Optic nerve regenerates but does not restore topographic projections in the lizard Ctenophorus ornatus

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 377, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 105-120

  Beazley, L D ^a   Sheard, P W ^b   Tennant, M ^a   Starac, D ^a   Dunlop, S A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

axonal regeneration; behaviour; reptiles; retinal ganglion cells; retino topicity

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL DENSITY; CELL SURVIVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; LIZARD; NERVE CELL; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOPOGRAPHY; VISUAL MEMORY;

ANIMALS; AXONS; LIZARDS; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; NERVE REGENERATION; NEURAL PATHWAYS; OPTIC NERVE;

EID: 0031021626     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970106)377:1<105::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-P     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Adamson, J.R., J. Burk, and P. Grobstein (1984) Recovery of the ipsilateral oculotectal projection following nerve crush in the frog: Evidence that retinal afferents make synapses at abnormal tectal locations. J. Neurosci. 4:2635-2649.
2. Aguayo, A.J., M. Benfey, and S. David (1983) A potential for axonal regeneration in neurons of the adult mammalian nervous system. In B. Haber, J. Regino Perez-Polo, A.M. Hashim, and A.M. Guiffrida-Stella (eds): Nervous System Regeneration. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, New York: Liss, pp. 327-340.
3. Bastmeyer, M., M. Beckman, M.E. Schwab, and C.A.O. Stuermer (1991) Growth of regenerating goldfish axons is inhibited by rat oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin but not by goldfish optic nerve/tract oligodendrocyte-like cells and fish CNS myelin. J. Neurosci. 11:626-640.
4. Beazley, L.D. (1981) Retinal ganglion cell death and regeneration of abnormal retinotectal projections after removal of a segment of optic nerve in Xenopus tadpoles. Dev. Biol. 85:164-170.
5. Beazley, L.D. (1984) Formation of specific nerve connections in the visual system of lower vertebrates. In D.G. Jones (ed): Current Topics in Research in Synapses, Vol. 1. New York: Liss, pp. 55-117.
6. Beazley, L.D. and J.E. Darby (1993) A second episode of ganglion cell death takes place when an optic nerve regenerates for a second time in the frog. Vision Neurosci. 10:297-301.
7. Beazley, L.D., J.E. Darby, and V.H. Perry (1986) Cell death in the retinal ganglion cell layer during optic nerve regeneration for the frog Rana pipiens. Vision Res. 26:543-556.
8. Beazley, L.D., P.W. Sheard, and M. Tennant (1993) Optic nerve regeneration in a lizard. Am. Neurosci. Soc. 31:25.
9. Bedi, K.S., J. Winter, M. Berry, and J. Cohen (1992) Adult rat dorsal root ganglion cell neurons extend neurites on predegenerated but not on normal peripheral nerve in vitro. Euro. J. Neurol. 4:193-200.
10. Bernhardt, R. and S.S. Easter (1986) Map of retinal position onto the cross section of the optic pathway of goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 254:493-510.
11. Berry, M., S. Hall, L. Rees, J. Carlile, and J.H.P. Wyse (1992) Regeneration of axons in the optic nerve of the adult Browman-Wyse rat. J. Neurocytol. 21:426-448.
12. Bohn, R.C. and D.J. Stelzner (1981a) The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog: I. Time course of formation and cells of origin. J. Comp. Neurol. 106:605-620.
13. Bohn, R.C. and D.J. Stelzner (1981b) The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog: II. Anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 196:621-632.
14. Bohn, R.C. and D.J. Stelzner (1981c) The aberrant retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog: III. Effects of crushing both nerves. J. Comp. Neurol. 196:633-643.
15. Braekevelt, C.R., L.D. Beazley, S.A. Dunlop, and J.E. Darby (1985) Numbers of axons in the optic nerve and of retinal ganglion cells during development in the marsupial Setonix brachyurus;. Dev. Brian Res. 25:117-125.
16. Bray, G.M., M.P. Villegas-Perez, M. Vidal-Sanz, and A.J. Aguayo (1987) The use of peripheral nerve grafts to enhance neuronal survival, promote growth, and permit terminal reconnection in the central nervous system of adult rats. J. Exp. Biol. 132:5-19.
