Antibiotic-associated hepatitis: Update from 1990

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 204-220

  Vial, Thierry ^a   Biour, Michel ^b   Descotes, Jacques ^c   Trepo, Christian ^d  

^a EDOUARD HERRIOT HOSPITAL   (France)

^b HÔPITAL SAINT ANTOINE   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^d HÔTEL DIEU   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFPIRAMIDE; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLOXACILLIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPSONE; DICLOXACILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; MACROLIDE; MINOCYCLINE; NAFCILLIN; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ROXITHROMYCIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; SULFONAMIDE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TICARCILLIN; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CHOLESTASIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HEPATITIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIVER BIOPSY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0031017166     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/106002809703100213     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Dossing M, Sonne J. Drug-induced hepatic disorders. Incidence, management and avoidance. Drug Saf 1993;9:441-9.
2. Bakke OM, Manocchia M, De Abajo F, Kaitin KI, Lasagna L. Drug safety discontinuations in the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain from 1974 through 1993: a regulatory perpective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:108-17.
3. Friis H, Andreasen PB. Drug-induced hepatic injury: an analysis of 1100 cases reported to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987. J Intern Med 1992;232:133-8.
4. Stricker BHC, Biour M, Wilson JHP. Individual agents: antimicrobial agents. In: Dukes MNG, ed. Drug-induced hepatic injury. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992:168-259.
5. Biour M, Poupon R, Grange JD, Chazouillères O, Levy VG, Bodin F, et al. Hépatotoxicité des médicaments. 8ème mise à jour du fichier bibliographique des atteintes hépatiques et des médicaments responsables. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995;19:756-91.
6. Quinton A, Latry P, Biour M. Hépatox; base de données sur les médicaments hépatotoxiques. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17(suppl):H1 16-20.
7. Jick H. Drug-associated asymptomatic elevations of transaminase in drug safety assessments. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15:23-5.
8. Stephens MDB. Asymptomatic abnormal liver function tests in clinical trials. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1994;3:91-103.
9. Standardization of definitions and criteria of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions. Drug-induced liver disorders: report of an International Consensus Meeting. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1990;28: 317-22.
10. Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez LA. The increased risk of hospitalizations for acute liver injury in a population with exposure to multiple drugs. Epidemiology 1993;4:496-501.
11. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Stricker BHC, Zimmerman H. Risk of acute liver injury associated with the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (abstract). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1995;4(suppl 1):S8.
12. Stieglbauer KT, Smith C, Snover DC. The histologic features of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid induced hepatotoxicity (abstract). Hepatology 1994;20:190A.
13. Vasco AJM, Ligia P, Rui MM. Lymphocyte reactivity to ex-vivo drug antigens in drug-induced hepatitis. J Hepatol 1994;21:151-8.
14. Davies MH, Harrison RF, Elias E, Hübscher SG. Antibiotic-associated acute vanishing bile duct syndrome: a pattern associated with severe, prolonged, intrahepatic cholestasis. J Hepatol 1994;20:112-6.
15. Alexander P, Roskams T, Van Steenbergen W, Peetermans W, Desmet V, Yap SH. Intrahepatic cholestasis induced by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin): a report on two cases. Acta Clin Belg 1991;46:327-32.
16. Belknap MK, McClelland KJ. Cholestatic hepatitis associated with amoxicillin-clavulanate. Wis Med J 1993;92:241-2.
17. Caballeria Rovira E, Masso Ubeda RM, Arago Lopez JV, Sanchis Closa A. Hepatitis colestatica por amoxicilina-acido clavulanico. Ann Med Interna 1992;9:360-1.
18. Chopra S, Al-Najjar M. Hepatitis associated with co-amoxiclav (clavulanate potentiated amoxycillin) therapy. Saudi Med J 1992;13:448-50.
19. Cleau D, Jobard JM, Alves T, Gury S, Rey B, Vuillemard M, et al. Hé patite cholestatique due à l'association amoxicilline-acide clavulanique. Un cas et revue de la littérature. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990;14:1007-9.
