메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 435-441

The electrically stimulated gracilis neo-anal sphincter

Author keywords

Gracilis muscle; Incontinence; Neo anal sphincter

Indexed keywords

ANUS SPHINCTER; ELECTROSTIMULATION; FECES INCONTINENCE; GRACILIS MUSCLE; HUMAN; PLASTIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMA;

EID: 0030987242     PISSN: 0954691X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042737-199705000-00005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (12)

References (41)
  • 1
    • 0024599624 scopus 로고
    • Complications of colostomy
    • Porter JA, Salvatti EP, Rubin RJ, et al.: Complications of colostomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1989, 32:299-303. Reports morbidity rates of 44% in consecutive series of 142 patients who had a stoma.
    • (1989) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.32 , pp. 299-303
    • Porter, J.A.1    Salvatti, E.P.2    Rubin, R.J.3
  • 2
    • 0023248779 scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial effects of stomas. Psychosocial morbidity one year after surgery
    • Thomas C, Madden F, Jehu D: Psychosocial effects of stomas. Psychosocial morbidity one year after surgery. J Psychosom Res 1987, 31:311-316. Reports on the psychological sequelae of abdominal stomas.
    • (1987) J Psychosom Res , vol.31 , pp. 311-316
    • Thomas, C.1    Madden, F.2    Jehu, D.3
  • 3
    • 0000237526 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of the anal sphincter by muscle slips from the glutei
    • Chittenden AS: Reconstruction of the anal sphincter by muscle slips from the glutei. Ann Surg 1930, 92:152-154. Initial report outlining the use of slips of the glutei to fashion a neosphincter.
    • (1930) Ann Surg , vol.92 , pp. 152-154
    • Chittenden, A.S.1
  • 4
    • 0008260979 scopus 로고
    • Results with fascia plastic operation for anal incontinence
    • Stone HB, McLanahan S: Results with fascia plastic operation for anal incontinence. Ann Surg 1941, 114:73-77. Describes technique of using fascial slips to construct a neosphincter.
    • (1941) Ann Surg , vol.114 , pp. 73-77
    • Stone, H.B.1    McLanahan, S.2
  • 5
    • 0345362612 scopus 로고
    • The use of superficial transverse perineal muscles in the treatment of post-surgical anal incontinence
    • Slate D, Katz A: The use of superficial transverse perineal muscles in the treatment of post-surgical anal incontinence. Ann Surg 1955 142: 262-265. First report of use of superficial transverse perineal muscles to create a neosphincter.
    • (1955) Ann Surg , vol.142 , pp. 262-265
    • Slate, D.1    Katz, A.2
  • 6
    • 0024550256 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of patients with rectal cancer
    • Fedorov VD, Shelygin YA: Treatment of patients with rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1989, 32:138-145. First report of use of adductor longus to create a neosphincter in 48 patients following abdominoperineal excision of the rectum.
    • (1989) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.32 , pp. 138-145
    • Fedorov, V.D.1    Shelygin, Y.A.2
  • 7
    • 0001331052 scopus 로고
    • Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting the gracilis muscle in four cases in children
    • Pickrell KL, Broadbent TR, Masters FW, et al.: Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting the gracilis muscle in four cases in children. Ann Surg 1952, 135:853-862. First report of the use of the gracilis to create a neo-anal spbincter.
    • (1952) Ann Surg , vol.135 , pp. 853-862
    • Pickrell, K.L.1    Broadbent, T.R.2    Masters, F.W.3
  • 8
    • 0000057010 scopus 로고
    • Gracilis muscle transplant for rectal incontinence
    • Pickrell KL, Georgiade N, Maguire C, et al.: Gracilis muscle transplant for rectal incontinence. Surgery 1956 40:349 363. All of 34 patients (18 children and 16 adults) were continent of solid faeces following unstimulated graciloplasty.
    • (1956) Surgery , vol.40 , pp. 349-363
    • Pickrell, K.L.1    Georgiade, N.2    Maguire, C.3
  • 9
    • 0022398599 scopus 로고
    • Gracilis muscle transposition for anal incontinence: Late results
    • Corman ML: Gracilis muscle transposition for anal incontinence: late results. Br J Surg 1985, 29(suppl.):21-22. Excellent results in seven of 14 patients treated with unstimulated graciloplasty followed up for 5 years or longer.
