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E. A. Newsholme and B. Crabtree, J. Exp. Zool. 239, 159 (1986); B. Crabtree and E. A. Newsholme, Biochem. J. 247, 113 (1987).
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8
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1842408108
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note
-
The term "equilibrium enzymes" is used here to denote enzymes that catalyze reactions that proceed in either the forward or reverse direction depending on the relative concentrations of substrates and products. An alternative term is "intervening step enzyme."
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10
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0002502406
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R. L. Mayden, Ed. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA
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R. C. Cashner, J. S. Rogers, J. M. Grady, in Systematic, Historical Ecology and North American Freshwater Fishes, R. L. Mayden, Ed. (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1992), pp. 421-437.
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Cashner, R.C.1
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V. A. Pierce and D. L. Crawford, Biochem. Genet. 32, 315 (1994); Physiol. Zool. 69, 489 (1996).
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16
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1842405120
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note
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Abbreviations for glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase (HK, E.C. 2.7.1.1), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI, E.C. 5.3.1.9), phosphofructokinase (PFK, E.C. 2.7.1.11), adlolase (ALD, E.C. 4.1.2.13), triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI, E.C. 5.3.1.1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, E.C. 1.2.1.12), phosphoglycerokinase (PGK, E.C. 2.7.2.3), phosphoqlyceromutase (PGM, E.C. 2.7.5.3), enolase (ENO, E.C. 4.2.1.11), pyruvate kinase (PYK, E.C. 2.7.1.40), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27).
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-
-
-
17
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-
0022210656
-
-
2 is calculated as 1 - (error variance/variance of Y) [J. M. Cheverud, M. M. Dow, W. Leutenegger, Evolution 39, 1335 (1985); J. M. Cheverud and M. M. Dow, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67, 113 (1985); D. B. Miles and A. E. Dunham, Am. Nat. 139, 848 (1992)].
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Evolution
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-
Cheverud, J.M.1
Dow, M.M.2
Leutenegger, W.3
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18
-
-
84996082955
-
-
2 is calculated as 1 - (error variance/variance of Y) [J. M. Cheverud, M. M. Dow, W. Leutenegger, Evolution 39, 1335 (1985); J. M. Cheverud and M. M. Dow, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67, 113 (1985); D. B. Miles and A. E. Dunham, Am. Nat. 139, 848 (1992)].
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-
Cheverud, J.M.1
Dow, M.M.2
-
19
-
-
0026595458
-
-
2 is calculated as 1 - (error variance/variance of Y) [J. M. Cheverud, M. M. Dow, W. Leutenegger, Evolution 39, 1335 (1985); J. M. Cheverud and M. M. Dow, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67, 113 (1985); D. B. Miles and A. E. Dunham, Am. Nat. 139, 848 (1992)].
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Am. Nat.
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-
Miles, D.B.1
Dunham, A.E.2
-
20
-
-
0022203256
-
-
Independent contrasts method assumes a Brownian motion model of evolution where variance in a trait increases through evolutionary time and calculates the amount of change between sister taxa at each node of the phylogeny. Independent contrasts are generated by subtracting trait values between all pairs of sister taxa in the tree. Contrasts are standardized by dividing by their standard deviation, calculated as the square root of the sum of branch lengths between the pair of taxa. Character displacement violates an assumption of this method, but in these data all ρ values are positive, suggesting no such violation [J. Felsenstein, Am. Nat. 125, 1 (1985)].
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Am. Nat.
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Felsenstein, J.1
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27
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0022554622
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W. B. Watt, P. A. Carter, K. Donohue, Science 233, 1187 (1986); W. B. Watt, Am. Nat. 125, 118 (1985).
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Science
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Watt, W.B.1
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Donohue, K.3
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28
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0022554622
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W. B. Watt, P. A. Carter, K. Donohue, Science 233, 1187 (1986); W. B. Watt, Am. Nat. 125, 118 (1985).
