res., 114 (1976) 293-303.
49. Finch L., Haeusler, G. and Thoenen, H., A comparison of the effects of chemical sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine in newborn and adult rats, Br. J. Pharmacol., 47 (1973) 249-260.
50. Finch, L., Haeusler, G., Kuhn, H. and Thoenen, H., Rapid recovery of vascular adrenergic nerves in the rat after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine, Br. J. Pharmacol., 48 (1973) 59-72.
51. Forn, J., Martin, J., Llorente, A., Casanovas, L. and Valdecasas, F.G., In-vivo prevention by catalase of the early effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on rat heart norepinephrine, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 206 (1973) 84-89.
52. Gauthier, P., Nadeau, R. and de Champlain, J., Acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of 6-hydroxydopamine in dogs, Circ. Res., 31 (1972) 207-217.
53. Gerkens, J.F., Effect of long-term treatment with guanacline or guanethidine on sympathetic function, Fur. J. Pharmacol., 26 (1974) 143-150.
54. Gorin, P.D. and Johnson, E.M., Experimental auto-immune model of nerve growth factor deprivation effects of developing peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76 (1979) 5382-5386.
55. Guillemot, F., Lo, L., Johnson, J.E., Auerbach, A., Anderson, D.J. and Joyner, A.L., Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 is required for the early development of olfactory and autonomic neurons, Cell, 75 (1993) 463-476.
56. Haeusler, G., Haefely, W. and Thoenon, H., Chemical sympathectomy of the cat with 6-hydroxydopamine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 170 (1969) 50-61.
57. Hamill, R.W. Peripheral autonomic nervous system. In D. Robertson, P.A. Low, and R.J. Polinsky (Eds.), Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, pp. 12-25.
58. Hammond, H.K., Roth, D.A., Ford, C.E., Stamnas, G.W., Ziegler, M.G. and Ennis, C., Myocardial adrenergic denervation supersensitivity depends on a post-receptor mechanism not linked with increased cAMP production, Circulation, 85 (1992) 666-679.
59. Hassankhani, A., Steinhelper, M.E., Soonpa, M.H., Katz, E.B., Taylor, D.A., Andrade-Rosenthal, A., Factor, S.M., Steinberg, J.J., Field, L.J. and Federoff, H.J., Overexpression of NGF within the heart of transgenic mice causes hyperinnervation, cardiac enlargement and hyperplasia of ectopic cells, Dev. Biol., 169 (1995) 309-321.
60. Heath, J.W., Evans, B.K. and Burnstock, G., Axon retraction following guanethidine treatment, Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch., 146 (1973) 439-451.
61. Heikkila, R.E. and Cohen, G., 6-hydroxydopamine evidence for superoxide radical as an oxidative intermediate, Science, 181 (1973) 456-457.
62. Heikilla, R.E., Mytilineou, C., Cote, L. and Cohen, G., Evidence for degeneration of sympathetic nerve terminal caused by the ortho and para-quinones of hydroxydopamine, J. Neurochem., 20 (1973) 1345-1350.
63. Hoyle, G.W., Mercer, E.H., Palmiter, R.D. and Brinster, R.L., Expression of NGF in sympathetic neurons leads to excessive axon outgrowth from ganglia but decreased terminal innervation within tissues, Neuron, 10 (1993) 1019-1034.
64. Jacobowitz, D.M., Ziegler, M.G. and Thomas, J.A., In-vivo uptake of antibody to dopamine-β-hydroxylase into sympathetic elements, Brain Res., 91 (1975) 165-170.
65. Jacobson, W., Wilkinson, M. and Gibson, C.J., Direct effects of the adrenergic neurotoxin DSP4 on the central opiate receptors implications for neuroendocrine studies, Exp. Brain Res., 59 (1985) 570-574.
66. Jaim-Etcheverry, G. and Zieher, L.M., DSP-4 a novel compound with neurotoxic effects on the noradrenergic neurons of the adult and developing rat, Brain Res., 188 (1980) 513-523.
67. Jensen-Holm, J. and Juul, P., Changes of the rat superior cervical ganglion induced by guanethidine (histology and cholinesterase histochemistry), Br. J. Pharmacol., 34 (1968) 211-212.
68. Jensen-Holm, J. and Juul, P., Ultrastructural changes in the rat superior cervical ganglion following prolonged guanethidine administration, ACTA Pharmacol. Toxicol., 30 (1971) 308-320.