    • (1985) Br J Surg , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 21-22
    • Corman, M.L.1
  • 10
    • 0021995147 scopus 로고
    • Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Leguit P Jr, van Baal IG, Brummelkamp WH. Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1985, 28:1-4. Nine of 10 patients treated with unstimulaled graciloplasty continent of formed faeces.
    • (1985) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.28 , pp. 1-4
    • Leguit Jr., P.1    Van Baal, I.G.2    Brummelkamp, W.H.3
  • 11
    • 0023726734 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and manometric assessment of gracilis muscle transplant for faecal incontinence
    • Yokshioka K, Keighley MR: Clinical and manometric assessment of gracilis muscle transplant for faecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1988 31:767-769. All six patients treated with unstimulated graciloplasty converted to abdominal stoma.
    • (1988) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.31 , pp. 767-769
    • Yokshioka, K.1    Keighley, M.R.2
  • 12
    • 0025113822 scopus 로고
    • Gracilis muscle transposition for faecal incontinence
    • Christiansen J, Sorensen M, Rasmussen OO: Gracilis muscle transposition for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 1990, 77:1039-1040. Series of 13 patients treated with unstimulated graciloplasty. Inability to achieve normal continence partly attributed to muscle fatigue and partly from difficulty in the voluntary control of the muscle.
    • (1990) Br J Surg , vol.77 , pp. 1039-1040
    • Christiansen, J.1    Sorensen, M.2    Rasmussen, O.O.3
  • 13
    • 0028029466 scopus 로고
    • Is faecal continence improved by non-stimulated gracilis muscle transposition?
    • Faucheron JL, Hannoun L, Thome C, et al.: Is faecal continence improved by non-stimulated gracilis muscle transposition? Dis Colon Rectum 1994, 37:979-983. Some improvement in continence in 19 out of 22 patients treated with unstimulated graciloplasty but only one fully continent.
    • (1994) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.37 , pp. 979-983
    • Faucheron, J.L.1    Hannoun, L.2    Thome, C.3
  • 14
    • 0017276840 scopus 로고
    • Rectal sphincter reconstruction in perineal colostomies after abdominoperineal resection for cancer
    • Simonson OS, Stolf NAG, Ann F, et al.: Rectal sphincter reconstruction in perineal colostomies after abdominoperineal resection for cancer. Br J Surg 1976, 63:389-391. First large series using unstimulaled graciloplasty in total anorectal reconstruction. Seventeen of 22 patients considered to have satisfactory function. Almost 50% mortality from progression of disease.
    • (1976) Br J Surg , vol.63 , pp. 389-391
    • Simonson, O.S.1    Stolf, N.A.G.2    Ann, F.3
  • 15
    • 0028274903 scopus 로고
    • Continent perineal colostomy by transposition of the gracilis muscles
    • Santoro E, Tirelli C, Scutari F, et al.: Continent perineal colostomy by transposition of the gracilis muscles. Dis Colon Rectum 1994, 37:S73-80. Series of 14 patients who underwent total anorectal reconstruction with unstimulated graciloplasty. Eight considered to have satisfactory outcome although this included episodes of incontinence to solid faeces.
    • (1994) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.37
    • Santoro, E.1    Tirelli, C.2    Scutari, F.3
  • 16
    • 0026324223 scopus 로고
    • Why is the gracilis relatively spared in neuromuscular disorders?
    • Schwartz MS, Swash M, Ryan J: Why is the gracilis relatively spared in neuromuscular disorders? Neuromuscul Disord 1991, 1:365-369. Histometric analysis of the human gracilis muscle.
    • (1991) Neuromuscul Disord , vol.1 , pp. 365-369
    • Schwartz, M.S.1    Swash, M.2    Ryan, J.3
  • 17
    • 0000926960 scopus 로고
    • Control by electronic stimulator of incontinence after operation for anorectal agenesis
    • Dixon JAS, Nixon HH: Control by electronic stimulator of incontinence after operation for anorectal agenesis. J Pediatr Surg 1968, 3:696-701. First report of external electrical stimulators used to control the gracilis in incontinent children refractory to traditional graciloplasty.