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Garland Jr., T.1
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1842330630
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note
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National Oceanographic Data Center, Water Temperature Guide to the Gulf Coast, D. DeAngelis, Ed. (U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1982); Water Temperature Guide to Atlantic Beaches, D. DeAngelis, Ed. (U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1982).
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-
-
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31
-
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0028161482
-
-
Although the validity of either punctuational or gradual evolutionary models is unresolved, an assumption is required to statistically analyze these data. Both simulations and empirical studies suggest the phylogenetic methods used here are relatively insensitive to the assumption of punctuational models even when evolution is gradual [A. Purvis, J. L. Gittleman, H.-K. Luh, J. Theor. Biol. 167, 293 (1994); M. Westneat, Environ. Biol. Fishes 44, 263 (1995); J. L. Gittleman and H.-K. Luh, Eds., Phylogenetics and Ecology; Joint Symposium Between the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society of London (Academic Press, London, 1994).
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-
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Purvis, A.1
Gittleman, J.L.2
Luh, H.-K.3
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32
-
-
0000853152
-
-
Although the validity of either punctuational or gradual evolutionary models is unresolved, an assumption is required to statistically analyze these data. Both simulations and empirical studies suggest the phylogenetic methods used here are relatively insensitive to the assumption of punctuational models even when evolution is gradual [A. Purvis, J. L. Gittleman, H.-K. Luh, J. Theor. Biol. 167, 293 (1994); M. Westneat, Environ. Biol. Fishes 44, 263 (1995); J. L. Gittleman and H.-K. Luh, Eds., Phylogenetics and Ecology; Joint Symposium Between the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society of London (Academic Press, London, 1994).
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Westneat, M.1
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33
-
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0028161482
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Academic Press, London
-
Although the validity of either punctuational or gradual evolutionary models is unresolved, an assumption is required to statistically analyze these data. Both simulations and empirical studies suggest the phylogenetic methods used here are relatively insensitive to the assumption of punctuational models even when evolution is gradual [A. Purvis, J. L. Gittleman, H.-K. Luh, J. Theor. Biol. 167, 293 (1994); M. Westneat, Environ. Biol. Fishes 44, 263 (1995); J. L. Gittleman and H.-K. Luh, Eds., Phylogenetics and Ecology; Joint Symposium Between the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society of London (Academic Press, London, 1994).
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(1994)
Phylogenetics and Ecology; Joint Symposium between the Natural History Museum and the Linnean Society of London
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Gittleman, J.L.1
Luh, H.-K.2
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34
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0001918380
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W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, Eds. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK
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J. S. Rogers and R. C. Cashner, in Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes, W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, Eds. (Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1987), pp. 251-257; V. A. Lotrich, Ecology 56, 191 (1975).
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Rogers, J.S.1
Cashner, R.C.2
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35
-
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0000127864
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-
J. S. Rogers and R. C. Cashner, in Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes, W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, Eds. (Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1987), pp. 251-257; V. A. Lotrich, Ecology 56, 191 (1975).
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Ecology
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Lotrich, V.A.1
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1842376610
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, vol. 108, p. 15 (1994)
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, vol. 108, p. 15 (1994).
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38
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1842334829
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note
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This project was aided by discussions with T. Garland, L. McIntyre, M. Westneat, E. Wiley, and J. Segal and by critical readings of the manuscript by A. Gibbs, S. Hand, R. Huey, and three anonymous reviewers. For help locating and obtaining species, we thank K. Able, L. Barnett, G. Byerly, R. Kneib, L. McKelvey, S. McMann, A. Pierce, M. Thayer, and E. Wiley; M. Eberle, and E. H. Edwards of the NC Parks Department; L. Fuiman and his lab; and the Department of Marine Resources at the Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, MA). Supported by NSF grant IBN-9419781 (to D.L.C.) and the Hinds Fund and Sigma Xi (to V.A.P.). V.A.P. is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Predoctoral Fellow.
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