20. Del Olmo ME, Panadero FJ, Palacios ML, Carreira J, Panadero E. Hepatitis por amoxicillina mas clavulanico. Aten Primaria 1994;14:579-80.
21. Escallier F, Dalac S, Caillot D, Boulitrop C, Collet E, Lambert D. Erythème polymorphe, aplasie, hépatite cholestatique au cours d'un traitement par Augmentin (amoxicilline + acide clavulanique). Rev Med Interne 1990;11:73-5.
22. Habior A, Walewska-Zielecka B, Butruk E. Hepatocellular-cholestatic liver injury due to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination. Clin Invest 1994;72:616-8.
23. Hanssens M, Mast A, Maele V, Pauwels W. Cholestatic icterus due to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in 4 patients. Ned Tidjdschr Geneeskd 1994;138:1481-3.
24. Hebbard GS, Smith KGC, Gibson PR, Bhathal PS. Augmentin-induced jaundice with a fatal outcome (letter). Med J Aust 1992;156:285-6.
25. Horsmans Y, Geubel AP. Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid-erythromycin cross-liver toxicity: a case report. J Hepatol 1994;21:911-2.
26. Michielsen PP, Van Outryve MJ, Van Mark EA, De Mayer MH, Pelckmans PA, Van Maercke YM. Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid induced cholestasis (letter). J Hepatol 1990;11:392.
27. Pelletier G, Ink O, Fabre M, Hagège H. Hépatite cholestatique probablement due à l'association d'amoxicilline et d'acide clavulanique (letter). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990;14:601.
28. Permal S, Cadranel J, Lebrun P, Grimaldi A. Un cas d'hépatite cholestatique secondaire à la prise de l'association acide clavulanique-amoxicilline. Ann Med Interne 1992;143:348-9.
29. Peroux JL, Peroux E, Jais F, Philit F, Chichmanian RM. Hepatotoxicité de l'Augmentin: responsabilité de l'acide clavulanique? A propos d'un cas. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;15:102-3.
30. Rodriguez M, Sleiman M, Suarez A, Rodrigo L. Hepatitis colestatica por amoxicillina-acido clavulanico (letter). Med Clin 1991;96:78.
31. Silvain C, Fort E, Levillain P, Labat-Labourdette J, Beauchamp M. Granulomatous hepatitis due to combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:150-2.
32. Smith PM, Wilton A, Routledge PA. Jaundice associated with amoxycillin-clavulanate potassium therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3:95-6.
33. Yang WG, Chan CY, Lu CL, Tsay SH, Lee SD. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid associated cholestasis in a patient with chronic hepatitis B: a case report. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995;55:64-8.
34. Yap I, Gwee KA, Wee A. Augmentin-induced cholestatic jaundice: a case report. Singapore Med J 1993;34:464-5.
35. Hautekeete ML, Brenard R, Horsmans Y, Henrion J, Verbist L, Derue G, et al. Liver injury related to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid: interlobular bile-duct lesions and extra-hepatic manifestations. J Hepatol 1995;22:71-7.
36. Larrey D, Vial T, Micaleff A, Babany G, Morichau-Beauchamps M, Michel H, et al. Hepatitis associated with amoxycillin-clavulanic acid combination: report of 15 cases. Gut 1992;33:368-71.
37. Ryley NG, Fleming KA, Chapman RWG. Focal destructive cholangiopathy associated with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin). J Hepatol 1995;23:279-82.
38. Wong FS, Ryan J, Dabkowski P, Dudley FJ, Sewell RB, Smallwood RA. Augmentin-induced jaundice. Med J Aust 1991;154:698-701.
39. Cholestatic jaundice with co-amoxiclav (letter). Curr Probl Pharmacovig 1993;19:2.
40. Thomson JA, Fairley CK, McNeil JJ, Purcell PM. Augmentin-associated jaundice. Med J Aust 1994;160:733-4.
41. Thomson JA, Fairley CK, Ugoni AM, Forbes AB, Purcell PM, Desmond PV, et al. Risk factors for the development of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid associated jaundice. Med J Aust 1995;162:638-40.
