Pathogenesis of posttraumatic headache and migraine: A common headache pathway?

Headache

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 142-152

  Packard, Russell C ^a   Ham, Lesley P ^a  

^a Headache Management and Neurology   (United States)

Author keywords

biochemical; migraine; mild head injury; post traumatic headache; traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADRENALIN; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; METENKEPHALIN; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; NORADRENALIN; SEROTONIN; SUBSTANCE P; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN METABOLISM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; MIGRAINE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION;

CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; HEADACHE; HUMANS; MIGRAINE DISORDERS;

EID: 0031003455     PISSN: 00178748     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1997.3703142.x     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Packard RC. Mild head injury. Headache Quarterly. 1993;4:42-52.
2. Rutherford WH. Postconcussion symptoms: relationship to acute neurological indices, individual differences, and circumstances of injury. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL, eds. Mild Head Injury. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988:217-228.
3. Hayes RL, Dixon CE. Neurochemical changes in mild head injury. Semin Neurol. 1994;14:25-31.
4. Dixon CE, Taft WC, Hayes RL. Mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehab. 1993;8:1-12.
5. Katayama Y, Becker DP, Tamura T, Hovda DA. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:889-900.
6. Siesjo BK, Bengtsson F, Grampp W, Theander S. Calcium, excitotoxins, and neuronal death in the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;568:234-251.
7. Katayama Y, Tanaka H, Kawamata T, Tsubokawa T. Excitatory amino acid release from contused brain tissue: clinical and experimental studies. In: Abstracts of the Third Conference of the International Association for the Study of Traumatic Brain Injury, Fall, 1993.
8. Faden Al, Demediuk P, Panter SS, Vink R. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science. 1989;244:798-800.
9. Swedlow PE, Botscheller ML, Marion DW, et al. Controlled cortical impact induces sustained elevations in the extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1992;18:172.
10. Hayes RL, Lyeth BG, Jenkins LW. Neurochemical mechanisms of mild and moderate head injury: implications for treatment. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL, eds. Mild Head Injury. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989:54-79.
11. Choi DW. Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity. J Neurosci. 1987;7:369-379.
12. Miller LP, Lyeth BG, Jenkins LW, et al. Excitatory amino acid receptor subtype binding following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 1990;526:103-107.
13. Choi DW. Methods for antagonizing glutamate neurotoxicity. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1990;2:105-147.
14. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:682-685.
15. Peunova N, Enikolopov G. Amplification of calcium-induced gene transcription by nitric oxide in neuronal cells. Nature. 1993;364:450-453.
16. Haber B, Grossman RG. Acetylcholine metabolism in intracranial and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and in blood. In: Wood JH, ed. Neurobiology and Cerebrospinal Fluid. New York: Plenum; 1980:345-350.
17. Gorman LK, Fu K, Hovda DA, et al. Analysis of acetylcholine release following concussive brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma. 1989;6:203.
18. Collerton D. Cholinergic function and intellectual decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 1986;19:1-28.
19. Spencer DG, Lal H. Effects of anticholinergic drugs on learning and memory. Drug Dev Res. 1983;3:489-502.
20. DeSalles AA, Newlon PG, Katayama Y, et al. Transient suppression of event-related evoked potentials produced by mild head injury in the cat. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:102-108.
21. Levin HS. Treatment of postconcussional symptoms with CDP-choline. J Neural Sci. 1991;103(suppl): S39-S42.
22. Hayes RL, Pechura CM, Katayama Y, Povlishock JT, Giebel ML, Becker DP. Activation of pontine cholinergic sites implicated in unconsciousness following cerebral concussion in the cat. Science. 1984;223:301-303.
23. Hayes RL, Stonnington HH, Lyeth BG, Dixon CE, Yamamoto T. Metabolic and neurophysiological sequelae of brain injury: a cholinergic hypothesis. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma. 1986;3:163-173.
24. Raskin NH. Serotonin receptors and headache. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:353-354.
25. Salzman SK. The role of neural and vascular serotonin in secondary central nervous system trauma. In: Salzman SK, Faden AI, eds. The Neurobiology of Central Nervous System Trauma. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994:182-192.