    • (1968) J Pediatr Surg , vol.3 , pp. 696-701
    • Dixon, J.A.S.1    Nixon, H.H.2
  • 18
    • 0017328581 scopus 로고
    • The results of treatment of anorectal anomalies: A thirteen to twenty year follow-up
    • Nixon HH, Puri P: The results of treatment of anorectal anomalies: A thirteen to twenty year follow-up. J Paediatr Surg 1977 17:27-37. Long-term results using electrical stimulated graciloplasty in children were disappointing. At 13 years' follow-up, none were working.
    • (1977) J Paediatr Surg , vol.17 , pp. 27-37
    • Nixon, H.H.1    Puri, P.2
  • 19
    • 0023575656 scopus 로고
    • Construction of a continent perineal colostomy by using electrostimulated gracilis muscle after abdominoperineal resection: Personal technique and experience with 32 cases
    • Cavina E, Seccia M, Evangelista G, et al.: Construction of a continent perineal colostomy by using electrostimulated gracilis muscle after abdominoperineal resection: personal technique and experience with 32 cases. Ital J Surg Sci 1987, 4:305-314. Results of a series of 32 patients treated with graciloplasty after abdominoperineal resection. Short-term electrical stimulation used to prevent atrophy of the muscle.
    • (1987) Ital J Surg Sci , vol.4 , pp. 305-314
    • Cavina, E.1    Seccia, M.2    Evangelista, G.3
  • 20
    • 0025125771 scopus 로고
    • Perineal colostomy and electrostimulated gracilis 'neosphincter' after abdominoperineal resection of the colon and anorectum: A surgical experience and follow-up study in 47 cases
    • Cavina E, Seccia M, Evangelista G, et al.: Perineal colostomy and electrostimulated gracilis 'neosphincter' after abdominoperineal resection of the colon and anorectum: a surgical experience and follow-up study in 47 cases. Int J Colorectal Dis 1990, 5:6-11.
    • (1990) Int J Colorectal Dis , vol.5 , pp. 6-11
    • Cavina, E.1    Seccia, M.2    Evangelista, G.3
  • 21
    • 0028120520 scopus 로고
    • Study protocols and functional results in 86 electrostimulated graciloplasties
    • Seccia M, Menconi C, Balestri R, et al.: Study protocols and functional results in 86 electrostimulated graciloplasties. Dis Colon Rectum 1994, 37:897 904. Seventy-one per cent of unstimulated graciloplasties and all of nine ESGNs achieved continence following abdomino-perineal excision of rectum and reconstruction.
    • (1994) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.37 , pp. 897-904
    • Seccia, M.1    Menconi, C.2    Balestri, R.3
  • 22
    • 0026323793 scopus 로고
    • Use of the gracilis muscles for sphincteric construction after abdominoperineal resection: Technique and preliminary results
    • Mercati U, Trancanelli V, Castagnoli P, et al.: Use of the gracilis muscles for sphincteric construction after abdominoperineal resection: technique and preliminary results. Dis Colon Rectum 1991, 34:1085-1089. Use of bilateral graciloplasty with short-term electrical stimulation in seven patients following APER.
    • (1991) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.34 , pp. 1085-1089
    • Mercati, U.1    Trancanelli, V.2    Castagnoli, P.3
  • 23
    • 0026450106 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres to chronic electrical stimulation
    • Pette D, Vrbova G: Adaptation of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres to chronic electrical stimulation [review]. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1992, 120:115-202. Comprehensive review of the effects of long-term electrical stimulation on mammalian striated muscle.
    • (1992) Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol , vol.120 , pp. 115-202
    • Pette, D.1    Vrbova, G.2
  • 24
    • 0014508666 scopus 로고
    • The influence of activity on the contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscle
    • Salmons S, Vrbova G: The influence of activity on the contractile characteristics of mammalian fast and slow muscle J Physiol (Lond) 1969, 201:535-549. Pioneering study on effect of electrical stimulation in eliciting phenotypic transformation of skeletal muscle.
    • (1969) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.201 , pp. 535-549
    • Salmons, S.1    Vrbova, G.2
  • 25
    • 0025055307 scopus 로고
    • Electrically stimulated sartorius neosphincter: Canine model of activation and skeletal muscle transformation
    • Hallan RI. Williams NS, Hutton MRE, et al.: Electrically stimulated sartorius neosphincter: canine model of activation and skeletal muscle transformation. Br J Surg 1990, 77:208 213. Established feasibility of using electrically stimulated skeletal muscle for sphincteric function.
