Anthropometry and body composition in children

Hormone Research in Paediatrics

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 33-42

  Van Den Broeck, Jan ^a   Wit, Jan Maarten ^a,b  

^a SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Body composition; Height; Obesity; Weight

Indexed keywords

WATER;

ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; CHILD; CONFERENCE PAPER; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; GROWTH; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD; HUMANS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 0030992538     PISSN: 16632818     EISSN: 16632826     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000191265     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Forbes GB: Assessment and significance of body composition in infants and children: in Schiirch B. Scrimshaw NS (eds): Activity, Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements of Infants and Children. Proceedings of the 1989 IDECG Workshop, Cambridge. USA. Lausanne. Nestle Foundation. 1990. pp 71-81.
2. El-Nofely A, El-Hgadban HM, El-Masrv SA: Arm muscle and fat areas vs. weight/length ratio in the assessment of protcin-encrgy malnutrition. Am J Hum Biol 1993;5:259-264.
3. Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Smith MA, Turney JH: Measurement of body composition in chronic renal failure: comparison of skinfold anthropometry and bioclectrical impedance with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur.I Clin Nutr 1996:50:295-301.
4. Kerpcl-Fronius E, Frank K: Einige Besonderheiten der Körperzusammensetzung und Was-scrvcrteilung bei der Säuglingsatrophie. Ann Paediatr 1949:173:321-330.
5. Waterlow JC: Body composition and body water; in Waterlow JC (cd): Protein-Energy Malnutrition. London. Edward Arnold. 1992. pp 27-39.
6. de Rcgnier RA, Guilbert TW, Mills MM, Geor-gieff MK: Growth failure and altered body composition arc established by one month of age in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Nutr 1996:126:168-175.
7. Tran TMD, Van den Neuckcr A, Hendriks HI, van Kreel B, Forget P, Heidendal G. Forget P-P: Steatorrhea and nutritional condition in cystic fibrosis children: effects of a proton-pump inhibitor. The Netherlands, University of Maastricht. PhDThesis. 1996. pp 1-121.
8. Dietz WH: Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1994: 59:955-959.
9. Forbes GB: Body composition; in Nichols BL, Ballabriga A. Kretchmer N (eds): History of Pediatrics. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. Vevev. Raven Press. 1991. pp 249-256.
10. Goldstein M, Mever S, Freund HR: Effects of overfeeding in children with muscle dystrophies. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989; 13:603-607.
11. Bedogni G, Polito C, Severi S, Strano CG, Manzicri AM, Alcssio M, Iovene A. Battistini N: Altered body water distribution in subjects with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and its effects on the measurement of water compartments from bioelectric impedance. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996:50:335-339.
12. Gartner A, Sarda P, Dupuy RP, Maire B. Del-pcuch F. Rieu D: Bioelcctrical impedance analysis in small- and appropriate-for-gcstational-age newborn infants. Eur.I Clin Nutr 1994:48: 425-432.
13. Gregory JW, Aynslev-Green A, Smith PJ: Body composition measurement in growth disorders by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, Pediatr Res 1993:33(suppl):37 (abstract).
14. Colle M, Auzerie J: Discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in growth-hormone-deficienl patients: Assessment of body fat mass using bioelectrical impedance. Horm Res 1993:39: 192-196.
15. Tanner JM, Hughes PCR, Whitehouse RH: Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1977:84:681-696.
16. Brummcr R-JM, Rosen T, Bengtsson B-À: Evaluation of different methods of determining body composition, with special reference to growth hormone-related disorders. Acta Endocrinol 1993; 128(suppl 2):30-36.
17. Gravholt CH, Nacraa RW, Christiansen JS: Change in body composition in Turner syndrome alter sex hormone substitution. ICE 100th International Congress of Endocrinology. San Francisco. 1996. p 762 (abstract).
18. Price DA, Albertsson-Wikland K, Jonsson P: Weight-for-stature indices in disordered growth. K1GS Biannual Report No. 13. 1996: 15-27.
19. Wit JM. van't Hof MA. Van den Brandc JL: The effects of human growth hormone therapy on skinfold thickness in growth hormone deficient children. Eur J Pediatr 1988:147:589-592.
