Novel principles in the microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology

Volumn 71, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 75-93

  Jetten, Mike S M ^a   Logemann, Susanne ^a   Muyzer, Gerard ^b   Robertson, Lesley A ^a   De Vries, Simon ^a   Van Loosdrecht, Mark C M ^a   Kuenen, J Gijs ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR MARINE MICROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation; Denitrification; Hydroxylamine; Nitrification

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; HYDROXYLAMINE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRITE; NITROGEN DERIVATIVE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE;

AEROBIC METABOLISM; ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; CONFERENCE PAPER; DENITRIFICATION; NITRIFICATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

AEROBIOSIS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANAEROBIOSIS; BRADYRHIZOBIACEAE; HYDROXYLAMINE; HYDROXYLAMINES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NITRATES; NITRITES; NITROGEN; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; PHYLOGENY; QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0031017550     PISSN: 00036072     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1000150219937     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (124)

1. Amann RI, Ludwig W & Schleifer KH (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microb. Rev. 59: 143-169
2. 3 by Nitrosomonas. FEBS Lett. 164: 236-240
3. 2O reductase are Tetrahedrally Distorted Type I Cu Cysteinates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116: 10805-10806
4. Antholine WE, Kastrau DHW, Steffens GCM, Buse G, Zumft WG & Kroneck PMH (1992) A comparative EPR investigation of the multicopper proteins nitrous-oxide reductase and cytochrome c oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 209: 875-881
5. Anthonissen AC, Loehr RC, Prakasam TBS & Shrinath EG (1976) Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid. J. Wat. Poll. Control Fed. 48: 835-852
6. Arciero DM & Hooper AB (1993) Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas europaea is a multimer of an octa-heme subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 14645-14654
7. Arciero DM, Hooper AB, Cai M & Timkovich R (1993) Evidence for the structure of the active site heme P460 in hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas. Biochemistry 32: 9370-9378
8. Arts PAM, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1995) Nitrification and denitrification by Thiosphaera pantotropha in aerobic chemostat cultures. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 18: 305-315.
9. Baker SC, Goodhew CF, Thompson IP, Bramwell PA, Pettigrew G & Ferguson SJ (1995) A study Paracoccus denitrificans using fatty acid methyl ester analysis and cytochromes c550 amino acid sequence. Proc. Beijerinck centennial (Scheffers WA & van Dijken JP Eds), pp 311-312, Delft University press, Delft, the Netherlands.
10. Bell LC, Richardson DJ, & Ferguson SJ (1990) Periplasmic and membrane-bound nitrate reductase in Thiosphaera pantothropa. FEBS Lett 265: 85-87.
11. Bell LC, Page MD, Berks BC, Richardson DJ & Ferguson SJ (1993) Insertion of transposon Tn5 into a structural gene of the membrane-bound nitrate reudctase of Thiosphaera pantothropa results in anaerobic overexpression of periplasmic nitrate reductase activity. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3205-3214
12. Belser RT & Schmidt EL (1978) Serological diversity within a terrestrial ammonia-oxidizing population. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36: 589-593
13. Berks BC, Richardson DJ, Robinson C, Reilly A, Aplin RT & Ferguson SJ (1994) Purification and characterization of the periplasmic nitrate reductase from Thiosphaera pantotropha. Eur. J. Biochem. 220:117-124
14. Berks BC, Richardson DJ, Reilly A, Willis AC & Ferguson (1995) The napEDABC gene cluster encoding the periplasmic nitrate reductase system of Thiosphaera pantotropha. Biochem. J. 309: 983-992
15. Bergmann DJ & Hooper AB (1994) Sequence of the gene, amoB, for the 43 kDa polypeptide of ammonia monooxygenase of Nitrosomonas europaea. Biochim Biophys res comm. 204(2): 759-762
16. Bergmann DJ, Arciero DM & Hooper AB (1994) Organization of the hao gene cluster of Nitrosomonas europaea: genes for two tetra heme c cytochromes. J. Bacteriol. 176: 3148-3153
17. Beijerinck MW (1904) De invloed der mikroben op de vruchtbaarheid van den grond en op den groei der hoogere planten. Landbouwkundig tijdschrift: 225-250.
18. Beijerinck MW & Minkman DCJ (1910) Bildung und Verbrauch von Stickoxydul durch Bakterien. Centr. Blatt. Bacteriol. Parasit. Jena II, 25: 30-63.
