Neuromuscular transmission and its pharmacological blockade. Part 4: Use of relaxants in paediatric and elderly patients, in obstetrics, and in the intensive care unit

Pharmacy World and Science

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 45-52

  Booij, Leo H D J ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

adverse effects; critical illness neuromyopathy; elderly; intensive care unit; muscle relaxants; obstetrics; paediatrics

Indexed keywords

ALCURONIUM; CISATRACURIUM; DIMETHYLTUBOCURARINE CHLORIDE; DOXACURIUM; GALLAMINE; MIVACURIUM; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; PANCURONIUM; PIPECURONIUM; ROCURONIUM; TUBOCURARINE CHLORIDE; VECURONIUM;

AGE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; MUSCLE RELAXATION; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; NEUROPATHY; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TACHYPHYLAXIS;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL; NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS; PREGNANCY;

EID: 0030985672     PISSN: 09281231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008697628382     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Van der Spek AFL, Reynolds PI, Fang WB, Ashton Miller JA, Stohler CS, Schork MA. Changes in resistance to mouth opening induced by depolarizing and non-depolarizing neuromuscular relaxants. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:21-7.
2. Plumley MH, Bevan JC, Saddler JM, Donati F, Bevan DR. Dose-related effects of succinylcholine on the adductor pollicis and masseter muscles in children. Can J Anaesth 1990;37:15-20.
3. Saddler JM. Jaw stiffness - an ill understood condition. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:515-16.
4. Hackl W, Mauritz W, Schemper M, Winkler M, Sporn P, Steinbereithner K. Prediction of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: statistical evaluation of clinical signs. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:425-9.
5. Allen G, Rosenberg H. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility in adult patients with masseter muscle rigidity. Can J Anaesth 1990;37:31-5.
6. Matteo RS, Libermann IG, Salanitre E, McDaniel DD, Diaz J. Distribution, elimination, and action of d-tubocurarine in neonates, infants, children, and adults. Anesth Analg 1984;63:799-804.
7. Fisher DM, O'Keefe C, Stanski, DR, Cronnelly R, Miller RD, Gregory GA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine in infants, children, and adults. Anesthesiology 1982;57:203-8.
8. Brandom BW, Stiller RL, Cook DR, Woelfel SK, Chakravorti S, Lai A. Pharmacokinetics of atracurium in anaesthetized infants and children. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:1210-13.
9. Fisher DM, Canfell PC, Spellman MJ, Miller RD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in infants and children. Anesthesiology 1990;73:33-7.
10. Kitts JB, Fisher DM, Canfell PC, Spellman, MJ, Caldwel JE, Heier T, Fahey MR, Miller RD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in the elderly. Anesthesiology 1990;72:272-5.
11. Goudsouzian NG, Alifimoff JK, Liu LMP, Foster VJ, McNulty BF, Savarese JJ. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of doxacurium in children anaesthetized with halothane. Br J Anaesth 1989;62:263-8.
12. Sarner JB, Brandom BW, Cook DR, Dong ML, Horn MC, Woelfel SK, Davis PJ, Rudd GD, Foster WJ, McNulty BF. Clinical pharmacology of doxacurium chloride (BW 938U) in children. Anesth Analg 1988;67: 303-6.
13. Goudsouzian NG, Alifimoff JK, Ebery C, Smeets R, Griswold J, Miller V, McNulty BF, Savarese JJ. Cardiovascular effects of mivacurium in children. Anesthesiology 1989;70:237-42.
14. Meistelman C, Agoston S, Kersten UW, Saint-Maurice C, Bencini AF, Loose JP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium and pancuronium in anaesthetized children. Anesth Analg 1986;65:1 319-23.
15. Pittet JF, Taasonyi E, Morel DR, Gemperle G, Rouge JC. Neuromuscular effect of pipecuronium bromide in infants and children during nitrous oxide-alfentanil anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1990;72:432-5.
16. Vuksanaj D, Fisher DM. Pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in children aged 4-11 years. Anesthesiology 1995;82:1104-10.
17. Lien CA, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, Diaz J. Distribution, elimination, and action of vecuronium in the elderly. Anesth Analg 1991;73:39-42.
18. Rupp SM, Castagnoli K, Fisher DM, Miller RD. Pancuronium and vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in younger and elderly adults. Anesthesiology 1983;59:A270.