42. Ryan J, Dudley F. Cholestasis with ticarcillin-potassium clavulanate (Timentin) (letter). Med J Aust 1992;156:291.
43. Sweet JM, Jones MP. Intrahepatic cholestasis due to ticarcillin-clavulanate. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:675-6.
44. Cavanzo FJ, Garcia CF, Botero RC. Chronic cholestasis, paucity of bile ducts, red cell aplasia and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990;99:854-6.
45. Altraif I, Lilly L, Wanless IR, Heathcote J. Cholestatic liver disease with ductopenia (vanishing bile duct syndrome) after administration of clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:1230-4.
46. Carson JL, Strom BL, Duff A, Gupta A, Shaw M, Lundin FE, et al. Acute liver disease associated with erythromycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:576-83.
47. Pascual J, Orofino L, Marcen R, Querada C, Ortuno J. Cloxacillin-induced cholestasis in a renal allograft patient with chronic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:335-6.
48. Lotric Furlan S, Lejko Zupanc T, Jereb M. Cloxacillin-induced cholestasis. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:981-2.
49. Olsson R, Wiholm BE, Sand C, Zettergren L, Hultcrantz R, Myrhed M. Liver damage from flucloxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin. J Hepatol 1992;15:154-61.
50. Siegmund JB, Tarshis AM. Prolonged jaundice after dicloxacillin therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1299-300.
51. Lobatto S, Dijckmans AC, Mattio H, van Hooff UP. Flucloxacillin-associated liver damage. Neth J Med 1982;25:47-8.
52. Fairley CK, Boyd I, Purcell P, McNeil J. Flucloxacillin jaundice (letter). Lancet 1992;339:679.
53. Koek GH, Stricker BHC, Blok APR, Schal MSW, Desmet VJ. Flucloxacillin-associated hepatic injury. Liver 1994;14:225-9.
54. Derby LE, Jick H, Henry DA, Dean AD. Cholestatic hepatitis associated with flucloxacillin. Med J Aust 1993;158:596-600.
55. Eckstein RP, Dowsett JF, Lunzer MR. Flucloxacillin induced liver disease: histopathological findings at biopsy and autopsy. Pathology 1993; 25:223-8.
56. Miros M, Kerlin P, Walker N, Harris O. Flucloxacillin induced delayed Cholestatic hepatitis. Aust N Z J Med 1990;20:251-3.
57. Piotrowicz A, Polkey M, Wilkinson M. Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of flucloxacillin-associated cholestasis. J Hepatol 1995;22: 119-21.
58. Fairley CK, McNeil JJ, Desmond P, Smallwood R, Young H, Forbes A, et al. Risk factors for development of flucloxacillin associated jaundice. BMJ 1993;306:233-5.
59. Frost L, Tapner M, Field J, Farrell GC. Flucloxacillin stimulates choleresis and cholestasis in perfused rat liver: relationship to hepatotoxicity (abstract). Hepatology 1994;20:349A.
60. Jick H, Derby LE, Dean AD, Henry DA. Flucloxacillin and Cholestatic hepatitis. Med J Aust 1994;160:525.
61. Hargreaves JE, Herchline TE. Severe Cholestatic jaundice caused by mezlocillin. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:179-80.
62. Lestico MR, Vick KE, Hetsko CM. Hepatic and renal dysfunction following nafcillin administration. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:985-90.
63. Mazuryk H, Kastenberg D, Rubin R, Munoz SJ. Cholestatic hepatitis associated with the use of nafcillin. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1960-2.
64. Husson RN, Chung Y, Mordenti J, Butler KM, Chen S, Duliege AM. Phase I study of continuous infusion soluble CD4 as a single agent and in combination with oral dideoxyinosine therapy in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1992;121: 627-33.
65. Saliba B, Herbert PN. Oxacillin hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected patients (letter). Ann Intern Med 1994;120:1048.