19. A Center of Cytochrome Oxidase. Biochem. 33: 10401-10407
20. Bock E, Koops HP, Ahlers B & Harms H (1992) Oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds as energy source. In: Balows A, Trueper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, & Schleiffer KH (Eds) The Proaryotes (pp 414-430) Springer Verlag, Berlin.
21. Bock E, Schmidt I, Stueven R & Zart D (1995). Nitrogen loss caused by denitrifying Nitrosomonas cells using ammonium or hydrogen as electron donors and nitrite as electron acceptor. Arch. Microbiol. 163: 16-20.
22. Boettcher B & Koops HP (1994) Growth of lithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria on hydroxylamine. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 122: 263-266
23. Breal E (1892) De la presence, dans la paille, d'un ferment aerobie, reducteur des nitrates. Compte Rendu Acad. Sci. 114: 681-684
24. Broda E (1977) Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 17: 491-493
25. Brouwer M (1995) Stikstofverwijdering uit rejectie water met behulp van het SHARON proces. BSDL Thesis, Delft University of Technology.
26. Carr GJ & Ferguson SJ (1990) The nitric oxide reductase of Paracoccus denitrificans. Biochem. J. 269: 423-429
27. Carter JP, Hsiao YH, Spiro S & Richardson DJ (1995) Soil and sediment bacteria capable of aerobic nitrate respiration Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 2852-2858
28. Craske A & Ferguson SJ (1986) The respiratory nitrate reductase from Paracoccus denitrificans. Molecular characterization and kinetic properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 158: 429-436
29. de Boer APN, Reijnders WNM, Kuenen JG, Stouthamer AH and van Spanning RJM (1994) Isolation, sequencing and mutational analysis of a gene cluster involved in nitrite reduction in Paracoccus denitrificans. Ant. van Leeuwenhoek 66: 111-127
30. de Bruijn P, van de Graaf AA, Jetten MSM, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1995) Growth of Nitrosomonas europaea on hydroxylamine. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125: 179-184
31. Degrange V & Bardin R (1995) Detection and Counting of Nitrobacter populations in soil by PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 2093-2098
32. 2O reductase and in an Inactive Protein Isolated from a Mutant Deficient in Copper-Site Biosynthesis. Inorg. Chem. 30: 3006-3011
33. Ehrich S, Behrens D, Lebdeva E, Ludwig W & Bock E (1995) A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship. Arch. Microbiol. 164: 16-23
34. Farrar JA, Thompson AJ, Cheesman MR, Dooley DM & Zumft WG (1991) A model of the copper centers of nitrous oxide reductase (Pseudomonas stutzeri). FEBS Lett. 294: 11-15
35. Ferguson SJ (1994) Denitrification and its control. A van Leeuwenhoek 66: 89-110.
36. Fliermans CB, Bohlool BB & Schmidt EL (1974) Autoecological study of the chemoautotroph Nitrobacter by immunofluorescence. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 124-149
37. 1. Cell 81:369-377
38. Gayon U & Dupetit G (1886) Recherches sur la reduction des nitrates par les infinement petits. Mem Soc. Sci. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux Ser 3, 2: 201-307
39. -) of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Arch. Microbiol. 160: 18-26
40. Godden JW, Turley S, Teller DC, Adman ET, Liu MY, Payne WJ & LeGall J (1991) The 2.3 Angstrom X-ray Structure of Nitrite Reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes. Science 253: 438-442
41. Goretski J, Zafiriou OC & Hollocher TC (1990) Steady-state Nitric Oxide Concentrations during Denitrification. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 11535-11538
42. Head IM, Hiorns WD, Embley TM, McCarthy AJ, and Saunders JR (1993) The phylogeny of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 1147-1153
43. Heijnen JJ, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Mulder R, Weltevrede R & Mulder A (1990). Development and scale-up of an aerobic airlift suspension reactor. Water Sci. Techn. 27: 253-261
44. Heiss B, Frunzke K & Zumft WG (1989) Formation of the N-N bond from nitric oxide by a membrane-bound cytochrome be complex of nitrate-respiring (denitrifying) Pseudomonas stutzeri . J. Bact. 171: 3288-3297
45. Hendrich MP, Logan M, Andersson KA, Arciero DM, Lipscomb JD & Hooper AB (1994) The active site of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas: evidence for a new metal cluster in enzymes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116: 11961-11968
46. Hiorns WD, Hastings RC, Head IM, McCarthy AJ, Saunders JR, Pickup RW & Hall GG (1995) Amplification of 16 S RNA genes of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria demonstrates the ubiquity of nitrosospiras in the environment. Microbiology 141: 2793-2800
47. 1 compounds (pp 53-58) American Society for Microbiology, Washington
48. Hunik JH, Tramper J & Wijffels RH (1994) A strategy to scale up nitrification processes with immobilized cells of Nitrosomonas europea and Nitrobacter agilis. Bioprocess Eng. II 73-82
49. Hyman MR, Murton IB & Arp DJ (1988) Interaction of ammonia monooxygenase with alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 298-303
50. Iwata S, Ostermeier C, Ludwig B & Michel H (1995) Structure at 2.8 Å resolution of cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans. Nature 376: 660-669
51. Jetten MSM, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1995) Recent advances in the removal of nitrogen from waste water. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (Tiedje JA, Ed), Brazilian Society of Microbiology, Sao Paolo, in press
52. Josserand A, & Cleyet-Marel JC (1979) Isolation of Nitrobacter from soils and evidence for novel serotypes using immunofluorescence. Microb. Ecol. 5: 197-205.