19. Walker J, Shanks CA, Triggs EJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of alcuronium chloride in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1980;17:449-57.
20. Stephens ID, Ho PC, Holloway AW, Bonne DW, Triggs EJ. Pharmacokinetics of alcuronium in elderly patients undergoing total hip replacements or aortic reconstructive surgery. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:465-71.
21. Cronnelly R, Fisher SM, Miller RD, Gencarelli P, Nguyen-Gruenke L, Castagnolie N, Jr. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium (Org NC45) and pancuronium in anaesthetized humans. Anesthesiology 1983;58:405-8.
22. D'Hollander AA, Massaux F, Nevelsteen M, Agoston S. Age-dependent dose-response relationship of Org-NC45 in anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 1982;54:653-6.
23. Matteo RS, Backus WW, McDaniel DD, Brotherton WP, Abraham R, Diaz J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d-tubocurarine and metocurine in the elderly. Anesth Analg 1985;64:22-8.
24. Kent AP, Hunter JM. The pharmacodynamics of alcuronium in the elderly. Anesthesia 1991;46:271-4.
25. McLeod K, Hull CJ, Watson MJ. Effect of ageing on the pharmacokinetics of pancuronium. Br J Anaesth 1979;51:435-8.
26. Dresdner DL, Basta SJ, Ali HH, Schwartz AF, Embree PB, Wargin WA, Lai AA, Brady KA, Savarese JJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxacurium in young and elderly patients during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1990;498-502.
27. Ornstein E, Matteo RS, Schwartz AE, Jamdar SC, Diaz J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pipecuronium bromide (Arduan) in elderly surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1992;74:841-4.
28. Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, Ostapkovich N, Stone JG. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium (Org 9426) in elderly surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1993;77:1193-.
29. D'Hollander AA, Luyckx C, Barvais L, de Ville A. Clinical evaluation of atracurium besylate requirement for a stable muscle relaxation during surgery: lack of age-related effects. Anesthesiology 1983;59:237-40.
30. Slavov V, Khalil M, Merle JC, Agostini MM, Ruggier R, Duvaldestin P. Comparison of duration of neuromuscular blocking effect of atracurium and vecuronium in young and elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 1995;74:709-11.
31. Kent AP, Parker CJR, Hunter JM. Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and laudanosine in the elderly. Br J Anaesth 1989;63:661-6.
32. Bell PF, Mirakhur RK, Clarke RSJ. Dose-response studies of atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1989;44:925-7.
33. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Law-Min JC, Donati F, Bevan DR, Clement P, Wise R. Dose-response relations of doxacurium and its reversal with neostigmine in young adults and healthy elderly patients. Anesth Analg 1992;74:845-50.
34. Parker CJP, Hunter JM, Snowdon SL. Effect of age, gender and anaesthetic technique on the pharmacodynamics of atracurium. Br J Anaesth 1993;70:38-42.
35. Duvaldestin P, Saada J, Berger JL, D'Hollander A, Desmonts JM. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and dose-response relationships of pancuronium in control and elderly subjects. Anesthesiology 1982;56:36-40.
36. Bevan DR, Fiset P, Balendram P, Law-Min JC, Ratcliffe A, Donati F. Pharmacodynamic behaviour of rocuronium in the elderly. Can J Anaesth 1993;40:127-32.
37. Young WL, Matteo RS, Ornstein E. Duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine in the elderly. Anesth Analg 1988;67:775-8.
38. Matteo RS, Young WL, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, Silverberg PA, Diaz J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edrophonium in elderly surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1990;71:334-9.
39. Morris RB, Cronelly R, Miller RD, Stanski DR, Fahey MR. Pharmacokinetics of edrophonium and neostigmine when antagonizing d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesthesiology 1981;54:399-402.
40. Duvaldestin P, Demetriou M, Henzel D, Desmonts JM. The placental transfer of pancuronium and its pharmacokinetics during caesarian section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1978;22:327-33.
41. Dailey PA, Fisher DM, Schnider SM, Baysinger CL, Shinohara Y, Miller RD, Aboud TK, Kim KC. Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and neonatal effects of vecuronium and pancuronium administered during Caesarean section. Anesthesiology 1984;60:569-74.
42. Flynn PJ, Frank M, Hughes R. Use of atracurium in caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:599-605.