66. Onate J, Montejo M, Aguirrebengoa K, Ruiz-Irastorza GR, Gonzales de Zarate P, Aguirre C, Hepatotoxicity associated with penicillin V therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:474-5.
67. Springslee M, Lode H. Therapy of lower respiratory tract infections with sulbactam/ampicillin. Muench Med Wochenschr 1990;132:146-50.
68. Kajii N, Matsuda S, Okazaki M, Nishizaki Y, Ohmura R, Fukumoto Y, et al. A case of granulomatous hepatitis caused by administration of antibiotics. Jpn J Gastroenterol 1993;90:710-4.
69. Mayama T, Koyama Y, Sebata K, Tanaka Y, Shirai S, Sakai H. Postmarketing surveillance on side-effects of cefminox sodium. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;33:149-55.
70. Omoto S, Watanabe S. Efficacy of cefminox in the treatment of bacterial infections. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1990;10:361-8.
71. Kojima N, Kumamoto I, Masumoto T, Onji M. A case report of drug-induced allergic hepatitis probably due to the N-methyltetrazolethiol group cephalosporin. Jpn J Allergol 1994;43:511-4.
72. Pelletier LL. Cefprozil versus cefaclor in the treatment of bronchitis in the elderly. Drug Invest 1994;8;263-70.
73. Felman RM, Sutherland DB, Conklin JL, Mitros FA. Eosinophilic cholecystitis, appendiceal inflammation, pericarditis and cephalosporin-associated eosinophilia. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:418-22.
74. Clini V, Clini E, Tana F, Messa A, Garotta F, Pamparana F. Ceftizoxime in lower respiratory tract infection: a multicentre clinical study. Drug Invest 1992;4(suppl l):38-9.
75. Croce E, Azzola M, Garotta F, Messa A. Ceftizoxime in surgical prophylaxis: a review. Drug Invest 1992;4(suppl l):46-7.
76. Di Martino V, Cadranel JF, Attali P. Complication hépatobiliaires des céphalosporines. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994;18:839-46.
77. Schaad UB, Wedgwood-Krucko J, Tschaeppeler H. Reversible ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudo-lithiasis in children. Lancet 1988;2:1411- 3.
78. Biais C, Duperval R. Biliary pseudolithiasis in a child associated with 2 days of ceftriaxone therapy. Pediatr Radiol 1994;24:218-9.
79. Riccabona R, Kerbl R, Schwinger W, Spork D, Grubbauer HM. Ceftriaxone-induced cholestasis - a harmless side effect. Klin Padiat 1993; 205:421-3.
80. Kirejczyk WM, Crowe HM, Mackay TM, Quintiliani R, Cronin EB. Disappearing "gallstones": biliary pseudolithiasis complicating ceftriaxone therapy. Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:329-30.
81. Cometta A, Gallot-Lavalee-Villars S, Iten A, Cantoni L, Anderegg A, Gonvers JJ, et al. Incidence of gallbladder lithiasis after ceftriaxone treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990;25:689-95.
82. Bonioli E, Bellini C, Toma P. Pseudolithiasis and intractable hiccups in a boy receiving ceftriaxone (letter). N Engl J Med 1994;332:1532.
83. Lopez AJ, O'Keefe P, Morissey M, Pickleman J. Ceftriaxone-induced cholestasis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:712-4.
84. Zinberg J, Chernaik R, Coman E, Rosenblatt R, Brandt LJ. Reversible symptomatic biliary obstruction associated with ceftriaxone pseudolithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:1251-4.
85. Shiffman ML, Keith FB, Moore EW. Pathogenesis of ceftriaxone-associated biliary sludge: in-vitro studies of calcium-ceftriaxone binding and solubility. Gastroenterology 1990;99:1772-8.
86. Lee SP, Lipsky BA, Teefey SA. Gallbladder sludge and antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:422-3.
87. Park HZ, Lee SP, Schy AL, Ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder sludge: identification of calcium-ceftriaxone salt as a major component of gallbladder precipitate. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1665-70.