53. Juliette LY, Hyman MR & Arp DJ (1995) Roles of bovine serum albumin and copper in the assay and stability of ammonia monooxygenase activity in vitro. J. Bacteriol. 177: 4908-4913
54. Jungst A & Zumft WG (1992) Interdependence of respiratory NO reduction and nitrite reduction revealed by mutagenesis of nirQ, a novel gene in the denitrification gene cluster of Pseudomonas stutzeri FEBS Lett 314: 308-314
55. Kastrau DHW, Heiss B, Kroneck PHM & Zumft WG (1994) Nitric oxide reductase from Pseudomonas stutzeri, a novel cytochrome be complex. Eur. J. Biochem. 222: 293-303
56. Kingma-Boltjes TY (1934) Onderzoekingen over nitrificeerende bacteriën. PhD thesis Delft University of Technology
57. Kingma-Boltjes TY (1936) Untersuchungen ueber die nitrifizierende Bakterien. Arch. Microbiol. 6: 79-138
58. Klotz MG & Norton JM (1995) Sequence of an ammonia monooxygenase subunit A encoding gene from Nitrosospira sp. NpAV. Gene 163:159-160
59. Kluyver AJ & Donker HJK (1926) Die Einheit in der Biochemie. Chem. Zelle u. Gewebe 13: 134-190
60. Kluyver AJ (1936) Bacterial Metabolism. Ann Rev Biochem 5: 539-560
61. Kluyver AJ (1953) Some aspects of nitrate reduction sixth international congress on microbiology. Proceedings of the symposium on microbial metabolism pp. 71-91
62. Kluyver AJ & Verhoeven W (1954a) Studies on true dissimilatory nitrate reduction II. The mechanism of denitrification. Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 20: 241-262
63. Kluyver AJ & Verhoeven W (1954b) Studies on true dissimilatory nitrate reduction II. On the adaptation of Micrococcus denitrificans. Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 20: 337-358
64. Kuenen JG & Robertson LA (1994) Combined nitrification and denitrification processes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15: 109-117
65. Ludwig W, Mittenhuber G & Friedrich CG (1993) Transfer of Thiosphaerapantotropha to Paracoccus denitrificans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 363-367
66. McCaig AE, Embley TM & Prosser JI (1994) Molecular analysis of enrichment cultures of marine ammonia oxidisers. FEMS Microbiology Letters 120: 363-368
67. McTavish H, Fuchs JA & Hooper AB (1993a) Sequence of the gene codong for ammonia monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea. J. Bacteriol. 175: 2436-2444
68. McTavish H, Laquier F, Arciero D, Logan M, Mundform G, Fuchs JA & Hooper AB (1993b) Multiple copies of genes coding for electron transport proteins in the bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea. J. Bacteriol. 175: 2445-2447
69. Meiklejohn J (1940) Aerobic denitrification. An. Appl. Biol. 27: 558-573
70. Mulder A, van de Graaff AA, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrying fluidized bed reactor. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 16: 177-184.
