Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment options

CNS Drugs

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 187-202

  Park, Lawrence T ^a   Jefferson, James W ^a   Greist, John H ^a  

^a Dean Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BROMOCRIPTINE; BUSPIRONE; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONAZEPAM; DESIPRAMINE; DOXEPIN; FENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; HALOPERIDOL; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PIMOZIDE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRANYLCYPROMINE; TRAZODONE; TRYPTOPHAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE;

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COMPULSION; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OBSESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030999113     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-199707030-00003     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Rudin E. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Zwangsdrankheit insbesondere ihrere hereditaren Beziehungen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1953; 191: 14-54
2. Jenike MA. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: a hidden epidemic. N Engl J Mod 1989; 321: 539-41
3. Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, et al. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 1094-9
4. Robins LN, Helzeer JI, Weissman MM, et al. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 949-58
5. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, et al. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (3 Suppl.): 5-10
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994
7. Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL. Clinical and epidemiologic findings of significance to neuropharmacologic trials in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 466-70
8. Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT. Clinical characteristics and family history of DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 317-22
9. Greist JH. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychotherapies, drugs, and other somatic treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (8 Suppl.): 44-50
10. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Bebirian RJ, Neziroglu FA, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a serotonergic defect. Res Commun Psychol, Psychiatry Behav 1977; 2 (5,6): 279-86
11. Murphy DL, Zohar J, Benkelfat C, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a 5-HT subsystem-related behavioural disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1989; (8 Suppl.): 15-24
12. Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, et al. Specificity of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison of fluvoxamine and desipramine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47 (6): 577-85
13. Price LH. Pharmacological strategies in refractory depression. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, Kaufmann CA, editors. American psychiatric press review of psychiatry, vol. 9. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990: 116-31
14. Pato MT, Zohar-Kadouch R, Zohar J, et al. Return of symptoms after discontinuation of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145 (12): 1521-5
15. Pato MT, Murphy DL, DeVane CL. Sustained plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and/or norfluoxetine four and eight weeks after fluoxetine discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11 (3): 224-5
16. Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, et al. Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): long term trial with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32 (1): 167-73
17. Fernandez CE, Lopez-Ibor JJ. Monochlorimipramine in the treatment of psychiatric patients resistant to other therapies [in Spanish; English abstract]. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 1967; 26: 119-47
18. van Renynghe de Voxvrie G. Use of anafranil on obsessive neuroses [in French]. Acta Neurol Belg 1968; 68 (10): 787-92
19. Ananth J, Solyom L, Bryntwick S, et al. Clomipramine therapy for obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Am J Psychiatry 1979; 136: 700-20
20. Thoren P, Asberg M, Cronholm B, et al. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1281-5
21. Jenike MA, Baer L, Summergrad P, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clomipramine in 27 patients. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1328-30
22. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Rosenfeld R, et al. Clomipramine and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in 32 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 292-7
23. Devaugh-Geiss J, Katz R, Landau P, et al. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the clomipramine collaborative study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 730-8
24. Prasad A. A double blind study of imipramine versus zimelidine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Pharmacopsychiatry 1984; 1 (2): 61-2
25. Rasmussen SA, Goodman WK, Greist JH, et al. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study in outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. In press
26. Tollefson GD, Rampey Jr AH, Potvin JH, et al. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51 (7): 559-67
27. Greist JH, Chouinard G, Duboff E, et al. Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52(4): 289-95
28. Wheadon DE, Bushnell WD, Steiner M. A fixed dose comparison of 20, 40, or 60 mg paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder [abstract]. Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 1993 Dec 13-17: Vanderbilt University: Nashville (TN)
29. Koponen H, Lepola H, Leinonen E. Citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report of two cases. Eur Psychiatry 1995; 10(4): 209-10
30. Bejerot S, Humble M. Citalopram treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study of antiobsessive efficacy [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 443S
31. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 53-60