20. de Boer H, Blok GJ, Voerman B, de Vries P, Popp-Snijdcrs C, van der Veen E: The optimal growth hormone replacement dose in adults, derived from bioimpedance analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995:80:2069-2076.
21. Graham GG, Cordano A, Blizzard RM. Cheek DB: Infantile malnutrition: changes in body composition during rehabilitation. Pediatr Res 1969:3:579-589.
22. Fjcld CR, Schocller DA, Brown KH: Body composition of children recovering from severe protein-energv malnutrition at two rates of catch-up growth. Am J Clin Nutr 1989:50: 1266-1275.
23. Fomon SJ: Body composition of the male reference infant during the first year of life. Pediatrics 1967:40:863-870.
24. Fomon SJ, Haschke F, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE: Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:35: 1169-1175.
25. Johnston FE, Malina RM: Age changes in the composition of the upper arm in Philadelphia children. Hum Biol 1966:38:1-21.
26. Tanner JM: Radiographic studies of body composition in children and adults. Svmp Soc Study Hum Biol 1965:7:211-236.
27. Soares-Wynler S, Walker SP: Resting metabolic rate and body composition in stunted and nonstunted children. Am J Clin Nutr 1996:64: 137-141.
28. Schwingshandl J, Borkcnstcin M: Changes in lean body mass in obese children during a weight reduction program: effect on short term and long term outcome. Int J Obesity 1995:19: 752-755.
29. Poskitt EME: Defining childhood obesity: the relative body mass index (BMI). Acta Paediatr 1995:84:961-963.
30. WHO Expert Committee: Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. WLIO Technical Report Series 854. Geneva. WHO. 1995, pp 1-350.
31. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination: Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 1. Obesity in childhood. Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:871-879.
32. Himes JH. Dietz WH: Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:307-316.
33. Dugdale AE, Griffiths M: Estimating fat body mass from anthropometry. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2400-2403.
34. Roche AF, Siervogel RM, Chumlea WMC, Webb P: Grading body fatness from limited anthropometric data. Am J Clin Nutr 1981:34: 2831-2838.
35. Frisancho AR: New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1981:34:2540-2545.
36. Brans YW, Sumners JE, Dweck HS: A nonin-vasive approach to body composition in the neonate: dynamic skinfold measurements. Pediatr Res 1974;8:215-222.
37. Sann L, Durand M, Picard J, Lasne Y. Bethe-nod M: Arm fat and muscle areas in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:256-260.
38. Rolland-Cachera MF, Sempc M, Guilloud-Ba-taille M, Patois E. Pcquignot-Guggenbuh 1 F, Fautrad V: Adiposity indices in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:36:178-184.
39. Weststrate JA, Deurenberg P, van Tinteren H: Indices of body fat distribution and adiposity in Dutch children from birth to 18 years of age. Int J Obesity 1989;13:465-477.
40. Forbes GB, Amirhakimi Gil: Skinfold thickness and body fat in children. Hum Biol 1970; 42:401-418.
41. Lohman TG: Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol 1981:53:181-225.
42. Himes JH, Roche AF, Webb P: Fat areas as estimates of total body fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:2093-2100.
43. Durnin JVGA, Rahaman MM: The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. Br J Nutr 1967:21:681-689.
44. Slaughter MIL, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA: Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children. Hum Biol 1988:60: 709-723.
45. Gcrver WJ, de Bruin R: Body composition in children based on anthropometric data. Eur J Pediatr 1996,155:870-876.
46. Parizkova J: Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children. Metabolism 1961:10:794-807.
47. Westslrate JA, Deurenbcrg P: Body composition in children: proposal lor a method for calculating body fat percentage from total body density or skinfold-thickncss measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1989:50:1104-1115.
48. Guo S, Roche AF, Lloutkoopcr L: Fat-free mass in children and young adults predicted from bioelectric impedance and anthropometric variables. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:435-443.
49. Deurenbcrg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC: Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: agc-and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutr 1991:65:105-114.
50. Storlien LH. Bird JE. Silva PA: Assessment of obesity in early childhood. Aust Paediatr J 1987;23:131-135.
51. Johnston FE: Relationships between body composition and anthropometry. Hum Biol 1982:54:221-245.
52. Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA: Body mass index reference curves for the UK. 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995;73:25-29.