43. Abouleish E, Wingard Jr, S, De La Vega S, Uy N. Pancuronium in Caesarean section and its placental transfer. Br J Anaesth 1980;52:531-6.
44. Ho PC, Stephens ID, Triggs EJ. Caesarean section and placental transfer of alcuronium. Anaesth Intens Care 1981;9:113-18.
45. Leighton BL, Chuk TG, Gross JB, Apfelbaum JL, Schantz BB, Gutsche BB, Rosenberg H. Succinylcholine pharmacodynamics in peripartum patients. Anesthesiology 1986;64:202-5.
46. West R. Curare in man. Proc.R.Soc.Med. 1932;25:1107-16.
47. Merriman HM. The techniques used to sedate ventilated patients, Int Care Med 1981;7:21 7-24.
48. Bion JF, Ledingham IMA. Sedation in intensive care: a postal survey. Int.Care Med. 1987;13:215-16.
49. Murray MJ, Strickland RA, Weiler C. The use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in the intensive care unit: a US perspective, Int Care Med 1993;19:S40-S44.
50. Williatts SM. Paralysis for ventilated patients? Yes or No? Intens Crit Care Digest 1985;4:9-10.
51. Parker MM, Schubert W, Shelhamer JH, Parrillo JE. Perceptions of a critically ill patient experiencing therapeutic paralysis in an ICU. Crit Care Med 1984;12:69-71.
52. Booij LHDJ. The influence of renal and hepatic function on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Pharm Weekblad Scie ed 1987;9: 56-60.
53. Booij LHDJ. Muscle relaxants and medical status of the patient. Curr. Opinion in Anaesthesiol. 1989;2:488-92.
54. Argov Z, Mastaglia FL. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission caused by drugs. New Engl J Med 1979;301:409-13.
55. Martyn JAJ, Hogue CW. Competitive antagonism of acetylcholine receptor increases receptor number and tolerance to tubocurarine. Br J Anaesth 1990;65:578.
56. Dodson BA, Kelly BJ, Braswell LM, Cohen NH. Changes in acetylcholine receptor number in muscle from critically ill patients receiving muscle relaxants: an investigation of the molecular mechanism of prolonged paralysis. Crit Care Med 1995;23:815-21.
57. Hogue CW, Jr, Ward JM, Itani MS, Martyn JAJ. Tolerance and upregulation of acetylcholine receptors follow chronic infusion of d-tubocurarine. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:1326-31.
58. Gronert GA. Disuse atrophy with resistance to pancuronium. Anesthesiology 1981;55:547-9.
59. Coursin DB, Klasek G, Goelzer S. Increased requirements for continuously infused vecuronium in critically ill patients. Anest Analg 1989;69:518-21.
60. Kushimo OT, Darowski MJ, Morris P, Hollis S, Meakin G. Dose requirements of atracurium in paediatric intensive care patients. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:781-3.
61. Yate PM, Flynn PJ, Arnold RW et al. Clinical experience and plasma laudanosine concentrations during infusion of atracurium in the intensive care unit. Br J Anaesth 1987;59:211-17.
62. Callanan DL. Development of resistance to pancuronium in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesth Analg 1985;64:1126-8.
63. Sethna DH, Starr NJ, Estafanous FG. Cardiovascular effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers in patients with aortic valve disease. Can J Anaesth 1987;34:582-8.
64. Murray MJ, Coursin DB, Scuderi PE, Kamath G, Prough DS, Howard DM, Abou-Donia MA. Double-blind, randomized, multicenter study of doxacurium vs. pancuronium in intensive care unit patients who require neuromuscular-blocking agents. Crit Care Med 1995;23:450-8.
65. Stellato C, dePaulis A, Cirillo R, Mastronardi P, Mazzarella B, Marone G. Heterogeneity of human mast cells and basophils in response to muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 1991;74:1078-86.
66. North FC, Kettelkamp N, Hirshman CA. Comparison of cutaneous and in vitro histamine release by muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 1987;66:543-6.
67. Robertson EN, Fragen RJ, Booij LHDJ, Crul JF. Intradermal histamine release by 3 muscle relaxants. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1983;27:203-5.
68. Vetterman J, Beck KC, Lindahl SHE, Brichant JF, Rehder K. Actions of enflurane, isoflurane, vecuronium, atracurium and pancuronium on pulmonary resistance in dogs. Anesthesiology 1988;69:688-95.
69. Crago RR, Bryan AC, Laws AK, Winestock AE. Respiratory flow resistance after curare and pancuronium measured by forced oscillations. Can Anaesth Soc J 1972;19:607-14.
70. Mehr EH, Hirshman CA, Lindeman KS. Mechanism of action of atracurium on airways. Anesthesiology 1992;76:448-54.
71. Gerbershagen HU, Bergmann HA. The effect of d-tubocurarine on respiratory resistance in anesthetized man. Anesthesiology 1967;28-981-4.
72. Simpson DA, Wright DJ, Hammond JE. Influence of tubocurarine, pancuronium and atracurium on bronchomotor tone. Br J Anaesth 1985;57:753-7.