26. Salzman SK, Hirofuji E, Llados-Eckman C, MacEwen GD, Beckman AL. Monoaminergic responses to spinal trauma. Participation of serotonin in posttraumatic progression of neural damage. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:431-439.
27. Zivin JA, Doppman JL, Reid JL, et al. Biochemical and histochemical studies of biogenic amines in spinal cord trauma. Neurology. 1976;26:99-107.
28. Saruhashi Y, Hukuda S, Maeda T. Acute aggregation of serotonin-immunoreactive platelets in the injured spinal cord of rat and change of serotonin content in the neural fibers. J Neurotrauma. 1990;7:237-246.
29. Saruhashi Y, Hukuda S, Maeda T. Evidence for a neural source of acute accumulation of serotonin in platelets in the injured spinal cord of rats. An experimental study using 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine treatment. J Neurotrauma. 1991;8:121-128.
30. Pappius HM, Dadoun R, McHugh M. The effect of pchlorophenylalanine on cerebral metabolism and biogenic amine content of traumatized brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:324-334.
31. Sharma HS, Dey PK, Olsson Y. Brain edema blood brain barrier permeability and cerebral blood flow changes following intracarotid infusion of serotonin: modification with cyproheptadine and indomethacin. In: Krieglstein J, ed. Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1989:317-323.
32. Feniuk W, Humphrey PPA. Mechanisms of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced vasoconstriction. In: Fozard PR, ed. The Peripheral Actions of 5-Hydroxytryptamine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989:100-122.
33. Zivin JA, Venditto JA. Experimental CNS ischemia: serotonin antagonists reduce or prevent damage. Neurology. 1984;34:469-474.
34. Hamill RW, Woolf PD, McDonald JV, Lee LA, Kelly M. Catecholamines predict outcome in traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:438-443.
35. Rosner MJ. Systemic response to experimental brain injury. In: Becker DP, Povlishock J, eds. Central Nervous System Trauma Status Report. Bethesda, Md; National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health; 1985:405-416.
36. Decker MW, Gallagher M. Scopolamine-disruption of radial arm maze performance: modification by noradrenergic depletion. Brain Res. 1987;417:59-69.
37. Nilsson P, Hillered L, Ponten U, Ungerstedt U. Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:631-637.
38. Feeney DM, Gonzales A, Law WA. Amphetamine restores locomotor function after motor cortex injury in the rat. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1981;24:15-17.
39. Feeney DM, Westerberg VS. Norepinephrine and brain damage: alpha noradrenergic pharmacology alters functional recovery after cortical trauma. Can J Psychol. 1990;44:233-252.
40. Mclntosh TK, Head VA, Faden AI. Alterations in regional concentrations of endogenous opioids following traumatic brain injury in the cat. Brain Res. 1987;425:225-233.
41. Hayes RL, Galinat BJ, Kulkarne P, Becker DP. Effects of naloxone on systemic and cerebral responses to experimental concussive brain injury in cats. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:720-728.
42. Zimmerman RS, Hayes RL, Morris DL, et al. Exogenous and endogenous opiates after severe head injury. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1989;15:131.
43. Tortella FC, Long JB. An endogenous opioid-like substance regulates neuronal excitability: characterization of its anticonvulsant properties. In: Chalazonitis N, Gola M, eds. Inactivation of Hypersensitive Neurons, New York: Alan R. Liss; 1987:3-40.
44. Manaka S, Sano K. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate (TRH-t) shortens concussion effects following head impact in mice. Neurosci Letters. 1978;8:255-258.
45. Fukuda N, Saji Y, Nagawa Y. Behavioral and EEG alterations with brain stem compression and effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in chronic cats [in Japanese]. Folia Pharmacol Japonica. 1979;75:321-331.
46. Vink R, Mclntosh TK, Faden AI. Treatment with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog CG3703 restores magnesium homeostasis following traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 1988;460:184-188.
47. Yoshino A, Hovda DA, Kawamata T, Katayama Y, Becker DP. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper-and subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res. 1991;561:106-119.
48. Pulsinelli W. The ischemic penumbra in stroke. Sci Am. 1995;2:16-25.
49. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Miller JD, Jenkins LW, Dietrich WD. The morphopathologic substrates of concussion? Acta Neuropathol. 1979;47:1-11.
50. Hayes RL, Katayama Y, Jenkins LW, et al. Regional rates of glucose utilization in the cat following concussive head injury. J Neurotrauma. 1988;5:121-137.
51. Choi DW. Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage. Trends Neurosci. 1988;11:465-469.
52. Pitts LH, Mclntosh TK. Dynamic changes after brain trauma. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. New York: Elsevier; 1990:57:65-87.