88. Chowdhury D, Al-Howasi M, Chowdhury S, Ali Khan M. Acute hepatomegaly associated with ceftriaxone. Ann Saudi Med 1994;14:427-9.
89. Nadelman RB, Arlin Z, Wormser GP. Life-threatening complications of empiric ceftriaxone therapy for "seronegative lyme disease." South Med J 1991;84:1263-5.
90. Bulpitt D, Potter CE, Jaderberg M. A large scale, general practice based investigation into the clinical efficacy and tolerability of cefuroxime axetil in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Curr Med Res Opin 1991;12:318-24.
91. Jick H, Derby LE. A large population-based follow-up study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and cephalexin for uncommon serious drug toxicity. Pharmacotherapy 1995,15:428-32.
92. Hauben M, Adler C. Acute hepatitis, interstitial nephritis and eosinophilia. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:555-6.
93. Arnaud M, Rochet N, Bonnet C, Deblois P, Bertin P, Treves R, et al. Jaundice secondary to treatment with imipenem (abstract). Therapie 1990;45:70.
94. Sugiyama H, Horiuchi A, Hasegawa H, Kitani T, Tagawa S, Masaoka T. Therapeutic effects of meropenem against severe infections in patients with hematopoietic disorders. Jpn J Antibiot 1992;45:687-96.
95. Masamune R, Kunii Y, Takahashi N. Clinical evaluation of panipenem/betamipron in respiratory tract infections. Chemotherapy 1991;39 (suppl 3):753-8.
96. Gholson CF, Warren GH. Fulminant hepatic failure associated with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:215- 6.
97. Degott C, Feldman G, Larrey D, Durand-Schneider AM, Grange D, Machayekhi JP, et al. Drug-induced prolonged cholestasis in adults: a histological semiquantitative study demonstrating progressive ductopenia. Hepatology 1992;15:244-51.
98. Hopkins S. Clinical toleration and safety of azythromycin. Am J Med 1991;91(suppl 3A):40S-5S.
99. Azythromycin und leberfunktionsstörungen (letter). Dtsch Apoth Zeit 1993;133:4.
100. Guay DRP, Patterson DR, Seipman N, Craft JC. Overview of the tolerability profile of clarithromycin in preclinical and clinical trials. Drug Saf 1993;8:350-64.
101. Brown BA, Wallace RJ, Griffith DE, Girard W. Clarythromycin-induced hepatotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1073-4.
102. Saint-Marc T, Marneff E, Touraine JL. Mycobacterium avium intracelluiare infections. Treatment with a combination of clarythromycin and clofazimine. Presse Med 1993;22:1903-7.
103. Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Griffith DE. Drug intolerance to high-dose clarithromycin among elderly patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;16:215-21.
104. Yew WW, Chau CH, Lee J, Leung CW. Cholestatic hepatitis in a patient who received clarythromycin therapy for a Mycobacterium cheionae lung infection. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:1025-6.
105. Yew WW, Chau CH, Lee J, Leung CW. Clarythromycin-induced hepatotoxicity (letter). Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1074.
106. Derby LE, Jick H, Henry DA, Dean AD. Erythromycin-associated cholestatic hepatitis. Med J Aust 1993;158:600-2.
107. Delcourt A, Lambert M, Brenard R, Geubel A. Reversible liver injury possibly due to roxythromycin therapy. Acta Clin Belg 1990;45:206-7.
108. Durant J, Hazime F, Carles M, Pechere JC, Dellamonica P. Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and of cerebral toxoplasmosis by roxythromycin in HIV-infected patients. Infection 1995;23(suppl 1):S33-8.
109. Esteban A, Molina MJ, Soto C, Hemandez G. Hepatitis aguda colestasica por roxitromicina. Rev Clin Esp 1993;192:352-3.
110. Gross R, Mion F, Paliard P. Cholestase à la roxythromycine chez une patiente aux antécédents de cholestase intra-hépatique gravidique. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17:146-7.
