Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 126, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 63-73

  Harjai, Kishore J ^a   Licata, Angelo A ^b  

^a Cleveland Clinic Foundation ^*  (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3,3',5' TRIIODOTHYRONINE; AMIODARONE; HEART RECEPTOR; LEVOTHYROXINE; LIOTHYRONINE; PERCHLORATE; PREDNISONE; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THIONAMIDE DERIVATIVE; THYROID ANTIBODY; THYROID HORMONE; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROTOXICOSIS;

EID: 0031017068     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-1-199701010-00009     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Reiffel JA, Estes NA 3d, Waldo AL, Prystowsky EN, DiBianco R. A consensus report on antiarrhythmic drug use. Clin Cardiol. 1994;17:103-16.
2. Ceremuzynski L, Kleczar E, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Kuch J, Nartowicz E, Smielak-Korombel J, et al. Effect of amiodarone on mortality after myocardial infarction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1056-62.
3. Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D. Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Basel Antiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival (BASIS). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:1711-8.
4. Chatterjee K. Amiodarone in chronic heart failure [Editorial]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1775-6.
5. Cleland JG, Dargie HJ, Findlay IN, Wilson JT. Clinical, haemodynamic, and antiarrhythmic effects of long term treatment with amiodarone of patients in heart failure. Br Heart J. 1987;57:436-45.
6. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR, Curiel R. Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA). Lancet. 1994;344:493-8.
7. Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, Singh BN, Lewis HD, Deedwania PC, et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:77-82.
8. Nicklas JM, McKenna WJ, Stewart RA, Mickelson JK, Das SK, Schork MA, et al. Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose amiodarone in patients with severe heart failure and asymptomatic frequent ventricular ectopy. Am Heart J. 1991;122(4 Pt 1):1016-21.
9. Alinovi A, Reverberi C, Melissari M, Gabrielli M. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by amiodarone hydrochloride. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;12:563-6.
10. Borowski GD, Garofano CD, Rose LI, Spielman SR, Rotmensch HR, Greenspan AM, et al. Effect of long-term amiodarone therapy on thyroid hormone levels and thyroid function Am J Med. 1985;78:443-50.
11. Multicenter controlled observation of a low-dose regimen of amiodarone for treatment of severe ventricular arrhythmias. Collaborative Group for Amiodarone Evaluation. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1564-9.
12. D'Amico DJ, Kenyon KR, Ruskin JN. Amiodarone keratopathy: drug-induced lipid storage disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:257-61.
13. Dudognon P, Hauw JJ, de Baecque C, Derrida JP, Escourolle R, Nick EJ. [Amiodarone neuropathy: clinical and pathological study of a new drug induced lipidosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1979;135:527-40.
14. Harris L, McKenna WJ, Rowland E, Holt DW, Storey GC, Krikler DM. Side effects of long-term amiodarone therapy. Circulation. 1983;67:45-51.
15. Marchlinski FE, Gansler TS, Waxman HL, Josephson ME. Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:339-45.
16. Marcus FI. Drug interactions with amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):924-30.
17. Meier C, Kauer B, Muller U, Ludin HP. Neuromyopathy during chronic amiodarone treatment. A case report. J Neurol. 1979;220:231-9.
18. Posner J, Sobel RJ, Glick S. Effect of amiodarone on thyroid hormone economy. Isr J Med Sci. 1984;20:113-7.
19. Poucell S, Ireton J, Valencia-Mayoral P, Downar E, Larratt L, Patterson J, et al. Amiodarone-associated phospholipidosis and fibrosis of the liver. Light, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies. Gastroenterology. 1984;86(5 Pt 1):926-36.
20. Raeder EA, Podrid PJ, Lown B. Side effects and complications of amiodarone therapy Am Heart J. 1985;109(5 Pt 1):975-83.
21. Rigas B, Rosenfeld LE, Barwick KW, Enriquez R, Helzberg J, Batsford WP, et al. Amiodarone hepatotoxicity. A clinicopathologic study of five patients. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:348-51.
22. Rakita L, Sobol SM, Mostow N, Vrobel T. Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):906-16.
23. Amico JA, Richardson V, Alpert B, Klein I. Clinical and chemical assessment of thyroid function during therapy with amiodarone. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:487-90.