17. Caroni, P. and M.E. Schwab (1988a) Two membrane bound protein fractions from rat central myelin with inhibitory properties for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading. J. Cell Biol. 108:1281-1288.
18. Caroni, P. and M.E. Schwab (1988b) Antibody against myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes non-permissive substrate properties of CNS white matter. Neuron 1:85-96.
19. Cheng, H-J., M. Nakamoto, A.D. Bergemann, and J.G. Flanagan (1995) Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal map. Cell 82:371-381.
20. Cima, C. and P. Grant (1982) Development of the optic nerve in Xenopus laevis I. Gliogenesis, myelination and metamorphic remodelling. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 72:251-267.
21. Clemente, C.D. (1964) Regeneration in the vertebrate central nervous system. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 6:257-301.
22. Cline, H.T., E.A. Debski, and M. Constantine-Paton (1987) N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist desegregates eye specific stripes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:4342-4345.
23. Cline, H.T. (1991) A role for the NMDA receptor in the development of topographic retino-tectal projections and in the regulation of retinal arbor morphology in the frog. In D.M. Lam and C.J. Shatz (eds): Development of the Visual System. Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 231-241.
24. Cline, H.T. and M. Constantine-Paton (1989) NMDA receptor antagonists disrupt the retino-tectal topographic map. Neuron 2:413-426.
25. Coleman, L-A, S.A. Dunlop, and L.D. Beazley (1984) Patterns of cell division during visual streak formation in the frog Limnodynastes dorsalis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 83:119-135.
26. Constantine-Paton, M., A.S. Blum, R. Mendez-Otero, and C.J. Barnstable (1986) A cell surface molecule distributed in a dorsoventral gradient in the perinatal rat retina. Nature 324:459-462.
27. Cooper, H.M. and M. Magnin (1986) A common mammalian plan of accessory optic system organization revealed in all primates. Nature 324:457-459.
28. Crossland, W.J., W.M. Cowan, and L.A. Rogers (1975) Studies on the development of the chick optic tectum: IV. An autoradiographic study of the development of retino-tectal projections. Brain Res. 91:1-23.
29. Daw, N.W. and K. Fox (1991) Function of NMDA receptors in the developing visual cortex. In D.M. Lam and C.J. Shatz (eds): Development of the Visual System. Massachusetts; The MIT Press. pp. 243-252.
30. Debski, E.A., H.T. Cline, and M. Constantine-Paton (1990) Activity-dependent tuning and the NMDA receptor. J. Neurobiol. 1:18-32.
31. Dunlop, S.A. and L.D. Beazley (1984) A morphometric study of the retinal ganglion cell layer and optic nerve from metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Vision Res. 24:417-427.
32. Dunlop, S.A., S.M. Fraley, and L.D. Beazley (1993) The morphology of development and regenerating retinal ganglion cells. In S.C. Sharma (ed): The Formation and Regeneration of Neuronal Connections. Boston: Birkhauser, pp. 148-161.
33. Easter, S.S. Jr., A.C. Russoff, and P.E. Kish (1981) The growth and organisation of the optic nerve and tract in juvenile and adult goldfish. J. Neurosci. 4:1052-1063.
34. Ebbesson, S.O.E. (1970) On the organisation of central visual pathways in vertebrates. Brain Behav. Evol. 3:178-194.
35. Ebbesson, S.O.E. and D. Tang (1965) A method for estimating the number of cells in histological sections. J. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 84:449-464.
36. Ewert, J.-P. (1970) Neural mechanisms of prey catching and avoidance behaviour in the toad (Bufo bufo L.). Brain Behav. Evol. 3:36-56.
37. Fawcett, J.W. and R.M. Gaze (1981) The organisation of regenerating axons in the Xenopus optic nerve. Brain Res. 229:487-490.
38. Fite, K.V (1973) The visual fields of the frog and toad: A comparative study. Behav. Biol. 9:707-718.
39. Fujisawa, H. (1981) Retinotopic analysis of fiber pathways in the regenerating retinotectal system of the adult newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. Brain Res. 206:27-37.