32. Pigott TA, Pato MT, Bernstein SE, et al. Controlled comparisons of clomipramine and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavioral and biological results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47 (10): 926-32
33. Lopez-Ibor Jr JJ, Saiz J, Cottreaux J, et al. Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6 (2): 111-8
34. Freeman CPL, Trimble MR, Deakin JFW, et al. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter, randomized double-blind, parallel group comparison. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (7): 301-5
35. Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JRT, et al. Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16 (2): 121-9
36. Bisserbe JC, Wiseman RL, Goldberg MS, et al. A double-blind comparison of sertraline and clomipramine in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (NR439) [abstract]. APA Annual Meeting: 1995 May 20-25; Miami (FL). New Research Abstracts, 1995: 173
37. Janicak PG, Davis JM, Preskorn SH, et al. Assessment and treatment of other disorders. In: Janicak PG, Davis JM, Preskorn SH, et al., editors. Principles and practice of psychopharmacotherapy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993: 449-80
38. Van Balkom AJ, Van Oppen P, Vermeulen AWA, et al. A meta-analysis on the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of antidepressants, behavior, and cognitive therapy. Clin Psychology Rev 1994; 14 (5): 359-81
39. Piccinelli M, Pini S, Bellantuono C, et al. Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analytic review. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 424-43
40. Stein DJ, Spadiccini E, Hollander E. Meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10: 11-8
41. Kobak K. Behavioral versus pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis [dissertation]. Madison (WI): 1995, 1-143
42. Browne M, Horn E, Jones TT. The benefits of clomipraminefluoxetine combination in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38 (4): 242-3
43. Simeon JG, Thatte S, Wiggins D. Treatment of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder with a clomipramine-fluoxetine combination. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990; 26 (3): 285-90
44. Palova E. Combination of two SSRI's in long-term treatment of patients with OCD - four case reports [abstract P.5.026]. 9th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 1996 Sep 21-25; Amsterdam. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996; 6 Suppl. 4: 148
45. Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Leal M, et al. Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: drug monitoring, safety and tolerability data. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 (6): 257-64
46. Joel SW. Twenty month study of iproniazid therapy. Dis Nerv Syst 1959; 20: 11-4
47. Jenike MA. MAO inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 549
48. Joffe RT, Swinson RP. Tranylcypromine in primary obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1990; 4: 365-7
49. Vallejo J, Olivares J, Marcos T, et al. Clomipramine versus phenelzine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 665-70
50. Jain VK, Swinson RP, Thomas JE. Phenelzine in obsessional neurosis. Br J Psychiatry 1970; 117: 237-8
51. Rihmer Z, Szantok K, Arato M, et al. Response of phobic disorders with obsessive symptoms to MAO inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1345-6
52. Farid BT, Bulto M. Buspirone in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective case study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1994; 2 (5): 207-9
53. Pato MT, Pigott TA, Hill JL, et al. Controlled comparison of buspirone and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 127-9
54. Jenike MA, Baer L. Buspirone in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1285-6
55. Markovitz PJ, Stagno SJ, Calabrese JR. Buspirone augmentation of fluoxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147 (6): 798-800
56. Jenike MA, Baer L, Buttolph L. Buspirone augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 1: 13-4
57. Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, et al. A double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone hydrochloride in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12(1): 11-8
58. Grady TA, Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, et al. Double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone for fluoxetine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (5): 819-21
59. McDougle DJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, et al. Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150 (4): 647-9
60. Hewlett WA. The use of benzodiazepines in obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Ann 1993; 23: 309-16
61. Hwang EC, Van Woert MH. Antimyoclonic action of clonazepam: the role of serotonin. Eur J Pharmacol 1979; 60: 31-40
62. Wagner HR, Reches A, Yablonskaya E, et al. Clonazepam-induced up-regulation of serotonin1 and scrotonin2 binding sites in rat frontal cortex. Adv Neurol 1986; 43: 645-51
63. Pratt J, Jenner P, Reynolds EH, et al. Clonazepam induces decreased serotoninergic activity in the mouse brain. Neuropharmacology 1979; 18: 791-9
64. Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam, and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12 (6): 420-30
65. Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Rubenstein CS, et al. A controlled trial of clonazepam augmentation in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients treated with clomipramine or fluoxetine [abstract]. APA Annual Meeting: 1992 May 2-7; Washington, DC. New Research Abstracts 1992: 82
66. Altschuler M. Massive doses of trifluoperazine in the treatment of compulsive rituals. Am J Psychiatry 1962; 119: 367-8
67. Hussain MZ, Ahad A. Treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis. Can Med Assoc J 1970; 103: 648-50
68. Rivers-Buckley N, Hollender MH. Successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with loxapine. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1345-6
