Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with emphasis on its relationship to Epstein- Barr virus

Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology

Volumn 106, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 348-356

  Vasef, Mohammad A ^a   Ferlito, Alfio ^b   Weiss, Lawrence M ^a  

^a CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADUA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL NUCLEUS ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53; VIRUS CAPSID ANTIGEN; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS PROTEIN;

CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; ENDOSCOPY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; NASOPHARYNX CARCINOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR BIOPSY; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0031003112     PISSN: 00034894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000348949710600416     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Ho JHC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Adv Cancer Res 1972;15:57-92.
2. Yeh S, Cowdry EV. Incidence of malignant tumors in Chinese. Cancer 1954;7:425-36.
3. Huang SC. Nasopharyngeal cancer; a review of 1605 patients treated radically with cobalt 60. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980;6:401-40.
4. Yu MC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: epidemiology and dietary factors. IARC Sci Publ 1991;105:39-47.
5. Hsu MM, Huang SC, Lynn TC, Hsieh T, Tu SM. The survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982;90:289-95.
6. Lanier A, Bender T, Talbot M, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts: a review of cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, HLA, and environmental risk factors. Cancer 1980;46:2100-6.
7. Altun M, Fandi A, Dupuis O, Cvitkovic E, Krajina Z, Eschwege F. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal cancer (UCNT): current diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32:859-77.
8. Muir CS, Waterhouse J, Mack T, Powell J, Whelan S, eds. Cancer incidence in five continents. Vol V. IARC Sci Publ 1987;88:1-970.
9. Buell P. The effect of migration on the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer among Chinese. Cancer Res 1974;34:1189-91.
10. Muir CS. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in non-Chinese populations with special reference to south-east Asia and Africa. Int J Cancer 1971;8:351-63.
11. Bailar JC. Nasopharyngeal cancer in white populations: a worldwide survey. In: Muir CS, Shanmugaratnam K, eds. Cancer of the nasopharynx. New York, NY: Medical Examination Publishing Co. 1967:18-23.
12. Easton JM, Levine PH, Hyams VJ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the United States. A pathologic study of 177 US and 30 foreign cases. Arch Otolaryngol 1980;106:88-91.
13. Prasad U. Fossa of Rosenmüller and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Med J Malaysia 1979;33:222-5.
14. Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin LH. Histological typing of tumors of the upper respiratory tract and ear. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1991:32-3.
15. Shanmugaratnam K, Chan SH, de-The G, et al. Histopathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Correlations with epidemiology, survival rates and other biological characteristics. Cancer 1979;44:1029-44.
16. Regaud C, Reverchon L. Sur un cas d'epithelioma epidermoide developpe dans le massif maxillaire superieur. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 1921;42:369-78.
17. Schmincke A. Uber lympho-epitheliale Geschwulste. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol 1921;68:161-70.
18. Carbone A, Micheau C. Pitfalls in microscopic diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (lymphoepithelioma). Cancer 1982;50:1344-51.
19. Taxy JB, Hidvegi DF, Battifora H. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Antikeratin immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;83:320-5.
20. Shi SR, Goodman ML, Bhan AK, Pilch BZ, Chen LB, Sun TT. Immunohistochemical study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using monoclonal keratin antibodies. Am J Pathol 1984;117:53-63.
21. Miettinen M, Lehto VP, Virtanen I. Nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma, Histological diagnosis as aided by immunohistochemical demonstration of keratin. Virchows Arch [B] 1982;40:163-9.
22. Ziegels-Weissman J, Nadji M, Penneys NS, Morales AR. Prekeratin immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:588-9.
23. Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Sadler R, Flynn K, Raab-Traub N. Clonal proliferations of cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus in preinvasive lesions related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1995;333:693-8.
24. Simons MJ, Wee GB, Day NE, Morris PJ, Shanmugaratnam K, de-The GB. Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinomas: I. Difference in HL-A antigen profiles between patients and control groups. Int J Cancer 1974;13:122-34.
25. Simons MJ, Wee GB, Goh EH, et al. Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. IV. Increased risk in Chinese of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with a Chinese-related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2). J Natl Cancer Inst 1976;57:977-80.
26. Henderson BE, Louie E, Jing JSH, Buell P, Gardner MB. Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1976;295:1101-6.
27. Lu SJ, Day NE, Degos L, et al. Linkage of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus to the HLA region. Nature 1990;346:470-1.
28. Armstrong RW, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC, Henderson BE. Salted fish and inhalants as risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese. Cancer Res 1983;43:2967-70.