69. Johnson, E.M. and Aloe, L., Suppression of the in-vitro and in-vivo cytotoxic effects of guanethidine in sympathetic neurons by nerve growth factor, Brain Res., 81 (1974) 519-532.
70. Johnson, E.M., Cantor, E. and Douglas, J.R., Biochemical and functional evaluation of the sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine to newborn rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 193 (1975) 503-512.
71. Johnson, E.M., O'Brien, F. and Werbitt, R., Modification and characterization of the permanent sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine to newborn rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 37 (1976) 45-54.
72. Johnson, E.M. and O'Brien, F., Evaluation of the permanent sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine to adult rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 196 (1976) 53-61.
73. Johnson, E.M., Gorin, P.D., Brandeis, L.D. and Pearson, J., Dorsal root ganglion neurons are destroyed by exposure in utero to maternal antibody to nerve growth factor, Science, 210 (1980) 916-918.
74. Johnson, E.M. and Manning, P.T., Guanethidine-induced destruction of sympathetic neurons, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 25 (1984) 1-37.
75. Johnson, E.M., Palmatier, M.A., Rydel, R.E. and Manning, P.T., Species and structural specificity of the lipopigment accumulation and neuronal destruction induced by N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-4-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine(guanacline), Brain Res., 383 (1986) 100-109.
76. Jonsson, G., Hallman, H., Ponzio, F. and Ross, S., DSP-4 (N-2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine) - a useful denervation tool for central and peripheral noradrenaline neurons, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 72 (1981) 173-188.
77. Jonsson, G., Hallman, H. and Sundstrom, E., Effects of the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 on the postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons in the rat, Neuroscience, 7 (1982) 2895-2907.
78. Juul, A., Juul.P. and Christensen, H.B., Guanethidine-induced sympathectomy in the nude rat, Pharmacol. Toxicol., 64 (1989) 20-22.
79. Klara, P.M., Kostrzewa, R.M. and Brizzee, K.R., Destructive action of systemically administered 6-hydroxydopamine on the rat area postrema, Brain Res., 104 (1976) 187-192.
80. Klein, R., Role of neurotrophins in mouse neuronal development, FASEB J., 8 (1994) 738-744.
81. Klingman, G.I., Catecholamine levels and dopa-decarboxylase activity in peripheral organs and adrenergic tissues in the rat after immunosympathectomy, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 148 (1965) 14-21.
82. Klingman, G.I., In utero sympathectomy of mice, Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 5 (1966) 163-170.
83. Klingman, G.I. and Klingman, J.D., Catecholamines in peripheral tissues of mice and cell counts of sympathetic ganglia after the prenatal and postnatal administration of the nerve growth factor antiserum, Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 6 (1967) 501-508.
84. Kobayashi, K., Ota, A., Togari, A., Morita, S., Mizuguchi, T., Sawada, H., Yamada, K., Nagatsu, I., Matsumoto, S., Fujita, K. and Nagatsu, T. Alteration of catecholamine phenotype in transgenic mice influences expression of adrenergic receptor subtypes, J. Neurochem. 65 (1995) 492-501.
85. Kobayashi, K., Sasoaka, T., Morita, S., Nagatsu, I., Iguchi, A., Kurosawa, Y., Fujita, K., Nomura, T., Kimura, M., Katsuki, M. and Nagatsu, T., Genetic alteration of catecholamine specificity in transgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89 (1992) 1631-1635.
86. Kobayashi, K., Morita, S., Sawada, H., Mizuguchi, T., Yamada, K., Nagatsu, I., Fujita, K., Kreitman, R.J., Pastan, I. and Nagatsu, T., Immunotoxin-mediated conditional disruption of specific neurons in trnasgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 1132-1136.
87. Korsching, S., The neurotrophic factor concept a re-examination, J. Neurosci., 13 (1993) 2739-2748.
88. Kostrzewa, R. and Jacobowitz, D., The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on peripheral adrenergic neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 183 (1972) 284-297.
89. Krukoff, T.L. Coexistence of neuropeptides in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the cat, Peptides, 8 (1987) 109-112.
90. Landis, S.C., Target regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype, Trends Neurosci., 13 (1990) 344-350.
91. Lee, K., Li, E., Huber, L.J., Landis, S.C., Sharpe, A.H., Chao, M.V. and Jaenisch, R., Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low affinity NGF receptor p75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system, Cell, 69 (1992) 737-749.
92. Levi-Montalcini, R. and Booker, B., Destruction of the sympathetic ganglia in mammals by an antiserum to a nerve-growth protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 46 (1960) 384-391.