40. Gaze, R.M. (1970) Formation of Nerve Connections. New York: Academic Press.
41. Gaze, R.M. and M.J. Keating (1969) The depth distribution of visual units in the tectum of the frog following regeneration of the optic nerve. J. Physiol. (Lond) 200:128-129.
42. Gaze, R.M., M.J. Keating, and S.H. Chung (1974) The evolution of the retinotectal map during development in Xenopus. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 185:301-331.
43. Halpern, M., R.T. Wang, and D.R. Colman (1976) Centrifugal fibers in a non-avian vertebrate. Science 194:1185-1188.
44. Harman, A.M. and L.D. Beazley (1986) Development of visual projections in the marsupial, Setonix brachyurus. Anat. Embryol. 175:181-188.
45. Harman, A.M. and L.D. Beazley (1989) Generation of retinal cells in the wallaby Setonix brachyurus (Quokka). Neuroscience 28:219-232.
46. Harris, W.A. (1989) Local positional cues in the neuroepithelium guide retinal axons in embryonic Xenopus brain. Nature 339:218-221.
47. Holder, N. and J.D.W. Clarke (1988) Is there a correlation between continuous neurogenesis and directed axon regeneration in the vertebrate nervous system? Trends Neurosci. 11:94-99.
48. Humphrey, M.F. (1987) Effect of different optic nerve lesions on retinal ganglion cell death in the frog Rana pipiens. J. Comp. Neurol. 266:209-219.
49. Humphrey, M.F. (1988) A morphometric study of the retinal ganglion cell response to optic nerve severance in the frog Rana pipiens. J. Neurocytol. 17:293-304.
50. Humphrey, M.F. and L.D. Beazley (1982) An electrophysiological study of early retinotectal projection patterns during optic nerve regeneration in Hyla moorei. Brain Res. 239:595-602.
51. Humphrey, M.F. and L.D. Beazley (1985) Retinal ganglion cell death during optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla moorei. J. Comp. Neurol. 236:382-402.
52. Humphrey, M.F., J.E. Darby, and L.D. Beazley (1989) Prevention of optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla moorei transiently delays the death of some ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 279:187-198.
53. Humphrey, M.F., S.A. Dunlop, A. Shimada, and L.D. Beazley (1992) Disconnected optic axons persist in the visual pathway during regeneration of the retino-tectal projection in the frog. Exp. Brain Res. 90:630-634.
54. Huxlin, K.R., B. Dreher, M. Schulz, A. Jervie Sefton, and M.R. Bennett (1995) Effect of collicular proteoglycan on the survival of adult rat retinal ganglion cells following axotomy. Euro. J. Neurol. 7:96-107.
55. Ingle, D. (1970) Visuomotor function of the frog optic tectum. Brain Behav. Evol. 3:57-71.
56. Itasaki, N., H. Ichijo, C. Hama, T. Matsuno, and H. Nakamura (1991) Establishment of rostrocaudal polarity in tectal primordium: Engrailed expression and subsequent tectal polarity. Development 113:1133-1144.
57. Itasaki, N. and H. Nakamura (1992) Rostrocaudal polarity in the tectum of birds: correlation of en gradient and topographic order in retinotectal projection. Neuron 8:787-798.
58. Jacobson, M. (1962) The representation of the retina on the optic tectum of the frog. Correlation between retinotectal magnification factor and retinal ganglion cell count. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 47:170-178.
59. Jacobson, M. (1991) Developmental Neurobiology. New York: Plenum Press.
60. Keating, M.J. and R.M. Gaze (1970) The depth distribution of visual units in the contralateral optic tectum following regeneration of the optic nerve in the frog. Brain Res. 21:197-206.
61. Kiernan, J.A. (1979) Hypotheses concerned with axonal regeneration in the mammalian nervous system. Biol. Reviews 54:155-197.
62. Kruger, L. and D.S. Maxwell (1969) Wallerian degeneration in the optic nerve of a reptile: an electron microscopic study. Am. J. Anat. 125:247-270.
63. Lang, D., B.P. Rubin, M.E. Schwab, and C.A.O. Stuermer (1995) CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes of the Xenopus spinal cord - but not optic nerve - are nonpermissive for axon growth. J. Neurosci. 15:99-109.