53. Siesjo BK. The neurochemistry of ischemic brain damage. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10(suppl 1):27.
54. Oppenheimer DR. Microscopic lesions in the brain following head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1968;31:299-306.
55. Povlishock JT, Coburn TH. Morphopathological change associated with mild head injury. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL, eds. Mild Head Injury. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989:37-53.
56. Jacewicz M, Brint S, Tanabe J, Wang XJ, Pulsinelli WA. Nimodipine pretreatment improves cerebral blood flow and reduces brain edema in conscious rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990;10:903-913.
57. Hakim AM, Hogan MJ. In vivo binding of nimodipine in the brain. I. The effect of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991;11:762-770.
58. Okiyama K, Smith DH, Thomas MJ, Mclntosh TK. Evaluation of a novel calcium channel blocker (S)-emopamil, on regional cerebral edema and neurobehavioral function after experimental brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:607-615.
59. Okiyama K, Rosenkrantz TS, Smith DH, Gennarelli TA, Mclntosh TK. (S)-Emopamil attenuates acute reduction in regional cerebral blood flow following experimental brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1994;11:83-95.
60. Mintz IM, Adams ME, Bean BP. P-type calcium channels in rat central and peripheral neurons. Neuron. 1992;9:85-95.
61. Siesjo BK. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II. Mechanisms of damage and treatment. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:337-354.
62. Anderson DK, Saunders RD, Demediuk P, et al. Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord: partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium. J Neurotrauma. 1985;2:257-267.
63. 2+ is associated with irreversible tissue injury after brain trauma. J Biol Chem. 1988;263:757-761.
64. Garfinkel L, Garfinkel D. Magnesium regulation of the glycolytic pathway and the enzymes involved. Magnesium. 1985;4:60-72.
65. Rubin H. Magnesium deprivation reproduces the coordinate effects of serum removal or cortisol addition on transport and metabolism in chick embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 1976;89:613-625.
66. Aikawa JK. Magnesium: Its Biologic Significance. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1981:21-29.
67. 2+ release from brain mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1980;255:6556-6558.
68. Ebel H, Gunther T. Magnesium metabolism: a review. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1980;18:257-270.
69. Altura BT, Altura BM. The role of magnesium in the etiology of strokes and cerebrovasospasm. Magnesium. 1982;1:277-291.
70. Faden AI. TRH analog YM-14673 improves outcome following traumatic brain and spinal cord injury in rats: dose-response studies. Brain Res. 1989;486:228-235.
71. 2+, bioenergetic state, and neurologic outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosci. 1990;10:3524-3530.
72. Lance JW. The pathophysiology of migraine. In: Dalessio DJ, Silberstein SD, eds. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993:59-95.
73. Mosnaim AD. New and old therapies of vascular headaches: immune approaches and serotonin receptors in therapy. Headache Quarterly. 1994;5:34-38.
74. Lauritzen M. Cerebral blood flow in migraine and cortical spreading depression. Acta Neurol Scand. 1987;76 (suppl 113):1-40.
75. Olesen J, Larsen B, Lauritzen M. Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rCBF in classic migraine. Ann Neurol. 1981;9:344-352.
76. Leao AA, Morrison RS. Propagation of spreading cortical depression. J Neurophysiol. 1945;8:33-45.
77. Lauritzen M. Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory. Brain. 1994;117:199-210.
78. Hansen AJ. Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Physiol Rev. 1985;65:101-148.
79. Fabricius M, Jensen LH, Lauritzen M. Microdialysis of interstitial amino acids during spreading depression and anoxic depolarization in rat neocortex. Brain Res. 1993;612:61-69.
80. Nicholson C. Volume transmission and the propagation of spreading depression. In: Lehmenkuhler A, Grotemeyer KH, Tegtmeier F, eds. Migraine: Basic Mechanisms and Treatment. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1993:293-308.
81. Ferrari MD, Odink J, Bos KD, Malessy MJ, Bruyn GW. Neuroexcitatory plasma amino acids are elevated in migraine. Neurology. 1990;40:1582-1586.
82. Ferrari MD, Odink J, Bruyn GW. Biochemical differences between classic migraine, common migraine and tension headache. In: Ferrari MD, Lataste X, eds. New Trends in Clinical Neurology, Migraine and Other Headaches. Canforth, NJ: Parthenon Publishing; 1989:151-160.
83. D'Andrea G, Cananzi AR, Ferro-Milone F, Joseph R, Grunfeld S, Welch KM. Platelet levels of glutamate and aspartate in normal subjects. Stroke. 1989;20:299-300.
84. D'Andrea G, Cananzi AR, Joseph R, et al. Platelet glycine, glutamate and aspartate in primary headache. Cephalalgia. 1991;11:197-200.