69. Young CR, Bostic JQ, McDonald CL. Clozapine and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14 (3): 209-11
70. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Aronson SC, et al. Lack of efficacy of clozapine monotherapy in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152 (12): 1812-4
71. Baker RW, Chengappa KNR, Baird JW, et al. Emergence of obsessive compulsive symptoms during treatment with clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 (12): 439-41
72. Allen L, Tejera C. Treatment of clozapine-induced obsessive compulsive symptoms with sertraline. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (7): 1096-7
73. Remington G, Adams M. Risperidone and obsessive compulsive symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14 (5): 358-9
74. Kopala L, Honer WG, Risperidone, serotonergic mechanisms, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (11): 1714-5
75. Ghaemi SN, Zarate CA, Popli AP, et al. Is there a relationship between clozapine and obsessive-compulsive disorder? A retrospective chart review. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36 (4): 267-70
76. McDougle CJ, Leckman JF, Heninger GR. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51 (4): 302-8
77. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Price LJ, et al. Neuroleptic addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147 (5): 652-4
78. McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Leckman JF, et al. Risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: 3 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56 (11): 526-8
79. Jacobsen FM. Risperidone in the treatment of severe affective illness and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56 (9): 423-9
80. Dexfenfluramine. Lancet 1991; 337: 1315-6
81. Hollander E, DeCaria CM, Schneier FR, et al. Fenfluramine augmentation of serotonin reuptake blockade antiobsessional treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 119-23
82. Judd FK, Chua P, Lynch C, et al. Fenfluramine augmentation of clomipramine treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1991; 25: 412-4
83. Golden RN, Morris JE, Sack DA. Combined lithium-tricyclic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 181-5
84. Eisenberg J, Asnis G. Lithium as an adjunct treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 663
85. Feder R, Lithium augmentation of clomipramine [letter], J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49: 458
86. McDougle DJ, Price LH, Goodman WK, et al. A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11 (3): 175-84
87. Pigott TA, Pato MT, L'Heureux F, et al. A controlled comparison of adjuvant lithium carbonate or thyroid hormone in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11 (4): 242-8
88. Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Price LH. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 (4 Suppl.): 29-37
89. Hussain MZ, Ahad A. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Can Med Assoc J 1970; 103: 648-50
90. Turner SM, Hersen M, Bellack AS, et al. Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1980; 168: 651-7
91. Snyder S. Amitriptyline therapy of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 41: 286-9
92. Anath J, Solyom L, Solyom C, et al. Doxepin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Psychosomatics 1975; 16: 185-7
93. Fia EF, Steketee G, Kozak MJ, et al. Imipramine and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsives: their effect on depression and on obsessional symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987; 23: 8-11
94. Hollander E, Mullen, L, DeCaria CM, et al. Obsessive compulsive disorder, depression and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 418-22
95. Hermesh H, Aizenberg D, Munitz H. Trazodone treatment in clomipramine-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 13 (4): 322-8
96. Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Rubenstein CS, et al. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of trazodone in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12 (3): 156-62
97. Zajecka JM, Fawcett J, Guy C. Coexisting major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with venlafaxine [letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 152-3
98. Rauch SL, O'Sullivan RL, Jenike MA. Open treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with venlafaxine: a series often cases [letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996: 16 (1): 81-4
99. Yaryura-Tobias JA, Neziroglu FA, McKay DR. The action of venlafaxine on obsessive-compulsive disorder [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 737
100. Montgomery SA, Fineberg N, Montgomery D, et al. L-tryptophan in obsessive-compulsive disorder - a placebo controlled study [abstract]. Vth Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 1992 Oct 18-21; Marbella, Spain, 127. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992; 2 (3): 384-5
101. Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Young JG, et al. Clonidine ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1350-7
102. Knesevich JW. Successful treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1982; 7: 278-9
103. Lipsedge MS, Prothero W. Clonidine and clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 965-6
104. Insel TR, Hamilton J, Guttmacher L, et al. d-Amphetamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology 1983; 80: 231-5
105. Insel TR, Pickar D. Naloxone administration in obsessive-compulsive disorder: report of two cases. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1219-20
106. Sandyk R. Naloxone abolishes obsessive-compulsive behavior in Tourette's syndrome. Int J Neurosci 1987; 35: 93-4
107. Casas M, Alvarez E, Curo P, et al. Antiandrogenic treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 73 (2): 221-2
108. Chouinard G, Belanger MC, Sultan S, et al. Potentiation of fluoxetine by aminoglutethimide steroid suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report [abstract]. APA Annual Meeting; 1995 May 20-2; Miami (FL). New Research Abstracts, 1995: 162
109. Ceccherini-Nelli A, Guazzelli M. Treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9): 415-6