71. 2 concentrations by sewage sludge subcultured with chemolithotrophic medium. Biodegadation 6: 339-349
72. Muyzer G, De Waal EC & Uitterlinden AG (1993) Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 695-700
73. Muyzer G & Ramsing NB (1996) Molecular methods to study the organization of microbial communities. Wat. Sci. Tech. 32: 11-18
74. Navarro E, Simonet P, Normand P & Bardin R (1992) Characterization of natural populations of Nitrobacter spp. using PCR/RFLP analysis of the ribosomal intergenic spacer. Arch. Microbiol. 157: 107-115
75. Ohashi A, Viraj de Silva DG, Mobarry B, Manem JA, Stahl DA, and Rittmann BE (1996) Influence of substrate C/N ratio on the structure of multi-species biofilms consisting of nitrifiers and heterotrophs. Wat. Sci.Tech. 32: 75-84
76. Olsen GJ, Lane DJ, Giovannoni SJ & Pace NR (1986) Microbial ecology and evolution: a ribosomal RNA approach. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 40: 337-365
77. 2O production by Alcaligenes faecalis during transient and dynamic aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. in press
78. Rahmani H, Rols JL, Capdeville B, Cornier JC & Deguin A (1995) Nitrite removal by a fixed culture in a submerged granular biofilter. Wat. Res. 29: 1745-1753.
79. Richardson DJ & Ferguson SJ (1992) The influence of carbon substrate on the activity of the periplamic nitrate reductase in aerobically grown Thiosphaera pantothropa. Arch. Microbiol. 157: 535-537.
80. Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1988) Heterotrophic nitrification in Thiosphaera pantotropha: Oxygen uptake and enzyme studies. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 857-863.
81. Robertson LA, van Niel EWJ, Torremans RAM & Kuenen JG (1989) Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in aerobic chemostat cultures of Thiosphaera pantotropha. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 540: 2812-2818
82. Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1992) Nitrogen removal from water and waste. In: Microbial control of Pollution, Fry JC, Gadd GM, Herbert RA, Jones CW and Watson-Craig IA (Eds) pp 227-267. Society for General Microbiology, Reading UK.
83. 15N mass spectrometry. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 18: 113-120
84. Rotthauwe JH, de Boer W & Liesack W (1995) Comparative analysis of gene sequences encoding ammonia monooxygenase of Nitrosospira sp. AHB1 and Nitrosolobus multiformis C-71. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 133: 131-135
85. Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA (1988) Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239: 487-491
86. Sanden B, Grunditz C, Hansson Y & Dalhammar D (1994) Quantification and characterisation of Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter using monoclonal antibodies. Wat. Sci. Tech. 29: 1-6.
87. Saraste, M (1990) Structural features of cytochrome oxidase. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 23: 331-366
88. Saraste, M & Castresana, J (1994) Cytochrome oxidase evolved by tinkering with denitrification enzymes. FEBS Lett. 341: 1-4
89. Saraswat N, Alleman JE & Smith TJ (1994) Enzyme Immunoassay detection of Nitrosomonas europaea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1969-1973
90. Sayavedra-Soto LA, Hommes NG & Arp DJ (1993) Characterization of the gene encoding Hydroxylamine Oxidoreductase in Nitrosomonas europaea. J.Bacteriol. 176: 504-510
91. Siddiqui RA, Warnecke-Eberz U, Hengsberger A, Schneider B, Kostka S & Friedrich B (1993) Structure and Function of a Periplasmic Nitrate Reductase in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. J. Bacteriol. 175: 5867-5876
92. Sinigalliano CD, Kuhn DN & Jones RD (1995) Amplification of the amoA gene from diverse species of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and from an indigenous bacterial population from seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 2702-2706
93. Stehr G, Boettcher B, Dittberner P, Rath G & Koops HP (1995) The ammonia-oxidizing nitrifying population of the River Elbe estuary. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 17: 177-186
94. Teske A, Alm E, Regan JM, Toze S, Rittman BE & Stahl DA (1994) Evolutionary relationships among ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 176: 6623-6630
95. Tijhuis L, Huisman JL, Hekkelman HD, Van Loosdrecht MCM & Heijnen JJ (1995) Formation of nitrifying biofilms on small suspended particles in airlift reactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31, in press
96. Tsukihara T. Aoyama H, Yamashita E, Tomizaki T, Yamaguchi H, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Nakashima R, Yaono R & Yoshikawa S (1995) Structures of Metal Sites of Oxidized Bovine Heart Cytochrome c Oxidase at 2.8 Å. Science 269: 1069-1074
97. Turk O & Mavinic DS (1989) Stability of nitrite build up in an activatd sludge system. J. Wat. Poll. Control. Fed. 61: 1440-1448.
98. van de Graaf AA, Mulder A, Slijkhuis H, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1990) Anoxic ammonium oxidation. In: Proc. 5th European Congress on Biotechnology (Christiansen C, Munck L & Villadsen J Eds) vol 1, pp388-391, Munkgaard Internatinal Publishers, Copenhagen.