53. Cole TJ: A method for assessing age-standard-ized wcight-for-hcight in children seen cross-sectionally. Ann Hum Biol 1979;6:249-268.
54. Cole TJ: The use and construction of anthropometric growth reference standards. Nutr Res Rev 1993:6:19-50.
55. Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane JM, Nichaman MZ, Tanner JM: The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ 1977;55:489-498.
56. Frisancho AR, Flegel PN: Relative merits of old and new indices of body mass with reference to skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:36:697-699.
57. 2. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:35:347-354.
58. Garrow JS, Webster J: Quctelet's index (W/H-) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obesity 1985:9: 147-153.
59. Rohrer F: Der Index der Körperfülle als Mass des Ernährungszustandes. Münch Med Wochensehr 1921:68:580-582.
60. 2 for assessing adiposity in childhood: influence of age and bone age on p during puberty. Ann Hum Biol 1986;13:433-451.
61. Benn RT: Some mathematical properties of weight-for-height indices used as measures of adiposity. BrJ PrevSocMed 1971 -.25:42-50.
62. Chinn S, Rona RJ, Gulliford MC, Hammond J: Wcight-for-hcight in children aged 4-12 years. A new index compared to the normalized body mass index. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992:46:489-500.
63. Eid EE: Follow-up study of physical growth of children who had excessive weight gain in the first six months of life. BMJ 1970;2:74-76.
64. Tanner JM: The assessment of growth and development in children. Arch Dis Child 1951; 10-33.
65. Karlbcrg J, Mossberg HO: Weight-for-height standards in adulthood. J Intern Med 1991; 229:303-308.
66. Allison DB, Paullrc F, Goran Mil, Poehlman ET, Heymsfield SB: Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. Int J Obesity 1995:19:644-652.
67. Goran MI, Allison DB, Poehlman ET: Issues relating to normalization of body fat content in men and women. Im J Obesity 1995:19:638-643.
68. Hammer I.D, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Ritter PL, Dombush SM: Standardized percentile curves of body-mass index for children and adolescents. Am J Dis Child 1991:145:259-263.
69. 2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:839-846.
70. Corel LJA, Van den Broeck J, Rongen-Wester-laken C. Massa G. Wit JM: Body weight in children with Turner syndrome treated with growth hormone. Int J Obesity 1996:20:957-962.
71. Rongen-Westerlaken C, Corel I., Van den Broeck J, Massa G, Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Nacraa RW, Wit JM. the Dutch and Swedish Study Group for GH Treatment: Reference values for height, height velocity and weight in Turner Syndrome, Acta Paediatr (submitted).
72. ll0 dilution and bioclcctrical impedance in well and malnourished children. Pediatr Res 1990;27:98-102.
73. Houtkoopcr I.B, Going SB, Lohman TG, Roche AF, Van Loan M: Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a cross-validation study. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:366-373.
74. Gregory JW, Greene SA, Scrimgcour CM, Rennie MJ: Body water measurement in growth disorders: a comparison of bioelectrical impedance and skinfold thickness techniques with isotope dilution. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:220-222.
75. Cochran WJ, Klish WJ, Wong WW, Klein PD: Total body electrical conductivity used to determine body composition in infants. Pediatr Res 1986;20:561-564.
76. Wang ZM, Heshka S, Pierson RN Jr, Hevms-field SB: Systematic organization of body-com-position methodology: an overview with emphasis on component-based methods. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:457-465.
77. Ilammond J, Rona RJ, Chinn S: Estimation in community surveys of total body fat of children using bioelectrical impedance or skinfold thickness measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994:48: 164-171.
78. Martin AD, Ross WD, Drinkwater DT, Clarys.IP: Prediction of body fat by skinfold caliper: assumptions and cadaver evidence. Int J Obesity 1985;9(suppl l):31-39.
79. Cole TJ: A critique of the NCHS weight for height standard. Hum Biol 1985:57:183-196.
80. Freeman JV, Power C, Rodgers B: Weight-for-height indices of adiposity: relationships with height. Int J Epidemiol 1995;24:970-976.