24. Fradkin JE, Wolff J. Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983;62:1-20.
25. Rao RH, McCready VR, Spathis GS. Iodine kinetic studies during amiodarone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:563-8.
26. Albert SG, Alves LE, Rose EP. Thyroid dysfunction during chronic amiodarone therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9:175-83.
27. Leonard JL, Visser TJ. Biochemistry of deiodination. In: Henneman G, ed. Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1986:189-229.
28. Burger A, Dinichert D, Nicod P, Jenny M, Lemarchand-Beraud T, Vallotton MS. Effect of amiodarone on serum triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxin, and thyrotropin. A drug influencing peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. J Clin Invest. 1976;58:255-9.
29. Aanderud S, Sundsfjord J, Aarbakke J. Amiodarone inhibits the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Endocrinology. 1984;115:1605-8.
30. Kannan R, Ookhtens M, Chopra IJ, Singh BN. Effects of chronic administration of amiodarone on kinetics of metabolism of iodothyronines. Endocrinology. 1984;115:1710-6.
31. Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the euthyroid sick syndrome. Endocr Rev. 1982;3:164-217.
32. Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Hepner GW, Morgenstein AA. Misleadingly low free thyroxine index and usefulness of reverse triiodothyronine measurement in nonthyroidal illnesses. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:905-12.
33. Figge HL, Figge J. The effects of amiodarone on thyroid hormone function: a review of physiology and clinical manifestations. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990; 30:588-95.
34. Larsen PR. Thyroid-pituitary interaction: feedback regulation of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:23-32.
35. Martino E, Safran M, Aghini-Lombardi F, Rajatanavin R, Lenziardi M, Fay M, et al. Environmental iodine intake and thyroid dysfunction during chronic amiodarone therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:28-34.
36. Jonckheer MH, Blockx P, Broeckaert J, Cornette C, Beckers C. Low triiodothyronine syndrome in patients chronically treated with an iodine-containing drug, amiodarone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1978;9:27-35.
37. Jaggarao NS, Sheldon J, Grundy EN, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA. The effects of amiodarone on thyroid function. Postgrad Med J. 1982;58:693-6.
38. Newnham HH, Topliss DJ, Le Grand BA, Chosich N, Harper RW, Stockigt JR. Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism: assessment of the predictive value of biochemical testing and response to combined therapy using propylthiouracil and potassium perchlorate. Aust N Z J Med. 1988;18:37-44.
39. Shukla R, Jowett NI, Thompson DR, Pohl JE. Side effects with amiodarone therapy. Postgrad Med J. 1994;70:492-8.
40. Anastasiou-Nana M, Koutras DA, Levis G, Souvatzoglou A, Boukis MA, Moulopoulos SD. The correlation of serum amiodarone levels with abnormalities in the metabolism of thyroxine. J Endocrinol Invest. 1984;7: 405-7.
41. Nademanee K, Singh BN, Hendrickson JA, Reed AW, Melmed S, Hershman J. Pharmacokinetic significance of serum reverse T3 levels during amiodarone treatment: a potential method for monitoring chronic drug therapy. Circulation. 1982;66:202-11.
42. Singh BN, Vaughan Williams EM. The effect of amiodarone, a novel anti-anginal drug, on cardiac muscle. Br J pharmacol. 1970;39:657-67.
43. Gotzsche LB. Beta-adrenergic receptors, voltage-operated Ca(2+)-channels, nuclear triiodothyronine receptors and triiodothyronine concentration in pig myocardium after long-term low-dose amiodarone treatment. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;129:337-47.
44. Yin YL, Perret GY, Nicolas P, Vassy R, Uzzan B, Tod M. In vivo effects of amiodarone on cardiac beta-adrenoceptor density and heart rate require thyroid hormones. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19:541-5.
45. Perret G, Yin YL, Nicolas P, Pussard E, Vassy R, Uzzan B, et al. Amiodarone decreases cardiac beta-adrenoceptors through an antagonistic effect on 3,5,3′triiodothyronine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19:473-8.
46. Rosenbaum MB, Chiale PA, Halpern MS, Nau GJ, Przybylski J, Levi RJ, et al. Clinical efficacy of amiodarone as an antiarrhythmic agent. Am J Cardiol. 1976;38:934-44.