111. Pedersen FM, Bathum L, Fenger C. Acute hepatitis and roxithromycin (letter). Lancet 1993;341:251-2.
112. Pillans P, Maling T. Roxithromycin and hepatitis. Drug Invest 1993;6:296-9.
113. Danan G, Bénichou C. Roxithromycin-induced or herpes hepatitis (letter)? Lancet 1993;341:896.
114. Bathum L, Pedersen FM, Fenger C. Roxithromycin-induced or herpes hepatitis (letter)? Lancet 1993;341:896-7.
115. Denie C, Henrion J, Shapira M, Schmitz A, Heller FR. Spiramycin-induced cholestatic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992;16:386.
116. Ostlere LS, Langtry JA, Staughton RC. Allergy to spiramycin during prophylactic treatment of fetal toxoplasmosis (letter). Br Med J 1991; 302:970.
117. Uzzan B, Vassy R, Nicolas P, Chapman A, Perret G. Troleandomycin hepatotoxicity: a case report of overt jaundice and a placebo-controlled trial. Therapie 1993;48:61-2.
118. Descotes J, Evreux JC, Foyatier N, Gaumer R, Girard D, Savoye B. Trois nouvelles observations d'ictère après estroprogestatifs et troléandomycine. Presse Med 1979;8:1182-3.
119. Fisher D, Labbe G, Berson A, Tinel M, Loeper J, Larrey D, et al. Inhibition of rat liver estrogen 2/4-hydroxylase activity by troleandomycin: comparison with erythromycin and roxithromycin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;254:1120-7.
120. Lienart F, Morissens M, Jacobs P, Ducobu J. Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity. Acta Clin Belg 1992;47:205-8.
121. Hunt CM, Washington K. Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis, Gastroenterology 1994;107:1844-7.
122. Gorard DA. Late onset drug fever associated with minocycline. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:404.
123. Malcolm A, Heap TR, Lunzer M, Eckstein RP. Minocycline: a cause of both acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis with positive lupus serology (abstract). J Gastroenierol Hepatol 1994;9:A86.
124. Byrne PAC, Williams BD, Pritchard MH. Minocycline-related lupus. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33;674-6.
125. Castex F, Canva-Delcambre V, Maunoury V, Talbodec N, Wolchies E, Paris JC. Hépatite aigue à la minocycline. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995;19:640-1.
126. Min DI, Burke PA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Acute hepatic failure associated with oral minocycline: a case report. Pharmacotherapy 1992;12: 68-71.
127. Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, Hussey J, Regenstein F, Baiart L. Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity (letter). Transplant Proc 1993; 25:1873.
128. Saito A. Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings of teicoplanin. Chemotherapy 1993;41(suppl 2):154-60.
129. Soejima R. Teicoplanin in the treatment of septicemia, infective endocarditis and respiratory tract infections. Chemotherapy 1993;41(suppl 2):115-25.
130. Pauw BE, Novakova IR, Donnelly JP. Options and limitations of teicoplanin in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Br J Haematol 1990;76 (suppl 2):1-5.
131. Adam D, Von Rosenstiel N. Adverse reactions to quinolones, potential toxicities, drug interactions, and metabolic effects. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1994;3(suppl 3):177-84.
132. Cook JA, Silverman MH, Schelling DJ, Nix DE, Schentag JJ, Brown RR. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics and safety of oral amifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:974-9.
133. Levison JR, Kumar A. Ciprofloxacin-induced cholestatic jaundice: a case report (abstract). Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1619.
134. Lilic D, Ghosh SK. Liver dysfunction and DNA antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination. Lancet 1994;344:1292-3.
135. Sherman O, Beizer JL. Possible ciprofloxacin-induced acute cholestatic jaundice. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1162-4.
136. Villeneuve JP, Davies C, Côté J. Suspected ciprofloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:257-9.
137. Fuchs S, Simon Z, Brezis M. Fatal hepatic failure associated with ciprofloxacin. Lancet 1994;343:738-9.
138. Grassmick BK, Lehr VT, Sundareson AS. Fulminant hepatic failure possibly related to ciprofloxacin. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:636-9.