81. Fung KP, Lee J, Chow OKW. Wong TW, Davis DP: Properties and clinical implications of body mass indices. Arch Dis Child 1990:65: 516-519.
82. Ncwens DM, Goldstein H: Height, weight, and the assessment of obesity in children. Br J Prcv Soc Med 1972;26:33-39.
83. Norgan NG, Jones PRM: The effect of standardizing the body mass index for relative sitting height. Int J Obesity 1995;19:206-208.
84. Hortobagyi T, Israel RG, O'Brien KF: Sensitivity and specificity of the Quetelet index to assess obesity in men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994:48:369-375.
85. Lazarus R, Baur L, Webb K, Blyth F: Body mass index in screening lor adiposity in chil-drenand adolescents: systematic evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:500-506.
86. Gray DS, Fujioka K: Use of relative weight and body mass index for determination of adiposity. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:545-550.
87. Van den Broeck J, Ecckcls R, Massa G: Validity of single weight measurements to predict current malnutrition and mortality in children. J Nutr 1995; 126:113-120.
88. Van den Broeck J, Meulemans W, Eeckcls R: Nutritional assessment: the problem of clinical-anthropomctrical mismatch. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:60-65.
89. Davies PSW: Body composition assessment. Arch Dis Child 1993:69:337-338.
90. Ellis KJ: Measuring body fatness in children and young adults: comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis, total body electrical conductivity. and dual-energv X-ray absorptiometry. Int J Obesity 1996:20:866-873.
91. Tothill P, Avenell A, Love J, Reid DM: Comparisons between Hologic. Lunar and Norland dual-energv X-ray absorptiometcrs and other techniques used for whole-body soft-tissue measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994:48:781-794.
92. Withers RT, Smith DA, Chatterton BE, Schultz CG, Gaffney RD: A comparison of four methods of estimating the body composition of male endurance athletes. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:773-784.
93. Han TS, Carter R, Currall JEP, Lean MEJ: The influence of fat free mass on prediction ofden-sitometric body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and by anthropometry. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:542-548.
94. Van Loan MD. Maydin PL: Body composition assessment: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) compared to reference methods. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:125-130.
95. Bland JM, Altman DG: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;i:307-310.
96. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH: Revised standards for triceps and subscapular skinfolds in British children. Arch Dis Child 1975:50:142-145.
97. Owen GM: Measurement, recording, and assessment of skinfold thickness in childhood and adolescence: report of a small meeting. Am J Clin Nutr 1982:35:629-638.
98. Robson JRK, Bazin M, Söderström R: Ethnic differences in skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr 1971;24:864-868.
99. Harsha DW, Frerichs RR, Berenson GS; Densitometry and anthropometry of black and white children. Hum Biol 1978:50:261-280.
100. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA, Filnter KM, Hubbard VS, Avila N, Lewis B, Reynolds JC, Flood M: Differences in body composition of African American and Caucasian girls. ICE 100th International Congress of Endocrinology. San Francisco. 1996, p 711 (abstract).
101. Guo S, Roche AF, Chumlca WC, Gardner JD, Sicrvogel RM: The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. Am J Clin Nutr 1994:59: 810-819.
102. Lusky A, Bareli V, Lubin F, Kaplan G, Layani V, Shohat E, Lev B, Wiener M: Relationship between morbidity and extreme values of body mass index in adolescents. Int J Epidemiol 1996:25:829-834.
103. Rolland-Cachera MF, Dehceger M, Bellislc F, Sempe M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E: Adiposity rebound in children: a simple indicator for predicting obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1984:39:129-135.
104. Brook CGD: Cellular growth: adipose tissue: in Falkner F. Tanner JM (eds): Human Growth II: Postnatal Growth. New York, Plenum Press. 1978. pp 21-33.
105. Merritt RJ: Obesity. Curr Probi Pediatr 1982; 12:1-58.
106. Ballew C, Liu K, Levinson S, Stamler J: Comparison of three weight-for-height indices in blood pressure studies. Am J Epidemiol 1990: 131:532-537.
107. Paige DM: Obesity in childhood and adolescence. Postgrad Med 1986:79:233-245.
108. Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Roche AF: Human body composi!ion and the epidemiol-ogy of chronic disease. Obesity Res 1995:3: 73-95.