93. Levi-Montalcini, R., Caramia, F. and Angeletti, P.U. Alterations in the fine structure of nucleoli in sympathetic neurons following NGF-antiserum treatment, Brain. Res., 12 (1969) 54-73.
94. Levi-Montalcini, R., Immunosympathectomy, Pharmacol. Rev., 18 (1966) 619-628.
95. Levi-Montalcini, R., The morphological effects of immunosympathectomy. In G. Steiner and E. Schonbaum (Eds.), Immunosympathectomy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972, pp. 55-78.
96. Loewy, A.D. Central autonomic pathways. In A.D. Loewy and K.M. Spyer (Eds.), Central Regulation of Autonomic Function. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, pp. 88-103.
97. Low, P.A. and Fealey, R.D., Pathological studies of the sympathetic neuron. In R. Bannister and C. Mathias (Eds.), Autonomic Failure. Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 586-592.
98. Luizzi, A., Foppen, F.H. and Angeletti, P.U., Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine levels in brain and heart after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine and guanethidine to newborn mice, Biochem. Pharmacol., 23 (1974) 1041-1044.
99. Malmfors, T. and Sachs, C., Degeneration of adrenergic nerves produced by 6-hydroxydopamine, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 3 (1968) 89-92.
100. Manning, P.T., Russell, J.H. and Johnson, E.M., Immunosuppressive agents prevent guanethidine-induced destruction of rat sympathetic neurons, Brain Res., 241 (1982) 131-143.
101. Manning, P.T., Powers, C.W., Schmidt, R.W. and Johnson, E.M., Guanethidine-induced destruction of peripheral sympathetic neurons occurs by an immune-mediated mechanism, J. Neurosci., 3 (1982) 714-724.
102. Mitchell, J.R. and Oates, J.A., Guanethidine and related agents. I. mechanism of the selective blockade of adrenergic neurons and its antagonism by drugs, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 172 (1970) 100-107.
103. Morales, M.A., Holmberg, K., Xu, Z., Cozzari, C., Hartman, B.K., Emson, P., Goldstein, M., Elfvin, L. and Hokfelt, T. Localization of choline acetyltransferase in rat peripheral sympathetic neurons and its coexistence with nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 11819-11823.
104. Moore, M.W., Klein, R.D., Farinas, I., Sauer, H., Armanini, M., Phillips, H., Reichardt, L.F., Ryan, A.M., Carver-Moore, K. and Rosenthal, A., Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF, Nature, 382 (1996) 76-79.
105. Morris, J.L., Gibbins, I.L., Kadowitz, P.J., Herzog, H., Kreulen, D.L., Toda, N. and Claing, A. Roles of peptides and other substance in cotransmission from vascular autonomic and sensroy neurons, Can. J. Phys. Pharmacol., 73 (1995) 521-532.
106. Morris, J.L. and Gibbins, I.L. Co-transmission and neuromodulation. In G. Burnstock and C.H.V. Hoyle (Eds.), Autonomic Neuro-effector Mechanisms. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland, 1992, pp. 33-119.
107. Mosqueda-Garcia, R. Central autonomic regulation. In D. Robertson, P.A. Low and R.J. Polinsky (Eds.), Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, pp. 3-12.
108. Mueller, R.A., Thoenen, H. and Axelrod, J., Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase compensatory increase in activity after chemical sympathectomy, Science, 163 (1969) 486-469.
109. Newton, B.W., Melvin, J.E. and Hamill, R.W., Central neurotoxic effects of guanethidine altered serotonin and enkephalin neurons within the area postrema, Brain Res., 404 (1987) 151-161.
110. Nielsen, G.D., Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat.I. functional effects following subacute administration, ACTA Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41 (1977) 203-208.
111. Nielsen, G.D., Guanethidine induced sympathectomy in the adult rat. II. Functional effects following chronic administration, ACTA Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41 (1977) 209-217.
112. O'Donnell, S.R. and Saar, N., The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and guanethidine on peripheral adrenergic nerves in the guinea pig, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 28 (1974) 251-256.
113. Padbury, J.F., Lam, R.W., Polk, D.H., Newnham, J.P., Lakshmanan, J. and Fisher, D.A., Auto-immune sympathectomy in fetal rabbits, J. Dev. Biol., 8 (1986) 369-376.