99. van de Graaf AA, Mulder A, de Bruijn P, Jetten MSM, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1995) Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium is a biologically mediated process. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1246-1251
100. van de Graaf AA, de Bruijn P, Robertson LA, Jetten MSM & Kuenen JG (1996) Autotrophic growth of anaerobic, ammonium-oxidising microorgansims in a fluidized bed reactor. Microbiology, in press.
101. van der Oost J, de Boer APN, de Gier J-WL, Zumft WG, Stouthamer AH & van Spanning RJM (1994) The heme-copper oxidase family consists of three distinct types of terminal oxidases is related to nitric oxide reductase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 121: 1-10
102. van Loosdrecht MCM, Tijhuis L, Wijdieks AMS & Heijnen JJ (1995) Population distribution in aerobic bioflms on small suspended particles. Wat. Sci. Techn. 31: 163-171
103. van Niel EWJ, Arts PAM, Wesselink BJ, Robertson LA, and Kuenen JG (1993) Competition between heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrifiers for ammonia in chemostat cultures. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 102: 109-118
104. van Niel EWJ, Braber KJ, Robertson LA & Kuenen JG (1992) Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in Alcaligenes faecalis strain TUD. A van Leeuwenhoek 62: 231-237
105. van Niel CB (1949) The Delft school and the rise of general microbiology. Bact. Rev 13: 161-174
106. van Niel CB (1954) The chemoutotrophic and photosynthetic bacteria. Ann. Rev. Microbiol 8: 105-132
107. van Niel CB (1967) The education of a microbiologist. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 21: 1-30
108. Verhoeven W (1956a) Some remarks on nitrate and nitrite metabolism in microorganisms. In Inorganic nitrogen metabolism McElroy WD and Glass B (Eds) John Hopkins Press Baltimore pp 61-83
109. Verhoeven W (1956b) Sudies on true dissimilatory nitrate reduction V. Nitric oxide production and consumption by microorgansims. A van Leeuwenhoek 22: 385-406
110. Verstraete W (1975) Heterotrophic nitrification in soils and aqueous media. Izvestija Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Biol. 4: 541-558
111. A site of the caa3-type oxidase of Bacillus subtilis is a mixed-valence binuclear copper center. FEBS Lett. 340: 109-113
112. Voytek MA & Ward BB (1995) Detection of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria of the beta-subclass of the class Proteobacteria in aquatic samples with PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1444-1450.
113. Wagner M, Rath G, Amann R, Koops HP & Schleifer KH (1995) In situ indentification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. System. Appl.Microbiol. 18: 251-264
114. Ward BB & Perry MJ (1980) Immunofluorescent assay for the marine ammonium-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosococcus oceanus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 913-918
115. Ward BB (1982) Oceanic distribution of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria determined by immunofluorescent assay. J. Mar. Res. 40: 1155-1172.
116. Ward BB & Carlucci AF (1985) Marine ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria: serological diversity determined by immunofluorescence in culture and in the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50: 194-201
117. Watson SW, Bock E, Harms H, Koops HP & Hooper AB (1989) Nitrifying bacteria. In: Holt JC, Staley JT, Bryant MP & Pfennig N (eds) Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology vol. 3 pp. 1808-1834, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
118. Wehrfritz JM, Reilly A, Spiro S & Richarson DJ (1993) Purification of hydroxylamine oxidase from Thiosphaera pantotropha. FEBS Lett. 335: 246-250
119. Winogradsky S (1890) Recherches sur le organismes de la nitrification. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 4: 213-231
120. Wood PM (1986) Nitrifcation as a bacterial energy source. In: Nitrification, Prosser JI (ed) pp. 39-62, IRL Press, Oxford UK.
121. Ye RW, Averill BA & Tiedje, JM (1994) Denitrification: Production & consumption of nitric oxide. Appl. & Environm. Microbiol. 60: 1053-1058
122. Yoshioka T, Hisayoshi H & Saijo Y (1982) Growth kinetic studies of nitrifying bacteria by immunofluorescent counting method. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 169-180
123. Zumft WG (1994) The biological role of nitric oxide in bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 160: 253-264
124. Zumft WG, Braun C & Cuypers, H (1994) Nitric oxide reductase from Pseudomonas stutzeri Primary structure & gene organization of anovel bacterial cytochrome be complex. Eur. J. Biochem. 219: 481-490