Pelvic inflammatory disease and obstetric infections

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 50-54

  Wølner Hanssen, Pål ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 60; HLA A ANTIGEN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; RETINOL;

CESAREAN SECTION; CHLAMYDIASIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; FETUS; FETUS DEATH; GYNECOLOGIC INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; RISK FACTOR; SHORT SURVEY; SYPHILIS; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TITRATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; WART VIRUS;

EID: 0030988479     PISSN: 09517375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199702000-00012     Document Type: Short Survey

References (36)

1. Wølner-Hanssen P: Silent pelvic inflammatory disease: is it overstated? Obstet Gynecol 1995, 86:321-325. Among infertile women subjected to interview and laparoscopy, true silent PID was found to be uncommon.
2. Peipert JF, Boardman L, Hogan JW, Sung J, Mayer KH: Laboratory evaluation of acute upper genital tract infection. Obstet Gynecol 1996, 87:730-736. An elevated leukocyte count was found to be the best predictor of PID out of four laboratory tests.
3. Kimani J, Maclean IW, Bwayo JJ, MacDonald K, Oyugi J, Maitha GM, Peeling RW, Cheang M, Nagelkerke NJD, Plummer FA, Brunham RC: Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis pelvic inflammatory disease among sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:1437-1444. Among women infected with C. trachomatis, previous chlamydial infection, the presence of antibodies to hsp60, and the lack of use of oral contraceptives were all associated with a higher incidence of PID.
4. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J, Kiviat NB, Stevens CE, Critchlow C, DeRouen T, Holmes KK: Decreased risk of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990, 263:54-59.
5. Dean D, Oudens E, Bolan G, Padian N, Schachter J: Major outer membrane protein variants of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with severe upper genital tract infections and histopathology in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:1013-1022. Chlamydial strains with certain allelic variants of the ompl gene (encoding major outer membrane proteins) were found to be associated with the incidence of PID more than other strains.
6. Paisarntantiwong R, Brockmann S, Clarke L, Landesman S, Feldman J, Minkoff H: The relationship of vaginal trichomoniasis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women colonized with Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Dis 1995, 22:344-347. Women infected with both C. trachomatis and T. vaginalis were found to have a five-fold increased risk of PID compared with those who are only infected with C. trachomatis.
7. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J, Stevens CE, Kiviat NB, Critchlow C, DeRouen T, Koutsky L, Holmes KK: Association between vaginal douching and pelvic inflammatory disease. JAMA 1990, 263:1936-1941.
8. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE: Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996, 34:1362-1366. Screening for C. trachomatis and treating those found to be infected can halve the risk of chlamydial PID.
9. Joesoef MR, Sumampouw H, Linnan M, Schmid S, Idajadi A, St. Louis ME: Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:115-119. Vaginal douching with betel leaves or commercial preparations before intercourse was found to increase the risk of acquiring various STDs.
10. Osman NB, Folgosa E, Gonzales C, Bergström S: Genital infections in the aetiology of late fetal death: an incident case-reference study. J Trop Pediatr 1995, 41:258-266. Maternal syphilis was found to be associated with third trimester intrauterine foetal death.
11. Genest DR, Choi-Hong SR, Tate JE, Qureshi F, Jacques SM, Crum C: Diagnosis of congenital syphilis from placental examination: comparison of histopathology, Steiner stain, and polymerase chain reaction for Treponema pallidum DNA. Hum Pathol 1996, 27:366-372. The PCR test for T. pallidum of placental tissue was found to be a sensitive method of identifying infected neonates.
12. Wilson TE, Minkoff H, McCalla S, Petterkin C, Jaccard J: The relationship between pregnancy and sexual risk taking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:1033-1036. In New York, it was found that pregnant women were no less likely to acquire STDs than non-pregnant women.