64. Lazar, G. (1973) Role of accessory optic system in the optokinetic nystagmus of the frog. Brain. Behav. Evol. 5:443-360.
65. Lazar, G. (1980) Long-term persistence, after eye removal, of unmyelinated fibers in the frog visual pathway. Brain Res. 199:219-224.
66. Malmgren, L. and Y.A. Olsson (1978) A sensitive method for histochemical identification of HRP in neurons following retrograde axonal transport. Brain Res. 148:279-294.
67. Mansour-Robaey, S., D.B. Clarke, Y-C. Wang, G.M. Bray, and A.J. Aguayo (1994) Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:1632-1636.
68. Manteifel, Y.B. and L.N. D'Yachkova (1970) Ultrastructure and functional characteristics of the optic nerve of Rana temporaria L. in the normal and during regeneration. Neurofiziology 2:627-635.
69. Marotte, L.R., J. Wye-Dvorak, and R.F. Mark (1979) Retino-tectal reorganisation in goldfish. II Effects of partial tectal ablation and constant light on the retina. Neuroscience 4:803-810.
70. Matsumoto, D.E. and F. Scalia (1981) Long-term survival of centrally projecting axons in the optic nerve of the frog following destruction of the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 202:135-155.
71. Maturana, H.R. (1959) Number of fibres in the optic nerve and the number of ganglion cells in the retina of anurans. Nature 183:1406-1401.
72. Maturana, H.R., J.Y. Lettvin, W.S. McCulloch, and W.H. Pitts (1960) Anatomy and physiology of vision in the frog (Rana pipiens). J. Gen. Physiol. 43:129-175.
73. McKerracher, L., S. David, D.L. Jackson, U. Koltis, R.J. Dunn, and P.E. Braun (1994) Identification of myelin-associated glycoprotein as a major myelin-derived inhibitor of neurite growth. Neuron 13:805-811.
74. McLoon, S.C. (1991) A monoclonal antibody that distinguishes between temporal and nasal retinal axons. J. Neurosci. 11:1470-1477.
75. Mey, J. and S. Thanos (1993) Intravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors support the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult rats in vivo. Brain Res. 602:304-317.
76. Meyer, R.L. (1978) Evidence from thymidine labelling for continuing growth of the retina and tectum in juvenile goldfish. Exp. Neurol. 59:99-111.
77. Montgomery, N. and K.V. Fite (1989) Retinotopic organization of central optic projections in Rana pipiens. J. Comp. Neurol. 28:526-540.
78. Montgomery, N., K.V. Fite, M. Taylor, and L. Bengston (1982) Neural correlates of optokinetic nystagmus in the mesencephalon of Rana pipiens: A functional analysis. Brain Behav. Evol. 21:137-150.
79. Muchnick, N. and E. Hibbard (1980) Avian retinal ganglion cells resistant to degeneration after optic nerve lesion. Exp. Neurol. 68:205-216.
80. Murray, M. (1982) A quantitative study of regenerative sprouting by optic axons in goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 209:352-362.
81. Murray, M., S.C. Sharma, and M.E. Edwards (1982) Target regulation of synaptic number in the compressed retinotectal projection of the goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 209:374-385.
82. Nakamura, H. and D.M. O'Leary (1989) Inaccuracies in initial growth and arborisation of chick retinotectal axons followed by course corrections and axon remodelling to develop topographic order. J. Neurosci. 9:3776-3795.
83. Northcutt, R.G. and A.B. Butler (1974) Evolution of reptilian visual systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 157:453-466.
84. Ott, J.F. and C. Platt (1988) Postural changes occurring during one month of vestibular compensation in goldfish. J. Exp. Biol. 138:359-374.
85. Perry, V.H. (1981) Evidence for an amacrine cell system in the ganglion cell layer of the rat retina. Neuroscience 6:931-944.
86. Peters, A., S.L. Palay, and H. de F. Webster (1976) Fine Structure of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
87. Playford, D.E. and S.A. Dunlop (1993) A biphasic sequence of myelination in the developing optic nerve of the frog. J. Comp. Neurol. 333:83-93.
88. Prada, C., J. Puga, L. Perez-Mendez, R. Lopez, and G. Ramirez (1991) Spatial and temporal patterns of neurogenesis in the chick retina. Euro. J. Neurol. 3:559-569.