    • (1990) Br J Surg , vol.77 , pp. 208-213
    • Hallan, R.I.1    Williams, N.S.2    Hutton, M.R.E.3
  • 26
    • 0028269322 scopus 로고
    • Canine model for treatment of faecal incontinence using transposed and electrically stimulated sartorius muscle
    • Konsten J, Baeten CG, Havenith MG, et al.: Canine model for treatment of faecal incontinence using transposed and electrically stimulated sartorius muscle. Br J Surg 1994, 81:466-469. Confirmed conversion of sartorius muscle used as model for neosphincter when subjected to chronic electrical stimulation.
    • (1994) Br J Surg , vol.81 , pp. 466-469
    • Konsten, J.1    Baeten, C.G.2    Havenith, M.G.3
  • 27
    • 0023845735 scopus 로고
    • An implanted neuromuscular stimulator for faecal incontinence following previous implanted gracilis muscle: Report of a case
    • Baeten C, Spaans F, Fluks A: An implanted neuromuscular stimulator for faecal incontinence following previous implanted gracilis muscle: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1988, 31:134-137. First successful report of addition of electrical stimulation into patient who had unsuccessful result with unstimulated graciloplasty.
    • (1988) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.31 , pp. 134-137
    • Baeten, C.1    Spaans, F.2    Fluks, A.3
  • 28
    • 0025311156 scopus 로고
    • Construction of a neoanal sphincter by transposition of the gracilis muscle and prolonged neuromuscular stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence
    • Williams NS, Hallan RI, Koeze TH, et al.: Construction of a neoanal sphincter by transposition of the gracilis muscle and prolonged neuromuscular stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1990, 72:108-113. First report of creation of ESGN de novo in six patients with faecal incontinence.
    • (1990) Ann R Coll Surg Engl , vol.72 , pp. 108-113
    • Williams, N.S.1    Hallan, R.I.2    Koeze, T.H.3
  • 29
    • 0025340267 scopus 로고
    • Restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and continence after abdominoperineal excision of the rectum using an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter
    • Williams NS, Hallan RI, Koeze TH, et al.: Restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and continence after abdominoperineal excision of the rectum using an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 1990, 33:561 565. Case report establishing feasibility of incorporating ESGN into total anorectal reconstruction.
    • (1990) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.33 , pp. 561-565
    • Williams, N.S.1    Hallan, R.I.2    Koeze, T.H.3
  • 30
    • 0024342276 scopus 로고
    • Construction of a neorectum and neoanal sphincter following previous proctocolectomy
    • Williams NS, Hallan RI, Koeze TH, et al.: Construction of a neorectum and neoanal sphincter following previous proctocolectomy. Br J Surg 1989, 76:119-194. Case report of restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and continence in a patient who previously had a panproctocolectomy and permanent ileostomy tor familial adenomatous polyposis.
    • (1989) Br J Surg , vol.76 , pp. 119-194
    • Williams, N.S.1    Hallan, R.I.2    Koeze, T.H.3
  • 31
    • 0000995372 scopus 로고
    • The anatomy of the anterior division of the obturator in relation to the electrically stimulated gracilis neosphincter
    • Patel J, Shanahan D, Williams NS: The anatomy of the anterior division of the obturator in relation to the electrically stimulated gracilis neosphincter. Clin Anat 1991, 4:385. Cadaveric studies established the course of the motor supply to the gracilis and elucidated the optimum site for the position of the electrode.
    • (1991) Clin Anat , vol.4 , pp. 385
    • Patel, J.1    Shanahan, D.2    Williams, N.S.3
  • 32
    • 0025989160 scopus 로고
    • Development of an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter
    • Williams NS, Patel J, George BD, et al.: Development of an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter. Lancet 1991, i:1166-1169. Results of a series of 20 incontinent patients, 12 patients following anorectal reconstruction and three with congenital incontinence. Discusses rationale of modifications to the procedure.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1166-1169
    • Williams, N.S.1    Patel, J.2    George, B.D.3
  • 33
    • 0010621890 scopus 로고
    • The arterial anatomy and surgical relevance of the human gracilis muscle
    • Patel J, Shanahan D, Riches DJ, et al.: The arterial anatomy and surgical relevance of the human gracilis muscle. J Anat 1991, 176:270-272.