13. Meis PJ, Goldenberg RL, Mercer B, Moawad A, Das A, McNellis D, Johnson F, lams JD, Thom E, Andrews WW: The preterm prediction study: significance of vaginal infections. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 173:1231-1235. Detech on of Trichomonos vaginolis infection of 24-28 weeks' question was not associated with preterm birth.
14. Fife KH, Katz BP, Roush J, Handy VD, Brown DR, Hansell R: Cancer-associated human papillomavirus types are selectively increased in cervix of women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:1487-1493. Pregnant women were found to have an increased load of HPV in cervical secretions compared with non-pregnant women.
15. Puranen M, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S: Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:694-699. HPV DNA was found in oral scrapings from 31 to 98 children aged 0.3 to 11.6 years. Mothers of 16 children were, during pregnancy, infected in the genital tract with the same HPV type as was found in their children.
16. Cason J, Kaye JN, Jewers RJ, Kambo PK, Bible JM, Kell B, Shergill B, Pakarian F, Raju KS, Best JM: Perinatal infection and persistence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in infants. J Med Viroi 1995, 47:209-218. The majority of infants of mothers harbouring HPV16/18 were found to be infected at the age of 6 months.
17. Leroy V, De Clercq A, Ladner J, Bogaerts J, Van de Perre P, Dabis F for the Pregnancy and HIV (EGE) Group: Should screening of genital infections be part of treatment of antenatal care in areas of high HIV prevalence? A prospective cohort study from Kigali, Rwanda, 1992 1993. Genitourin Med 1995, 71:207-211. In Kigali, 34.4% of all pregnant women have HIV-1.
18. Chu SY, Hanson DL, Jones JL, and The Adult/Adolescent HIV Spectrum of Disease Project Group: Pregnancy rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol 1996, 87:195-198. In the US the annual pregnancy rate among HIV-infected women is 5.8%.
19. Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Veber F, Landreau A, Courpotin C, Vilmer E, Ciraru-Vigneron N, Floch C, Tricoire J, Noseda G et al. and the HIV Infection in Newborn French Collaborative Study Group : Separation between HIV-positive women and their children: the French prospective study, 1986 1993. Am J Publ Health 1996, 86:376-381. The cumulative risk of being separated from their mother at 5 years of age was found to be 37% for children born to HIV-infected women.
20. Ecker JL: The cost-effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus screening in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174: 716-721. HIV screening was found to be cost-effective for prevalence rates above 9 per 1000 of HIV-infected pregnant women.
21. Burns DN, Nourjah P, Minkoff H, Korelitz J, Biggar RJ, Landesman S, Rubinstein A, Wright D, Nugent RP: Changes in CD4 and CD8 cell levels during pregnancy and post-partum in women seropositive and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:1461-1468. The CD4 lymphocyte subset percentage was shown to decline steadily during pregnancy.
22. Brettle RP, Raab GM, Ross A, Fielding KL, Gore SM, Bird AG: HIV infection in women: immunological markers and the influence of pregnancy. AIDS 1995, 9:1177-1184. The decline in CD4 or CD8 percentage was not influenced by pregnancy.
23. Hocke C, Morlat P, Chene G, Dequae L, Dabis F: Prospective cohort study of the effect of pregnancy on the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 86:886-891. A prospective study comparing HIV-infected pregnant and non-pregnant women showed no evidence that pregnancy accelerates the progression to AIDS or death.
24. Thorne C, Newell M-L, Dunn D, Peckham C: The European collaborative study: clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV 1-infected pregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 102:869-875. Five years after delivery, 14% of HIV-infected women will have died, and 24% will have reached stage IV disease (Centers for Disease Control classification).
25. Dunn DT, Brandt CD, Krivine A, Cassol SA, Roques P, Borkowsky W, De Rossi A, Denamur E, Ehrnst A, Loveday C et al.: The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction in the neonatal period and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum transmission. AIDS 1995, 9:F7-11. PCR was shown to have a sensitivity for HIV infection of 38% on the day of birth or the day after, and 93% 2 weeks after birth.