89. Ramon y Cajal, S. (1928) Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System (translated by R.M. May) London: Oxford Press.
90. Reperant, J. and J.P. Rio (1976) Retinal projections in Vipera aspis. A reinvestigation using light radioautographic and electron microscopic degeneration techniques. Brain Res. 107:603-609.
91. Reperant, J., D. Miceli, N.P. Vesselkin, and S. Molotchnikoff (1989) The centrifugal visual system of vertebrates: A century-old search reviewed. Int. Rev. Cytol. 118:115-171.
92. Rio, J.P., J. Reperant, R. Ward, J. Peyrichoux, and N. Vesselkin (1989) A preliminary description of the regeneration of optic nerve fibres in a reptile. Vipera aspis. Brain Res. 479:151-156.
93. AP: A topographically graded protein in the developing chick visual system. Neuron 14:253-261.
94. Scalia, F. and K. Fite (1974) A retinotopic analysis of the central connections of the optic nerve in the frog. J. Comp. Neurol. 158:455-478.
95. Scalia, F., V. Aragno, and E.L. Singman (1985) Loss and displacement of ganglion cells after optic nerve regeneration in adult Rana pipiens. Brain Res. 344:267-280.
96. Schmidt, J.T. (1978) Retinal fibers alter tectal markers during expansion of the half retinal projection in goldfish. J. Comp. Neurol. 177:279-300.
97. Schmidt, J.T. (1993) Activity-driven mechanisms for sharpening retinotopic projections: Correlated activity. NMDA receptors, calcium entry, and beyond. In S.C. Sharma and J.W. Fawcett (eds): Formation and Regeneration of Nerve Connections. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 185-204.
98. Schnell, L. and M.E. Schwab (1993) Sprouting and regeneration of lesioned corticospinal tract fibres in the adult rat spinal cord. Euro. J. Neurol. 5:1156-1171.
99. Schnell, L., R. Schneider, R. Kolbeck, Y-A. Barde, and M.E. Schwab (1994) Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion. Nature 367:170-173.
100. Schwab, M.E., and P. Caroni (1988) Oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading in vitro. J. Neurosci. 8:2381-2393.
101. Sharma, S.C., and M. Romeskie (1977) Immediate compression of the goldfish retinal projection to a tectum devoid of degenerating debris. Brain Res. 133:367-370.
102. Sievers, J., B. Hausmann, and M. Berry (1989) Foetal brain grafts rescue adult retinal ganglion cells from axotomy-induced cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 281:467-478.
103. Simon, D.K., and D.D.M. O'Leary (1990) Limited topographic specificity in the targeting and branching of mammalian retinal axons. Dev. Biol. 137:125-134.
104. Singman, E.L., and F. Scalia (1990) Quantitative study of the tectally projecting retinal ganglion cells in the adult frog: I. The size of the contralateral and ipsilateral projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 302:792-809.
105. Singman, E.L. and F. Scalia (1991) Quantitative study of the tectally projecting retinal ganglion cells in the adult frog: II. Cell survival and functional recovery after optic nerve transection. J. Comp. Neurol. 307:351-369.
106. Sivron, T. and M. Schwartz (1994) Non-permissive nature of fish optic nerves to axonal growth is due to presence of myelin-associated growth inhibitors. Exp. Neurol. 130:411-413.
107. Sivron, T., M.E. Schwab, M.E., and M. Schwartz (1994) Presence of growth inhibitors in fish optic nerve myelin: Postinjury changes. J. Comp. Neurol. 343:237-246.
108. So, K.-F. (1988) Regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons in adult mammals. Prog. Brain Res. 74:277-283.
109. Sperry, R.W. (1951) Mechanisms of neural maturation. In S.S. Stevens (ed): Handbook of Experimental Psychology. New York: Wiley, pp. 236-280.
110. Springer, A.D., S.S. Easter, Jr., and B.W. Agranoff (1977) The role of the optic tectum in various visually mediated behaviours of goldfish. Brain Res. 128:393-404.
111. Starac, D., M. Tennant, P.W. Sheard, and L.D. Beazley (1995) Retinotectal projections are not topographically organised after optic nerve regeneration in lizards. Proc. Aust. Neurosci. Soc. 6:110.