    • (1991) J Anat , vol.176 , pp. 270-272
    • Patel, J.1    Shanahan, D.2    Riches, D.J.3
  • 34
    • 0043241210 scopus 로고
    • Faecal incontinence
    • Edited by Keighley MRB, Williams NS. London: WB Saunders
    • Keighley MRB Faecal incontinence. In Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, Volume 1. Edited by Keighley MRB, Williams NS. London: WB Saunders; 1993:516-608. Extensive review ot the aetiology, investigation and management of faecal incontinence. Includes indications and contraindications for ESGN.
    • (1993) Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon , vol.1 , pp. 516-608
    • Keighley, M.R.B.1
  • 35
    • 0009556967 scopus 로고
    • Construction of the electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter
    • Edited by Fielding LP, Goldberg SM. Butterworth-Heinemann
    • Williams NS: Construction of the electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter. In Rob & Smith's Operative Surgery: Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus, 5th edn. Edited by Fielding LP, Goldberg SM. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993:758-772. Detailed outline of technique of ESGN.
    • (1993) Rob & Smith's Operative Surgery: Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus, 5th Edn. , pp. 758-772
    • Williams, N.S.1
  • 36
    • 0027522276 scopus 로고
    • Physiological and histochemical adaptation of the electrically stimulated gracilis muscle to neoanal function
    • George BD, Williams NS, Patel J, et al.: Physiological and histochemical adaptation of the electrically stimulated gracilis muscle to neoanal function. Br J Surg 1993, 80:1342-1346. Physiological and histochemical evidence of change in gracilis phenotype after electrical stimulation rendering it capable of long-term neosphincter function.
    • (1993) Br J Surg , vol.80 , pp. 1342-1346
    • George, B.D.1    Williams, N.S.2    Patel, J.3
  • 37
    • 9544250833 scopus 로고
    • The stimulated gracilis neosphincter operation: Initial experience, pitfalls and complications
    • Gonzalez AP, Teoh TA, Wexner SD, et al.: The stimulated gracilis neosphincter operation: initial experience, pitfalls and complications. Dis Colon Rectum 1995 38:P19 (53). Initial experience with the ESGN in 13 patients. Steep learning curve highlighted.
    • (1995) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.38
    • Gonzalez, A.P.1    Teoh, T.A.2    Wexner, S.D.3
  • 38
    • 0025996685 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic graciloplasty for faecal incontinence
    • Baeten CGMI, Konsten J, Spaans F, et al.: Dynamic graciloplasty for faecal incontinence. Lancet 1991, i:1163-1165. Preliminary series of 10 patients. After 2 months of stimulation eight were fully continent.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1163-1165
    • Baeten, C.1    Konsten, J.2    Spaans, F.3
  • 39
    • 0027174317 scopus 로고
    • Follow-up of anal dynamic graciloplasty for faecal continence
    • Konsten J, Baeten CG, Spaans F, et al.: Follow-up of anal dynamic graciloplasty for faecal continence. World J Surg 1993, 17:404-409. Longer-term results in 26 patients. At median follow-up of 1 year complete faecal incontinence achieved in 65% of patients.
    • (1993) World J Surg , vol.17 , pp. 404-409
    • Konsten, J.1    Baeten, C.G.2    Spaans, F.3
  • 40
    • 0028238824 scopus 로고
    • Dynamic graciloplasty for anal atresia
    • Baeten CGMI, Konsten J, Heineman E, et al.: Dynamic graciloplasty for anal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1994, 29:922-925. Maastricht series of nine adults with incontinence secondary to anal atresia treated with electrically stimulated gracilis neosphincter. Five patients fully continent.
    • (1994) J Pediatr Surg , vol.29 , pp. 922-925
    • Baeten, C.1    Konsten, J.2    Heineman, E.3
  • 41
    • 8244250896 scopus 로고
    • Complete anorectal sensory loss following total anorectal reconstruction
    • Abercrombie JF, Rogers J, Williams NS: Complete anorectal sensory loss following total anorectal reconstruction. Br J Surg 1994, 81:761. Objective demonstration of complete loss of all physiological anorectal sensation following APER in six patients.
    • (1994) Br J Surg , vol.81 , pp. 761
    • Abercrombie, J.F.1    Rogers, J.2    Williams, N.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.