26. Rouzioux C, Costagliola D, Burgard M, Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Griscelli C, Valleron AJ, and the HIV Infection in New-borns French Collaborative Study Group: Estimated timing of mother-to-child human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission by use of a Markov model. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142:1330-1337. Approximately one-third of HIV-infected neonates were found to have been infected in the womb before delivery.
27. Mabondzo A, Rouvier P, Raoul H, Le Naour R, Courpotin C, Herve F, Parnet-Mathieu F, Lasfargues G, Dormont D: Relationships between humoral factors in HIV-1-infected mothers and the occurrence of HIV infection in their infants. Clin Exp Immunol 1995, 102:476-480. There was found to be no association between the presence of neutralizing antibodies to HIV in the mother's serum and the risk of vertical transmission.
28. Landesman SH, Kalish LA, Burns DN, Minkoff H, Fox HE, Zorilla C, Garcia P, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Tuomala R: Obstetrical factors and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to child. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1617-1623. Rupture of the membranes more than 4 h before delivery was found to be an independent risk factor for vertical transmission.
29. Landers DV, Sweet RL: Reducing mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-the door remains open. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1664-1665. See [28].
30. Tovo PA, de Martino M, Gabiano C, Galli L, Capello N, Ruga E, Tulisso S, Vierucci A, Loy A, Zucotti GV: Mode of delivery and gestational age influence perinatal HIV-1 transmission. Italian register for HIV Infection. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol 1995, 11:88-94. Prematurity increases the risk for vertical transmission of HIV, as does vaginal delivery versus caesarian delivery.
31. Semprini AE, Castagna C, Ravizza M, Fiore S, Savasi V, Muggiasca ML, Grossi E, Guerra B, Tibaldi C, Scaravelli G et al.: The incidence of complications after caesarean section in 156 HIV-positive women. AIDS 1995, 9:913-917. HIV-infected women undergoing caesarian section have an increased risk of postoperative complications compared with HIV-negative women.
32. Fang G, Burger H, Grimson R, Tropper P, Nachman S, Mayers D, Weislow O, Moore R, Reyelt C, Hutcheon N et al.: Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level: a determinant and projected threshold for mother-to-child transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:12100-12104. The risk of vertical transmission was found to be related to the serum levels of HIV-1 RNA.
33. Dickover RE, Garratty EM, Herman SA, Sim MS, Plaeger S, Boyer PJ, Keller M, Deveikis A, Stiehm ER, Bryson YJ: Identification of levels of maternal HIV-1 RNA associated with risk of perinatal transmission. Effect of maternal zidovudine treatment on viral load. JAMA 1996, 275:640-641. In this study none of the HIV-positive pregnant women with fewer than 20 000 RNA copies/ml plasma transmitted the infection to their offspring.
34. Fiscus SA, Adimora AA; Schoenbach VJ, Lim W, McKinney R, Rupar D, Kenny J, Woods C, Wilfert C: Perinatal HIV infection and the effect of zidovudine therapy on transmission in rural and urban counties. JAMA 1996, 275:1483-1488. The protective effect of zidovudine against vertical transmission is confirmed in this study from North Carolina.
35. Semba RD, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD, Liomba G, Yang LP, Saah AJ, Dallabetta GA, Hoover DR: Infant mortality and maternal vitamin A deficiency during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21:966-972. In this study among HIV-infected women in Malawi, low serum vitamin A levels during pregnancy were strongly associated with infant mortality and the risk of the neonate acquiring HIV.
36. Nduati RW, John GC, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J, Welch M, Ndinya-Achola J, Moses S, Holmes KK, Onyango F, Kreiss JK: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells in breast milk: association with immunosuppression and vitamin A deficiency. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:1461-1468. In this study HIV infected cells were found in 58% of breast milk samples from HIV-infected mothers.