85. Marrannes R, Willems R, De Prins E, Wauquier A. Evidence for a role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in cortical spreading depression in the rat. Brain Res. 1988;457:226-240.
86. Avoli M, Drapeau C, Louvel J, Pumain R, Olivier A, Villemure JG. Epileptiform activity induced by low extracellular magnesium in the human cortex maintained in vitro. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:589-596.
87. Lauritzen M, Hansen AJ. The effect of glutamate receptor blockade on anoxic depolarization and cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;12:223-229.
88. Sandrini G. Excitatory amino acids and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of migraine. News in Headache. 1994;4:6.
89. Moskowitz MA. The visceral organ brain: implications for the pathophysiology of vascular head pain. Neurology. 1991;41:182-186.
90. Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Examination of the role of nitric oxide for the hypercapnic rise of cerebral blood flow in rats. Am J Physiol. 1994;266:H1457-H1464.
91. Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S. Headache may arise from perturbation of brain. Headache. 1987;27:416-420.
92. Moskowitz MA, Beyerl B, Henrikson BM. Central projections of trigeminal neurons: possible relevance to vascular headache. In: Amery WK, Wauquier A, eds. Prelude to the Migraine Attack. London: Baillier Tindall; 1986:150-157.
93. Peroutka SJ, Sleight AJ, McCarthy BG, Pierce PA, Schmidt AW, Hekmatpanah CR. The clinical utility of pharmacological agents that act at serotonin receptors. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1989;1:253-262.
94. Ferrari MD, Odink J, Tapparelli C, Van Kempen GM, Pennings EJ, Bruyn GW. Serotonin metabolism in migraine. Neurology. 1989;39:1239-1242.
95. Goadsby PJ. Brainstem activation of the adrenal medulla in the cat. Brain Res. 1985;327:241-248.
96. Gotoh F, Kanda T, Sakai F, Yamamoto M, Takeoka T. Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in migraine. Arch Neurol. 1976;33:656-657.
97. Anthony M. Biochemical indices of sympathetic activity in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1981;1:83-89.
98. Nagel-Leiby S, Welch KMA, D'Andrea G, Grunfeld S, Brown E. Event-related slow potentials and associated catecholamine function in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1990;10:317-329.
99. Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Jansen I, Ottosson A, Uddman R. Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human cerebral arteries: immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay and in vitro pharmacology. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:431-437.
100. Nicolodi M, Del Bianco E. Sensory neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in human saliva: their pattern in migraine and cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1990;10:39-50.
101. 1D-receptor agonist 311C90. Headache. 1994;34:394-399.
102. Nappi G, Facchinetti F, Martignoni E, et al. Plasma and CSF endorphin levels in primary and symptomatic headaches. Headache. 1985;25:141-144.
103. Anselmi B, Baldi E, Casacci F, Salmon S. Endogenous opioids in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in idiopathic headache sufferers. Headache. 1980;20:294-299.
104. Ferrari MD, Odink J, Frolich M, Portielje JE, Bruyn GW. Methionine-enkephalin in migraine and tension headache. Differences between classic migraine, common migraine and tension headache, and changes during attacks. Headache. 1990;30:160-164.
105. Mody I, Lambert JD, Heinemann V. Low extracellular magnesium induces epileptiform activity and spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices. J Neurophysiol. 1987;57:869-888.
106. Coan EJ, Collingridge GL. Magnesium ions block an W-methyl D-aspartate receptor-mediated component of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Letters. 1985;53:21-26.
107. Ramadan NM, Halvorson H, Vande-Linde A, Levine SR, Helpern JA, Welch KM. Low brain magnesium in migraine. Headache. 1989;29:590-593.
108. Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Morucci P, Abbritti G. Magnesium content of mononuclear blood cells in migraine patients. Headache. 1994;34:160-165.
109. Schoenen J, Sianard-Gainko J, Lenaerts M. Blood magnesium levels in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1991;11:97-99.
110. Mauskop A, Altura BT, Cracco RQ, Altura BM. Chronic daily headache - one disease or two? Diagnostic role of serum ionized magnesium. Cephalalgia. 1994;14:24-28.
111. De Silva KL, Ron MA, Pearce J. Blood sugar response to glucagon in migraine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1974;37:105-107.
112. Blau JN, Cumings JN. Method of precipitating and preventing some migraine attacks. Br Med J. 1966;2:1242-1243.
113. Weiss HD, Stern BJ, Goldberg J. Post-traumatic migraine: chronic migraine precipitated by minor head or neck trauma. Headache. 1991;31:451-456.
114. Lipton RB, Silberstein SD. Why study the comorbidity of migraine? Neurology. 1994;44(suppl 7):S4-S5.