47. Bekaert J, Solvay H, van Schepdael J. [Study of the effect of amiodarone on thyroid function]. Coeur Med Interne. 1979;18:241-51.
48. Heger JJ, Prystowsky EN, Jackman WM, Naccarelli GV, Warfel KA, Rinkenberger RL, et al. Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology during long-term therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:539-45.
49. Nademanee K, Singh BN, Hendrickson J, Intarachot V, Lopez B, Feld G, et al. Amiodarone in refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98(5 Pt 1):577-84.
50. Alves LE, Rose EP, Cahill TB Jr. Amiodarone and the thyroid [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:412.
51. Amiodarone and the thyroid: the Janus response [Editorial]. Lancet. 1987;2: 24-5.
52. Trip MD, Wiersinga W, Plomp TA. Incidence, predictability, and pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 1991;91:507-11.
53. Sanmarti A, Permanyer G, Foz M. Amiodarone and thyroid [Letter]. Lancet. 1987;2:865-6.
54. Matsumura LK, Born D, Kunii IS, Franco DB, Maciel RM. Outcome of thyroid function in newborns from mothers treated with amiodarone. Thyroid. 1992;2:279-81.
55. Plomp TA, Vulsma T, de Vijlder JJ. Use of amiodarone during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992;43:201-7.
56. Widerborn J, Bhandari AK, Bughi S, Rahimtoola SH, Elkayam U. Fetal and neonatal adverse effects profile of amiodarone treatment during pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1991;1229(4 Pt 1):1162-6.
57. Martino E, Macchia E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonelli A, Lenziardi M, Concetti R, et al. Is humoral thyroid autoimmunity relevant in amiodarone iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIIT)? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1986;24:627-33.
58. Harjai KJ, Licata AA. Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism: a case series and brief review of literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996;19:1548-54.
59. Staubli M, Studer H. Amiodarone-treated patients with suppressed TSH test are at risk of thyrotoxicosis. Klin Wochenschr. 1985;63:168-75.
60. Weissel M, Weber H. Risk factors for development of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction [Letter]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:717.
61. Ingbar SH. Autoregulation of the thyroid. Mayo Clin Proc. 1972;47:814-23.
62. Fradkin JE, Wolff J. Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1983;62:1-20.
63. Wolff J. Iodide goiter and the pharmacologic effects of excess iodide. Am J Med. 1969;47:101-24.
64. Leger AF, Fragu P, Rougier P, Laurent MF, Tubiana M, Savoie JC. Thyroid iodine content measured by x-ray fluorescence in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: concise communication. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:582-5.
65. Rabinowe SL, Larsen PR, Antman EM, George KL, Friedman PL, Jackson RA, et al. Amiodarone therapy and autoimmune thyroid disease. Increase in a new monoclonal antibody-defined T cell subset. Am J Med. 1986;81:53-7.
66. Monteiro E, Galvao-Teles A, Santos ML, Mourao L, Correia MJ, Lopo Tuna J, et al. Antithyroid antibodies as an early marker for thyroid disease induced by amiodarone. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292:227-8.
67. Safran M, Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Bartalena L, Balzano S, Pinchera A, et al. Effect of amiodarone on circulating antithyroid antibodies. BMJ. 1988;297:456-7.
68. Chiovato L, Martino E, Tonacchera M, Santini F, Lapi P, Mammoli C, et al. Studies on the in vitro cytotoxic effect of amiodarone. Endocrinology. 1994;134:2277-82.
69. Smyrk TC, Goellner JR, Brennan MD, Carney JA. Pathology of the thyroid in amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11: 197-204.
70. Carney JA, Moore SB, Northcutt RC, Woolner LB, Stillwell GK. Palpation thyroiditis (multifocal granulomatous folliculitis). Am J Clin Pathol. 1975; 64:639-47.
71. Gorman CA, Duick DS, Woolner LB, Wahner HW. Transient hyperthyroidism in patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1978;53: 359-65.
72. Woolner LB, McConahey WM, Beahrs OH. Granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1957;17:1202-21.
73. Bartalena L, Grasso L, Brogioni S, Aghini-Lombardi F, Braverman LE, Martino E. Serum interleukin-6 in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:423-7.
74. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Mariotti S, Bartalena L, Braverman L, Pinchera A. Amiodarone: a common source of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Horm Res. 1987;26:158-71.
75. Keidar S, Grenadier E, Palant A. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: four cases and a review of the literature. Postgrad Med J. 1980;56:356-8.
76. Sanmarti A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Castellanos JM, Foz-Sala M, Galard RM, Soler-Soler J. Chronic administration of amiodarone and thyroid function: a follow-up study. Am Heart J. 1984;108:1262-8.
77. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Macchia E, et al. Amiodarone iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Italian Journal of Medicine. 1986;2:15-20.
78. Pinchera A, Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Pacchiarotti A, Lenziardi M, Braverman L. Amiodarone and the thyroid. In: Medeiros-Neto G, Gaitan E, eds. Frontiers in Thyroidology. New York: Plenum; 1986:161-8.
79. Brennan MD, van Heerden JA, Carney JA. Amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis (AAT): experience with surgical management. Surgery. 1987;102: 1062-7.
80. Bambini G, Aghini-Lombardi F, Rosner W, Khan MS, Martino E, Pinchera A, et al. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin in amiodarone-treated patients. A marker for tissue thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med. 1987; 147:1781-5.
81. Singh BN. Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):788-97.
82. Donaghue KC, Clarke P, Hooper MJ. Amiodarone. The dilemma of hyperthyroxinaemia and the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Med J Aust. 1985; 142:594-6.
83. Reichert LJ, de Rooy HA. Treatment of amiodarone induced hyperthyroidism with potassium perchlorate and methimazole during amiodarone treatment. BMJ. 1989;298:1547-8.
84. Althaus B, Bucher H, Schon H, Vogt T. [Therapy resistance of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1988;118:1176-81.
85. Leger AF, Massin JP, Laurent MF, Vincens M, Auriol M, Helal OB, et al. Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis: analysis of eighty-five consecutive cases. Eur J Clin Invest. 1984;14:449-55.
86. Rajatanavin R, Safran M, Stoller WA, Mordes JP, Braverman LE. Five patients with iodine-induced hyperthyroidism. Am J Med. 1984;77:378-84.
87. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Mariotti S, Lenziardi M, Baschieri L, Braverman LE, et al. Treatment of amiodarone associated thyrotoxicosis by simultaneous administration of potassium perchlorate and methimazole. J Endocrinol Invest. 1986;9:201-7.
88. Rosenbaum MB, Chiale PA, Haedo A, Lazzari JO, Elizari MV. Ten years of experience with amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):957-64.
89. Peter T, Hamer A, Mandel WJ, Weiss D. Evaluation of amiodarone therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant cardiac arrhythmias: long-term follow-up. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):943-50.
90. Franklyn JA, Davis JR, Gammage MD, Littler WA, Ramsden DB, Sheppard MC. Amiodarone and thyroid hormone action. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985;22:257-64.
91. Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Frank R, Grosgogeat Y. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications of the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone. Am Heart J. 1981;101:480-93.
92. Sogol PB, Hershman JM, Reed AW, Dillmann WH. The effects of amiodarone on serum thyroid hormones and hepatic thyroxine 5′-monodeiodination in rats. Endocrinology. 1983;113:1464-9.
93. Solomon B, Glinoer D, Lagasse R, Wartofsky L. Current trends in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:1518-24.
94. Blossey HC, Peitsch W. [Indications for subtotal thyroidectomy in patients with amiodarone- (iodine-) induced hyperthyroidism]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1988;138:444-7.
95. Meurisse M, Hamoir E, D'Silva M, Joris J, Hennen G. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: is there a place for surgery? World J Surg. 1993;17: 622-6.
96. Mulligan DC, McHenry CR, Kinney W, Esselstyn CB Jr. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: clinical presentation and expanded indications for thyroidectomy. Surgery. 1993;114:1114-9.
97. Savoie JC, Massin JP, Thomopoulos P, Leger F. Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in apparently normal thyroid glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975; 41:685-91.
98. Braverman LE, Safran M, Bambini G, Pinchera A, Martino E, Amiodarone: effects on thyroid function end the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Nuc Compact: Compact News in Nuclear Medicine. 1985;16: 380-6.