114. Palmatier, M.A., Schmidt, R.E., Plurad, S.B. and Johnson, E.M., Sympathetic neuronal destruction in macaque monkeys by guanethidine and guanacline, Ann. Neurol., 21 (1987) 46-52.
115. Parker, M., Persistent parotid pain due to guanacline, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 8 (1975) 131-134.
116. Parker, T.L., Kesse, W.K., Mohamed, A.A. and Afework, M. The innervation of the mammalian adrenal gland, J. Anat., 183 (1993) 265-276.
117. Pichel, J.G., Shen, L., Sheng, H.Z., Granholm, A., Drago, J., Grinberg, A., Lee, E., Huang, S., Saarma, M., Hoffer, B.J., Sariola, H. and Westphal, H. Defects in enteric innervation and kidney development in mice lacking GDNF, Nature, 382 (1996) 73-76.
118. Picklo, M.J., Lonce, S., Wiley, R.G., Lappi, D.A. and Robertson, D., Anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase immunotoxin-induced sympathectomy in adult rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 275 (1995) 1003-1010.
119. Picklo, M.J., Wiley, R.G., Lappi, D.A. and Robertson, D., Noradrenergic lesioning with an anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase immunotoxin, Brain Res., 666 (1994) 195-200.
120. Picklo, M.J., Amlicke, J.D., Wiley, R.G., Lappi, D.A., Roden, D.M. and Robertson, D., Adult and neonatal sympathectomy with anti-DBH immunotoxin, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 1994.
121. Provoost, A.P., De Kemp, J.A. and De Jong, W., Effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on the blood pressure response to noradrenaline and tyramine in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 23 (1973) 297-301.
122. Robertson, D. and Smith, C.R., Guanethidine. In, Manual of Clinical Pharmacology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1981, pp. 79-81.
123. Robertson, D., Goldberg, M.R., Onrot, J., Hollister, A.S., Wiley, R., Thompson, J.G. and Robertson, R.M., Isolated failure of autonomic noradrenergic neurotransmission, N. Engl. J. Med., 314 (1986) 1494-1497.
124. Rush, R.A., Costa, M., Furness, J.B. and Geffen, L.B., Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activities during degeneration of noradrenergic axons produced by antibodies to dopamine beta-hydroxylase, Neurosci. Lett., 3 (1976) 209-213.
125. Sachs, C., Development of the blood-brain barrier for 6-hydroxydopamine, J. Neurochem., 20 (1973) 1753-1760.
126. Sachs, C. and Jonsson, G., Changes in central noradrenaline neurons after systemic 6-hydroxydopamine, J. Neurochem., 21 (1973) 1517-1524.
127. Sanchez, M.P., Silos-Santiago, I., Frisen, J., He, B., Lira, S.A. and Barbacid, M. Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons in mice lacking GDNF, Nature, 382 (1996) 70-73.
128. Saner, A. and Thoenen, H., Model experiments on the molecular mechanism of action of 6-hydroxydopamine, Mol. Pharmacol., 7 (1970) 147-154.
129. Schmidt, R.E., Summerfield, A.L. and Hickey, W.F., Ultrastructural and immunohistologic characterization of guanethidine-induced destruction of peripheral sympathetic neurons, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 49 (1990) 150-167.
130. Schuchardt, A., D'Agati, V., Larsson-Blomberg, L., Constantini, F. and Pachnis, V. Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tryosine kinase receptor Ret, Nature, 367 (1994) 380-383.
131. Schwartz, P.J., Sympathetic imbalance and cardiac arrhythmia. In W.C. Randall (Ed.), Nervous Control of Cardiovascular Function. Oxford University Press, New York, 1984, pp. 225-252.
132. Silver, M.A. and Jacobowitz, D.A., Specific uptake and retrograde flow of antibody to dopamine-B-hydroxylase by central nervous system noradrenergic neurons in-vivo, Brain Res., 167 (1979) 65-79.
133. Smeyne, R.J., Klein, R., Schnapp, A., Long, L.K., Bryant, S., Lewin, A., Lira, S.A. and Barbacid, M., Severe sensory and sympathetic neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted Trk/NGF receptor gene, Nature, 368 (1994) 246-249.
134. Steiner, G. and Schonbaum, E. (Eds.) Immunosympathectomy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972.
135. Stewart, L.C. and Klinman, J.P., Dopamine beta-hydroxylase of adrenal chromaffin granules tructure and function, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 57 (1988) 551-592.