110. Deltito JA. Valproate pretreatment for the difficult-to-treat patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (11): 500
111. Den Boer JA, Westenberg HG. Oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Peptides 1992; 13 (6): 1083-5
112. Salzberg AD, Swedo SE. Oxytocin and vasopressin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149 (5): 713-4
113. Smeraldi E, Mundo E, Erzegovesi S. 5HT-3 receptor and anti-obsessional effect. Human Psychopharmacol 1992; 7 (4): 291-2
114. Erzegovesi S, Ronchi P, Smeraldi E. 5HT-2 receptor and fluvoxamine effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Psychopharmacol 1992; 7 (4): 287-9
115. Lopez-Ibor JJ. Intravenous infusions of monochlorimipramine. Technique and resulls. Sixth International Congress of the CINP; 1968 Apr; Taragona. Excerpta Medica Foundation Int Congress Series No. 180. Amsterdam, 1969: 519-21
116. Warneke L. Intravenous chlorimipramine therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34 (9): 853-9
117. Fallon BA, Campeas R, Schneier FR, et al. Open trial of intravenous clomipvamine in five treatment-retractory patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 70-5
118. Greist JH. Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (10 Suppl.): 60-8
119. Marks IM. Fears, phobias and rituals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987
120. Baer L, Minichiello WE. Behavior therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorders: theory and management, 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1990: 203-32
121. Marks IM. Living with fear. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill, 1978
122. Baer L. Getting control. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991
123. Foa EB, Wilson R. Stop obsessing! New York (NY): Bantam, 1991
124. Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Over and over again: understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lexington (MA): Lexington Books, 1991
125. Steketee GS, White K. When once is not enough. Oakland (CA): New Harbinger Press, 1990
126. Greist JH. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a guide. Obsessive Compulsive Information Center. Dean Foundation for Health, Research and Education: Madison, 1995
127. Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, et al. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: I. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 1-25
128. Marks IM, Lelliot P, Basoglu M, et al. Clomipramine, self-exposure and therapist-aided exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 522-34
129. Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, et al. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res 1993; 49 (1): 63-75
130. March J. Treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder anxiety disorders [abstract]. 2nd Australian Conference on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: 1994 May 13-14. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Support Groups-NSW Association for Mental Health, Gadesville, Australia, 1994: 9
131. Orloff LM, Battle MA, Baer L, et al. Long-term follow-up of 85 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (3): 441-2
132. Wever CL. Multi-modal treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder [abstract]. 2nd Australian Conference on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: 1994 May 14-15. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Support Groups-NSW Association for Mental Health, Gadesville, Australia, 1994: 10
133. Lucey JV, Butcher G, Clare AW, et al. The clinical characteristics of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a descriptive study of an Irish sample. Ir J Psychological Med 1994; 11 (1): 11-4
134. Pato MT. When to discontinue pharmacologie treatment. In: Jenike MA, Baer L, Minichiello WE, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorders: theory and management, 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1990: 312-22
135. Foa EB, Steketee GS, Ozarow BJ. Behavior therapy with obsessive-compulsive disorder: from theory to treatment. In: Mavissakalian M, Turner SM, Michelson L, editors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychological and pharmacological treatment. New York: Plenum Press, 1985: 49-129
136. Baxter Jr LR, Schwanz JM, Bergman KS, et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 681-9
137. Schwartz JM, Stoessel PW, Baxter LR, et al. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 109-13
138. Turner SM, Beidel DC, Spaulding SA, et al. The practice of behavior therapy: a national survey of cost and methods. Behav Therapist 1995; 18 (1): 1-4
139. Greist JH. Computer-administered behavior therapists. Int Rev Psychiatry 1989; 1: 267-74
140. Greist JH. Behavioral therapy - reviewing techniques and new technologies in obsessive-compulsive disorder [abstract]. OCD '95 - 1st International Congress on Education and Progress in OCD; 1995 Jun 23: Barcelona, Spain
141. Jenike MA, Rauch SL. ECT for OCD [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56 (2): 81-2
142. Maletzky B, McFarland B, Burt A. Refractory OCD and ECT. Convuls Ther 1994; 10 (1): 34-42
143. Hay, Sachdev P, Cumming S, et al. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by psychosurgery. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 87 (3): 197-207
144. Mindus P, Jenike MA. Neurosurgical treatment of malignant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992; 15 (4): 921-38
145. Baer L, Rauch SL, Ballantine Jr HT, et al, Cingulotomy for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder: prospective long-term follow-up of 18 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52 (5): 384-92
146. Bean WB. Osler aphorisms. New York (NY): Henry Shuman, Inc., 1950; No. 211: 101
147. Jefferson JW, Altemus M, Greist JH, et al. International psychopharmacology algorithm project report: E. Algorithm for the pharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Reported at the NCDEU meeting; 1995 May-Jun; Orlando (FL). Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31 (3): 487-500, 505-7