29. Yu MC, Mo CC, Chong WX, Yeh FS, Henderson BE. Preserved foods and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A case-control study in Guangxi, China. Cancer Res 1988;48:1954-9.
30. Yu MC, Ho JHC, Lai SH, Henderson BE. Cantonese-style salted fish as a cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a case-control study in Hong Kong. Cancer Res 1986;46:956-61.
31. Bouvier G, Hergenhahn M, Polack A, Bornkamm GW, de The G, Bartsch H. Characterization of macromolecular lignins as Epstein-Barr virus inducer in foodstuff associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk. Carcinogenesis 1995;16:1879-85.
32. Huang DP, Lo KW, Choi PHK, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on the short arm of chromosome 3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1991;54:91-9.
33. Choi PHK, Suen MWM, Huang DP, Lo KW, Lee JCK. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: genetic changes, Epstein-Barr virus infection, or both. A clinical and molecular study of 36 patients. Cancer 1993;72:2873-8.
34. Huang DP, Ho JHC, Chan WK, Lau WH, Lui M. Cytogenetics of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts from southern Chinese. Int J Cancer 1989;43:936-9.
35. Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Barber P, Smallman LA, Jones EL, Young LS. P53 overexpression and Epstein-Barr virus infection in undifferentiated and squamous cell nasopharyngeal carcinomas. J Pathol 1993;170:457-61.
36. Sun Y, Hegamyer G, Cheng YJ, et al. An infrequent point mutation of the p53 gene in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:6516-20.
37. Effert P, McCoy R, Abdel-Hamid M, et al. Alterations of the p53 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 1992;66:3768-75.
38. Lu QL, Elia G, Lucas S, Thomas JA. Bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression in Epstein-Barr-virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1993;53:29-35.
39. Lennette ET. Epstein-Barr virus. In: Balows A, Hausler Jr WJ, Shadomy HJ, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1985:728-32.
40. Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet 1964;1:702-3.
41. Weiss LM, Chang KL. Association of the Epstein-Barr virus with hematolymphoid neoplasia. Adv Anat Pathol 1996;3:1-15.
42. Epstein MA, Henle G, Achong BG, Barr YM. Morphological and biological studies on a virus in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. J Exp Med 1965;121:761-9.
43. Hummeler K, Henle G, Henle W. Fine structure of a virus in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt lymphoma. J Bacteriol 1966;91:1366-8.
44. Nonoyama M, Pagano JS. Detection of Epstein-Barr viral genome in nonproductive cells. Nature New Biol 1971;233:103-6.
45. Schooley RT. Epstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Douglas and Bennett's Principles and practice of infectious disease. 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:1364-77.
46. Sixbey JW, Vesterinen EH, Nedrud JG, Raab-Traub N, Walton LA, Pagano JS. Replication of Epstein-Barr virus in human epithelial cells infected in vitro. Nature 1983;306:480-3.
47. Old LJ, Boyse EA, Oettgen HF, et al. Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1966;56:1699-704.
48. Cheng HM, Foong YT, Mathew A, Sam CK, Dillner J, Prasad U. Screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with an ELISA using the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen, EBNA 1: a complementary test to the IgA/VCA immunofluorescence assay. J Virol Methods 1993;42:45-51.
49. Pearson GR. Weiland LH, Neel HB III, et al. Application of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serology to the diagnosis of North American nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1983;51:260-8.
50. Ringborg U, Henle W, Henle G, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-specific serodiagnostic tests in carcinomas of the head and neck. Cancer 1983;52:1237-43.
51. Zong YS, Sham JST, Ng MH, et al. Immunoglobulin A against viral capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus and indirect mirror examination of the nasopharynx in the detection of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1992;69:3-7.
52. Sam CK, Prasad U, Pathmanathan R. Serological markers in the diagnosis of the histopathological types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 1989;15:357-60.
53. Henle W, Ho JHC, Henle G, Chau JCW, Kwan HC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: significance of change in Epstein-Barr virus-related antibody patterns following therapy. Int J Cancer 1977;20:663-72.
54. Naegele RF, Champion J, Murphy S, Henle G, Henle W. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in American children: Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody titers and prognosis. Int J Cancer 1982;29:209-12.
55. Mathew A, Cheng HM, Sam CK, Joab I, Prasad U, Cochet C. A high incidence of serum IgG antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus replication activator protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994;38:68-70.