99. Wimpfheimer C, Staubli M, Schadelin J, Studer H. Prednisone in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284:1835-6.
100. Johnson RS, Moore WG. Fatal aplastic anaemia after treatment of thyrotoxicosis with potassium perchlorate. Br Med J. 1961;1:1369-71.
101. Broussolle C, Ducottet X, Martin C, Barbier Y, Bornet H, Noel G, et al. Rapid effectiveness of prednisone and thionamides combined therapy in severe amiodarone iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Comparison of two groups of patients with apparently normal thyroid glands. J Endocrinol Invest. 1989;12:37-42.
102. Farwell AP, Abend SL, Huang SK, Patwardhan NA, Braverman LE. Thyroidectomy for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. JAMA. 1990;263:1526-8.
103. Wolff J, Chaikoff L. Plasma inorganic iodiode as a homeostatic regulator of thyroid function. J Biol Chem. 1948;174:555-60.
104. Selenkow HA, Garcia AM, Bradley EB. An autoregulatory effect of iodide in diverse thyroid disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1965;62:714-26.
105. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Mariotti S, Bartalena L, Lenziardi M, Ceccarelli C, et al. Amiodarone iodine-induced hypothyroidism: risk factors and follow-up in 28 cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1987;26:227-37.
106. Salamon E, Rowe RC, Faiman C. Amiodarone-related cyclic thyroid dys-function. Can Med Assoc J. 1989;141:1247-9.
107. Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Vagenakis AG, Adams L, Maloof F. Enhanced susceptibility to iodide myxedema in patients with Hashimoto's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1971;32:515-21.
108. Foresti V, Parisio E, Scolari N, Carint L, Lovagnini-Scher CA. Amiodarone and antithyroid antibodies [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:157-8.
109. McGregor AM, Weetman AP, Ratanachaiyavong S, Owen GM, Ibbertson HK, Hall R. Iodine: an influence on the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. In: Hall R, Kobberling J, eds. Thyroid Disorders Associated with Iodine Deficiency and Excess. New York: Raven; 1985:209-16.
110. Martino E, Aghini-Lombardi F, Bartalena L, Grasso L, Loviselli A, Velluzzi F, et al. Enhanced susceptibility to amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism in patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2722-6.
111. Hawthorne GC, Campbell NP, Geddes JS, Ferguson WR, Postlethwaite W, Sheridan B, et al. Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. A common complication of prolonged therapy: a report of eight cases. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:1016-9.
112. Belfiore A, Runello F, Sava L, La Rosa G, Vigneri R. Thyroglobulin release after graded endogenous thyrotropin stimulation in man: lack of correlation with thyroid hormone response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984; 59:974-8.
113. Wiersinga WM, Trip MD. Thyroid radioisotope uptake is preserved in iodine-induced hypothyroidism, but not in iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis or in euthyroidism during iodine excess. In: Hall R, Kobberling J, eds. Thyroid Disorders Associated with Iodine Deficiency and Excess. New York: Raven; 1985:197-200.
114. Wiersinga WM, Touber JL, Trip MD, van Royen EA. Uninhibited thyroidal uptake of radioiodine despite iodine excess in amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:485-91.
115. Chazanbalk CD, Pisarev MA, Krawiec L, Juvenal GJ, Valsecchi RM, Burton G. In vitro inhibitory effects of an iodinated derivative of arachidonic acid on calf thyroid. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Latinoam. 1984;34:367-73.
116. Martino E, Bartalena L, Mariotti S, Aghini-Lombardi F, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, et al. Radioactive iodine thyroid uptake in patients with amiodarone-iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988; 119:167-73.
117. Nademanee K, Piwonka RW, Singh BN, Hershman JM. Amiodarone and thyroid function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1989;31:427-37.
118. Martino E, Mariotti S, Aghini-Lombardi F, Lenziardi M, Morabito S, Baschieri L, et al. Short term administration of potassium perchlorate restores euthyroidism in amiodarone iodine-induced hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:1233-6.
119. van Dam EW, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Nikkels RE. Treatment of amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism with potassium perchlorate. Neth J Med. 1993;42:21-4.