139. Nordman P. Cytotoxicity and uptake of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in primary culture of rat hepatocytes. J Chemother 1989;24: 355-63.
140. Amitrano L, Gigliotti T, Guardascione MA, Ascione A. Enoxacin acute liver injury (letter). J Hepatol 1992;15:270.
141. Davoren P, Mainstone K. Norfloxacin-induced hepatitis. Med J Aust 1993;159:423-6.
142. Lopez-Navidad A, Domingo P, Cadafalch J, Farrerons J. Norfloxacininduced hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1990;11:277-8.
143. Sawada M, Nakamura S, Yamada A, Kobayashi T, Okada S. Phase IV study and postmarketing surveillance of ofloxacin in Japan. Chemotherapy 1991;37:134-42.
144. Blum A. Ofloxacin-induced acute severe hepatitis (letter). South Med J 1991;84:1158.
145. Hofer T, Becker EW, Weigand K, Berg PA, Demonstration of sensitized lymphocytes to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ofloxacin in a patient with cholestatic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992;15:262-3.
146. Lindgren A, Olsson R. Liver reactions from trimethoprim. J Intern Med 1994;236:281-4.
147. Kowdley KV, Keefe EB, Fawaz KA. Prolonged cholestasis due to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Gastroenterology 1992;102:2148-50.
148. Munoz SJ, Martinez-Hernandez A, Maddrey WC. Intrahepatic cholestasis and phospholipidosis with the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Hepatology 1990;12:342-7.
149. Blasco JM, Teramoto OT, Huerta F. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and acute hepatic failure secondary to hydantoin and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole ingestion. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1633.
150. Simma B, Meister B, Deutsch J, Sperl W, Fend F, Ofner D, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure in a child as a potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:530-3.
151. Beard K, Belic L, Aselton P, Perara DR, Jick H. Outpatient drug-induced parenchymal liver disease requiring hospitalization. J Clin Pharmacol 1986;26:633-7.
152. Carr A, Tindall B, Penny R, Cooper DA. In vitro cytotoxicity as a marker of hypersensitivity to sulfamethoxazole in patients with HIV. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;94:21-5.
153. Saito S, Ikezawa Z, Miyamoto H, Kim S. A case of the "dapsone syndrome." Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:152-6.
154. Fleming CM, Branch RA, Wilkinson OR, Guengerich FP. Human liver microsomal N-hydroxylation of dapsone by cytochrome P-450 3A4. Mol Pharmacol 1992;41:975-80.
155. Lons T, Richardet JP, Machayekhi JP, Dalbergue B, Trinchet JC. Hé patite granulomateuse à la dapsone (letter). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16:293.
156. Jalakshmi P, Ting HC. Dapsone-induced liver necrosis. Histopathology 1990;17:89-91.
157. Chalasani P, Baffoe-Bonnie H, Jurado RL. Dapsone therapy causing sulfone syndrome and lethal hepatic failure in an HIV-infected patient. South Med J 1994;87:1145-6.
158. Mohle-Boetani J, Akula SK, Holodniy M, Katzenstein D, Garcia G. The sulfone syndrome in a patient receiving dapsone prophylaxis for Pnewnocystis carinii pneumonia. West J Med 1992;156:303-6.
159. Geier B, Nousbaum JB, Cauvin JM, Robaszkiewicz M, Gouérou H. Atteinte hépatique aiguë probablement secondaire à un traitement par l'association pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16:724-5.
160. Eykn SJ. Staphylococcal bacteraemia and endocarditis and fusidic acid. J Antibiot Chemother 1990;25(suppl B):33-8.
161. Marchesoni A, Sinigaglia L, Ranza R, Varenna M, Battafarano N, Tosi S. Rifamycin SV versus triamcinolone in local treatment of rheumatoid synovitis. Scand J Rheumatol 1993;22:194-8.