56. Yip TTC, Ngan RKC, Lau WH, et al. A possible prognostic role of immunoglobulin-G antibody against recombinant Epstein-Barr virus BZLF-1 transactivator protein ZEBRA in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1994;74:2414-24.
57. zur Hausen H, Schulte-Holthausen H, Klein G, et al. EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumors and anaplastic carcinomas of the nasopharynx. Nature 1970;228:1056-8.
58. Nonoyama M, Huang CH, Pagano JS, Klein G, Singh S. DNA of Epstein-Barr virus detected in tissue of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973;70:3265-8.
59. Wolf H, zur Hausen H, Becker V. EB viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Nature New Biol 1973;244:245-7.
60. Wolf H, zur Hausen H, Klein G, Becker V, Henle G, Henle W. Attempts to detect virus-specific DNA sequences in human tumors. III. Epstein-Barr viral DNA in non-lymphoid nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1975;161:15-21.
61. Klein G, Giovanella BC, Lindahl T, Fialkow PJ, Singh S, Stehlin JS. Direct evidence for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and nuclear antigen in malignant epithelial cells from patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:4737-41.
62. Weiss LM, Movahed LA, Butler AE, et al. Analysis of lymphoepithelioma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas for Epstein-Barr viral genomes by in situ hybridization. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:625-31.
63. Sauerbrei A, Wutzier P, Farber I, Brichacek B, Swoboda R, Macheleidt S. Comparative detection of herpes viruses in tissue specimens by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. Acta Virol 1986;30:213-9.
64. Chang KL, Chen Y-Y, Shibata D, Weiss LM. Description of an in situ hybridization methodology for detection of Epstein-Barr virus RNA in paraffin-embedded tissues, with a survey of normal and neoplastic tissues. Diagn Mol Pathol 1992;1:246-55.
65. Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Pallesen G. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus small RNAs in routine paraffin sections using non-isotopic RNA/RNA in situ hybridization. Histopathology 1994;25:101-11.
66. Pathmanathan R, Prasad U, Chandrika G, Sadler R, Flynn K, Raab-Traub N. Undifferentiated, nonkeratinizing, and squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Variants of Epstein-Barr virus-infected neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1995;146:1355-67.
67. Niedobitek G, Hansmann ML, Herbst H, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and carcinomas: undifferentiated carcinomas but not squamous cell carcinomas of the nasopharynx are regularly associated with the virus. J Pathol 1991;165:17-24.
68. Raab-Traub N, Flynn K, Pearson G, et al. The differentiated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contains Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Int J Cancer 1987;39:25-9.
69. Yeung WM, Zong YS, Chiu CT, et al. Epstein-Barr virus carriage by nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ. Int J Cancer 1993;53:746-50.
70. Sam CK, Brooks LA, Niedobitek G, Young LS, Prasad U, Rickinson AB. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection in nasopharyngeal biopsies from a group at high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1993;53:957-62.
71. Raab-Traub N, Flynn K. The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell 1986;47:883-9.
72. Abdel-Hamid M, Chen JJ, Constantine N, Massoud M, Raab-Traub N. EBV strain variation: geographical distribution and relation to disease state. Virology 1992;190:168-75.
73. Fahraeus R, Fu HL, Ernberg I, et al. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1988;42:329-38.
74. Brooks L, Yao QY, Rickinson AB, Young LS. Epstein-Barr virus latent gene transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: coexpression of EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 transcripts. J Virol 1992;66:2689-97.
75. Young LS, Dawson CW, Clark D, et al. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Gen Virol 1988;69:1051-65.
76. Niedobitek G, Young LS, Sam CK, Brooks L, Prasad U, Rickinson AB. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus genes and of lymphocyte activation molecules in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1992;140:879-87.
77. Busson P, McCoy R, Sadler R, Gilligan K, Tursz T, Raab-Traub N. Consistent transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus LMP2 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 1992;66:3257-62.
78. Cochet C, Martel-Renoir D, Grunewald V, et al. Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus immediate early gene, BZLF1, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor cells. Virology 1993;197:358-65.
79. Martel-Renoir D, Grunewald V, Touitou R, Schwaab G, Joab I. Qualitative analysis of the expression of Epstein-Barr virus lytic genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1401-8.
80. Fingeroth JD, Weis JJ, Tedder TF, Strominger JL, Biro PA, Fearon DT. Epstein-Barr virus receptor of human B lymphocytes is the C3d receptor CR2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:4510-4.