112. Stahl, B., B. Muller, Y. von Boxberg, E.C. Fox, and F. Bohnhoeffer (1990) Biochemical characterisation of a putative axonal guidance molecule of the chick visual system. Neuron 3:735-743.
113. Strobel, G. and C.A.O. Stuermer (1994) Growth cones of regenerating retinal axons contact a variety of cellular profiles in transected goldfish optic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 346:435-448.
114. Stuermer, C.A.O. (1986) Pathways of regenerated retinotectal axons in goldfish: I. Optic nerve, tract and tectal fascicle layer. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 93:1-28.
115. Stelzner, D.J. and J.A. Strauss (1986) A quantitative analysis of frog optic nerve regeneration: Is retrograde ganglion cell death or collateral axonal loss related to selective reinnervation? J. Comp. Neurol. 302:792-809.
116. Straznicky, K., and R.M. Gaze (1971) The growth of the retina in Xenopus laevis: An autoradiographic study. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 26:67-79.
117. Taylor, J.S.H., J.L. Jack, and S.S. Easter (1989) Is the capacity for optic nerve regeneration related to continued retinal ganglion cell production in the frog? A test of the hypothesis that neurogenesis and axon regeneration are obligatorily linked. Euro. J. Neurol. 1:626-638.
118. Taylor, J.S.H., P. Pesheva, and M. Schachner (1993) Influence of janascin and tenascin on growth cone behaviour in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 35:347-362.
119. Tennant, M., S.R. Bruce, and L.D. Beazley (1993) Survival of ganglion cells which give rise to a retino-retinal projection during optic nerve regeneration in the frog. Vision Neurosci. 10:681-686.
120. Tennant, M., P.W. Sheard, and L.D. Beazley. (1994) Regeneration of the optic nerve in a lizard. Proc. Aust. Neurosci. Soc. 5:71.
121. Thornton, S.K., N.J. Ingham, and D.J. Withington (1995) Visual movement and pattern are important for the development of a map of auditory space in the guinea pig superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res. 106:257-264.
122. Tran, N., S.A. Dunlop, J.M. Papadimitriou, and L.D. Beazley (1996) Early stages of optic nerve regeneration in the lizard Ctenophorous ornatus. Proc. Aust. Neurosci. Soc. 7:99.
123. Trisler, D. and F. Collins (1987) Corresponding spatial gradients of TOP molecules in the developing retina and optic tectum. Science 237:1208-1209.
124. Udin, S. (1978) Permanent disorder of the regenerating optic tract in the frog. Exp. Neurol. 58:455-470.
125. Vidal-Sanz, M., G.M. Bray, M.P. Villegas-Perez, S. Thanos, and A.J. Aguayo (1987) Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J. Neurosci. 7:2894-2909.
126. Vidal-Sanz, M., G.M. Bray, and A.J. Aguayo (1991) Regenerated synapses persist in the superior colliculus after the regrowth of retinal ganglion cell axons. J. Neurocytol. 20:940-952.
127. Villegas-Perez, M.P., M. Vidal-Sanz, G.M. Bray, and A.J. Aguayo (1988). Influences of peripheral nerve grafts on the survival and regrowth of axotomised retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. J. Neurosci. 8:265-280.
128. Wanner, M., D.M. Lang, C.E. Bandtlow, M.E., Schwab, M. Bastmeyer, and C.A.O. Stuermer (1995) Re-evaluation of the growth-permissive substrate properties of goldfish optic nerve myelin and myelin proteins. J. Neurosci. 15:7500-7508.
129. Weibel, D., D. Cadelli, and M.E. Schwab (1994) Regeneration of lesioned rat optic nerve fibres is improved after neutralisation of myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors. Brain Res. 642:259-266.
130. Whithington, D.J., K.E. Binns, N.J. Ingham, and S.K. Thornton (1994) The effects of monocular enucleation on the representation of auditory space in the superior colliculus of the guinea-pig. Brain Res. 14:348-352.
131. Yamagata, M. and J.R. Sanes (1995) Lamina-specific cues guide outgrowth and arborization of retinal axons in the optic tectum. Development 121:189-200.