109. Morrison JA, Sprecher D, McMahon RP, Simon J, Schreiber GB, Klonry PR: Obesity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in black and white 9- and 10-year-old girls: The National Heart. Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Metabolism 1996: 45:469-474.
110. Gerver WJM, de Bruin R: Paediatric Morphometries: A Reference Manual. Utrecht. Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij Bunge. 1996. pp 1-262.
111. Brinkcrs JM, Lamore PJ, Gevers EF. Bocrs-ma B. Wit JM: The effect of oestrogen treatment on body proportions in constitutionally tall girls. EurJ Pediatr 1994;153:237-240.
112. Vanitallie TB, Yang MU, Heymsficld SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA: Height-normalized indices of the body's fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1990:52:953-959.
113. Gam SM, Leonard WR, Hawthorne VM: Three limitations of the body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 1986:44:996-997.
114. Garrow JS: Composition of the body; in Gar-row JS. James WPT (eds): Human Nutrition and Dietetics. London. Churchill Livingstone, 1993. pp 12-23.
115. de Bruin NC, van Velthovcn KAM, Stijnen T, Juttmann RE, Degenhart HJ, Visser HKA: Quantitative assessment of infant body fat by anthropometry and total-bodv electrical conductivity. Am J Clin Nutr 1995:61:279-286.
116. de Bruin NC, van Velthovcn KAM, Stijnen T, Juttmann RE, Degenhart HJ, Visser HKA: Body fat and fat-free mass in infants: new and classic anthropometric indexes and prediction equations compared with total-body electrical conductivity. Am J Clin Nutr 1995: 61:1195-1205.
117. Baars J, Van den Broeck J, leCcssie S, Massa G, Wit JM: Body mass index in growth hormone deficient children before and during growth hormone treatment. Horm Res (submitted).
118. Spyckcrelle Y, Gueguen R, Guillemot M, Tosi E, Dcschamps JP: Adiposity indices and clinical opinion. Ann Hum Biol 1988:15:45-54.
119. Hoffmans MDAF, Kromhout D, de Lezenne Coulander C: Body mass index at the age of 18 and its effects on 32-year mortality from coronary heart disease and cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1988:41:749-756.
120. Brambilla P, Manzoni P, Sironi S. Simone P, Del Maschio A, di Natale B, Chiumcllo G: Peripheral and abdominal adiposity in childhood obesity. Int J Obesity 1994:18:795-800.
121. Brook CGD, Huntley RMC, Slack J: Influence of heredity and environment in determination of skinfold thickness in children. BMJ 1975;2:719-721.
122. Macdiarmid JI, Cade JE, Blundell JE: High and low fat consumers, their macronutrient intake and body mass index: further analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of British adults. EurJ Clin Nutr 1996:50:505-512.
123. Cole TJ: Conditional reference charts to assess weight gain in British infants. Arch Dis Child 1995:73:8-16.
124. Rosenbaum M, Gertncr JM, Leibel RL: Effects of systemic growth hormone (GH) administration on regional adipose tissue distribution and metabolism in GH-dcficient children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989:69: 1274-1281.
125. Pietrobclli A, Gallagher D, Faith MS, Allison DB, Beccaria L, Chiumello G, Heymsficld SB: Association between central fat deposition and health risk indicators among obese male and female children. ICE 100th International Congress of Endocrinology. San Francisco. 1996. p 267 (abstract).
126. Miller HC, Hassanein K: Diagnosis of impaired fetal growth in newborn infants. Pediatrics 1971:48:511-522.
127. Quctelet LAJ: Physique Socialc 2. Brussels. C. Muquardt. 1869. p 92.
128. Baldwin BT: Weight-height-age standards in metric units for American-born children. Am J Phys Anthropol 1925:8:1-10.
129. Poskitt EME, Cole TJ: Do fat babies stay fat? BMJ 1977;1:7-9.
130. Karlbcrg J, Albertsson-Wikland K: Nutrition and linear growth in childhood; in Bindcls JG. Visser HKA (eds): Recent Developments in Infant Nutrition. London. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1996. pp 112-127.