136. Sullivan, S.G. and Stern, A., Effects of superoxide dismutase and catalase on catalysis of 6-hydroxydopamine and 6-aminodopamine autooxidation by iron and ascorbate, Biochem. Pharmacol., 30 (1981) 2279-2285.
137. Szeberenyi, J. and Erhart, P., Cellular components of nerve growth factor signaling, Biochim. Biophys. ACTA, 1222 (1994) 187-202.
138. Thoenen, H. and Tranzer, J.P., Chemical sympathectomy by selective destruction of adrenergic nerve endings with 6-hydroxydopamine, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. Exp. Pathol., 261 (1968) 271-288.
139. Thoenen, H., Surgical, immunological and chemical sympathectomy. In H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl (Eds.), Catecholamines. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1972, pp. 814-844.
140. Thoenen, H. and Tranzer, J.P., The pharmacology of 6-hydroxydopamine, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol., 13 (1973) 69-180.
141. Thomas, S.A., Matsumoto, A.M. and Palmiter, R.D., Noradrenaline essential for mouse fetal development, Nature, 374 (1995) 643-646.
142. Thorpe, P.E., Brown, A.N.F., Bremner, J.A.G., Foxwell, B.M.J. and Stirpe, F., An immunotoxin composed of monclonal anti-Thy 1.1 antibody and a ribosome-inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis potent antitumor effects in-vitro and in-vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 75 (1985) 151-159.
143. Thygesen, P., Hougen, H.P., Christensen, H.B., Rygaard, J., Svendsen, O. and Juul, P., Anti-asialo GM1 antibodies prevents guanethidine induced sympathectomy in athymic rats, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 14 (1992) 219-232.
144. Trupp, M., Ryden, M., Jornvall, H., Funakoshi, H., Timmusk, T., Arenas, E. and Ibanez, C.F., Peripheral expression and biological activities of GDNF, a new neurotrophic factor for avian and mammalian peripheral neurons, J. Cell Biol., 130 (1995) 137-148.
145. Tsuzuki, T., Takahashi, M., Asia, N., Iwashita, T., Matsuyama, M. and Asai, J., Spatial and temporal expression of the ret protooncogene product in embryonic, infant and adult rat tissues, Oncogene, 10 (1995) 191-198.
146. Vanhatalo, S. and Soinila, S., NADPH-diaphorase activity and its colocalization with transmitters and neuropeptides in the postganglionic neurons of the rat superior cervical ganglion, Brain Res., (1994) 107-112.
147. Vitetta, E.S. and Uhr, J.W., Immunotoxins redirecting natures poisons, Cell, 41 (1985) 653-654.
148. Wakade, A.R., Recent developments in degeneration of the sympathetic neuron, Gen. Pharmacol., 10 (1979) 351-357.
149. Wiley, R.G., Stirpe, F., Thorpe, P. and Oeltmann, T.N., Neuronotoxic effects of monclonal anti-THY 1 antibody (OX7) coupled to the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, as studied by suicide transport experiments in rats, Brain Res., 505 (1989) 44-54.
150. Wiley, R.G., Oeltmann, T.N. and Lappi, D.A., Immunolesioning selective destruction of neurons using immunotoxin to rat NGF receptor, Brain Res., 562 (1991) 149-153.
151. Wiley, R.G. and Lappi, D.A., Preparation of Anti-neuronal Immunotoxins for Selective Neural Immunolesioning. Neuroscience Protocols, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994.
152. Wiley, R.G. and Lappi, D.A., Suicide Transport and Immunolesioning, R.G. Landes, 1994.
153. Wilkinson, M., Jacobson, W. and Wilkinson, D.A., The noradrenergic neurotoxins DSP-4 and xylamine bind to opiate receptors, Brain Res. Bull., 14 (1985) 493-495.
154. Winkler, H., Occurrence and mechanism of exocytosis in adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve. In U. Trendelenburg and N. Weiner (Eds.), Catecholamines I. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1988, pp. 43-118.
155. Zaimis, E. and Berk, L. Morphological, biochemical and functional changes in the sympathetic nervous system of rats treated with nerve growth factor-antiserum, Nature, 206 (1965) 1220-1222.
156. Zhou, Q., Qualfe, C.J. and Palmiter, R.D., Targeted disruption of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveal that catecholamines are required for mouse fetal development, Nature, 374 (1995) 640-643.
157. Ziegler, M.G., Thomas, J.A. and Jacobowitz, D.M., Retrograde axonal transport of antibody to dopamine-B-hydroxylase, Brain Res., 104 (1976) 390-395.