81. Nemerow GR, Mold C, Schwend VK, Tollefson V, Cooper NR. Identification of gp350 as the viral glycoprotein mediating attachment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the EBV/C3d receptor of B cells. Sequence homology of gp350 and C3 complement fragment C3d. J Virol 1987;61:1416-20.
82. Tanner J, Weis J, Fearon D, Whang Y, Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus gp350/220 binding to the B lymphocyte C3d receptors mediates adsorption, capping and endocytosis. Cell 1987;50:203-13.
83. Young LS, Dawson CW, Brown KW, Rickinson AB. Identification of human epithelial cell surface protein sharing an epitope with the C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor molecule of B lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 1989;43:786-94.
84. Sixbey JW, Yao QY. Immunoglobulin A-induced shift of Epstein-Barr virus tissue tropism. Science 1992;255:1578-80.
85. Kaye KM, Izumi MK, Mosialos G, Kieff E. The Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 cytoplasmic carboxy terminus is essential for B-lymphocyte transformation. Fibroblast cocultivation complements a critical function within the terminal 155 residues. J Virol 1995;69:675-83.
86. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 1985;43:831-40.
87. Dawson CW, Rickinson AB, Young LS. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein inhibits human epithelial cell differentiation. Nature 1990;344:777-80.
88. Niedobitek G, Fahraeus R, Herbst H, et al. The EpsteinBarr virus encoded membrane protein (LMP) induces phenotypic changes in epithelial cells. Virchows Arch [B] 1992;62:55-9.
89. Fahraeus R, Rymo L, Rhim JS, Klein G. Morphological transformation of human keratinocytes expressing the LMP gene of Epstein-Barr virus. Nature 1990;345:447-9.
90. Brooks L, Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Farrell PJ. The expression of variant CD44 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is unrelated to expression of LMP-1. Am J Pathol 1995;146:1102-12.
91. Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus - increasing evidence of a link to carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1995;333:724-6.
92. Mosialos G, Birkenbach M, Yalamanchili R, VanArsdale T, Ware C, Kieff E. The Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 engages signaling proteins for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Cell 1995;80:389-99.
93. Wang D, Liebowitz D, Wang F, et al. Epstein-Barr virus latent infection membrane protein alters the human B-lymphocyte phenotype. Deletion of the amino terminus abolishes activity. J Virol 1988;62:4173-84.
94. Hu LF, Zabarovsky ER, Chen F, et al. Isolation and sequencing of the Epstein-Barr virus BNLF-1 gene (LMP-1) from a Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Gen Virol 1991;72:2399-409.
95. Chen ML, Tsai CN, Liang CL, et al. Cloning and characterization of the latent membrane protein (LMP) of a specific Epstein-Barr virus variant derived from the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Taiwanese population. Oncogene 1992;7:2131-40.
96. Hu LF, Chen F, Zheng X, et al. Clonability and tumorigenicity of human epithelial cells expressing the EBV encoded membrane protein LMP1. Oncogene 1993;8:1575-83.
97. Miller WE, Edwards RH, Walling DM, Raab-Traub N. Sequence variation in the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1. J Gen Virol 1994;75:2729-40.
98. Waldron J, Van Hasselt A, Wong RKY. Sensitivity of biopsy using local anesthesia in detecting nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 1992;14:24-7.
99. Van Hasselt CA, John DG. Diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 1994;104:103-4.
100. Lee AWM, Poon YF, Foo W, et al. Retrospective analysis of 5037 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976-1985: overall survival and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:261-70.
101. Bloom SM. Cancer of the nasopharynx: a study of ninety cases. J Mt Sinai Hosp 1969;36:277-98.
102. Creely JJ Jr, Lyons GD Jr, Trail ML. Cancer of the nasopharynx. A review of 114 cases. South Med J 1973;66:405-9.
103. Mills SE, Fechner RE. The nose, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. In: Sternberg SS, ed. Diagnostic surgical pathology. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1994:862-4.
104. Neel HB III, Taylor WF, Pearson GR. Prognostic determinants and a new view of staging for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94:529-37.
105. Neel HB III. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1985;18:479-90.
106. Chen WZ, Zhou DL, Luo KS. Long-term observation after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:311-4.
107. Hoppe RT, Williams J, Warnke R, Goffinet DR, Bagshaw MA. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx. The significance of histology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1978;4:199-205.
108. Decker DA, Drelichman A, Al-Sarraf M, Crissman J, Reed ML. Chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A ten-year experience. Cancer 1983;52:602-5.
109. Rousselet G, Bachouchi M, Busson P, et al. Clinical implications of the serum level of CD23 in patients with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:2143-9.