73. Eriksson LI, Sato M, Severinghaus JW. Effect of a vecuronium-induced partial neuromuscular block on hypoxic ventilatory response. Anesthesiology 1993;78:693-9.
74. Park GR, Gray PA. Infusions of analgesics, sedatives and muscle relaxants in patients who require intensive care. Anaesthesia 1989;4:879-80.
75. Segredo V, Caldwell JE, Matthay MA, Sharma ML, Gruenke LD, Miller RD. Persistent paralysis in critically ill patients after long-term administration of vecuronium. N Engl J Med 1992;327:524-8.
76. Segredo V, Malthay MA, Sharma ML, Greunke LD, Caldwell JE, Miller RD. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade after long term administration of vecuronium in two critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 1990;72:566-70.
77. Castagnoli KP, Caldwell JE, Canfell PC, Lynam DP, Arden JR, Miller RD. Does the independent measurement of 3-desacetylvecuronium influence the pharmacokinetics of vecuronium? Anesthesiology 1988;69:A479.
78. Vandenbrom RHG, Wierda JMKH. Pancuronium bromide in the intensive care unit: a case of overdose. Anesthesiology 1988;69:996-1001
79. Meyer KC, Prielipp RC, Grossman JE, Coursin DB. Prolonged weakness after infusion of atracurium in two intensive care unit patients. Anesth Analg 1994;78:772-4.
80. Mesry S, Baradaran J. Accidental intrathecal injection of gallamine triethiodide. Anaesthesia 1974;29:301-4.
81. Peduto VA, Gungii P, Di Martino MR, Napoleone M. Accidental subarachnoid injection of pancuronium. Anesth Analg 1989;69:516-17.
82. Matteo RS, Pua EK, Khambotta KJ, Spector S. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of d-tubocurarine in man. Anesthesiology 1977;46:396-400.
83. Frankville DD, Drummond JC. Hyperkalemia after succinylcholine administration in a patient with closed head injury without paresis. Anesthesiology 1987;67:264-6.
84. Gooch JL, Suchtya MR, Balbierz JM, Petajan JH, Clemmer TP. Prolonged paralysis after treatment with neuromuscular junction blocking agents. Crit Care Med 1991;19:1125-31.
85. Heckmatt JZ, Pitt MC, Kirkham F. Peripheral neuropathy and neuromuscular blockade presenting as prolonged respiratory paralysis following critical illness. Neuropediatrics 1993;24:123-5.
86. Kupfer Y, Namba T, Kaldawi E, Tessler S. Prolonged weakness after long-term infusion of vecuronium bromide. Ann Int Med 1992;117:484-6.
87. Zochodne DW, Bolton CF, Wells GA, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF, Browm JD, Sibbald WA. Critical illness polyneuropathy - a complication of sepsis and multiorgan failure. Brain 1987;110:819-42.
88. Witt NJ, Zochodne DW, Bolton CF, Grans'Maison F, Wells G, Young GB, Sibbald WJ. Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Chest 1991;99:176-84.
89. Bolton CF, Young GB, Zochodne DW. The neurological complications of sepsis. Ann Neurol 1993;33:94-100.
90. Helliwell TR, Coakley JH, Wagenmakers AJM, Griffiths RD, Campbell IT, Green CJ, McClelland P, Bone JM. Necrotizing myopathy in critically-ill patients. J Pathol 1991;164:307-14.
91. Zochodne DW, Ramsay DA, Saly V, Shelley S, Moffatt S. Acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care: electrophysiological studies. Muscle & Nerve 1994;17:285-92.
92. Giostra E, Magistris MR, Pizzolato G, Cox J, Chevrolet J-C. Neuromuscular disorders in intensive care unit patients treated with pancuronium bromide. Occurrence in a cluster group of seven patients and two sporadic cases, with electrophysiologic and histologic examination. Chest 1994;106:210-20.
93. Danon MJ, Carpenter S. Myopathy with filament (myosin) loss following prolonged paralysis with vecuronium during steroid treatment. Muscle & Nerve 1991;14:1131-9.
94. Al-Lozi MT, Pestronk A, Yee WC, Flaris N, Cooper J. Rapidly evolving myopathy with myosin-deficient muscle fibers. Ann Neurol 1994;35:273-9.
95. Matsubara S, Okada T, Yoshida M. Mitochondrial changes in acute myopathy after treatment of respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation (acute relaxant-steroid myopathy). Acta Neuropathol 1994;88:475-8.
96. Brun-Buisson C, Gherardi R. Hydrocortisone and pancuronium bromide: acute myopathy during status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1988;731-2. (letter to the editor)
97. Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle & Nerve 1993;16:84-90.
98. Gorson KC, Ropper AH. Acute respiratory failure neuropathy: a variant of critical illness polyneuropathy. Crit Care Med 1993;21:267-71.
99. Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Rogers SJ, Ridings LW, McVey AL. Prolonged paralysis due to nondepolarising neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids. Muscle & Nerve 1994;17:647-54.
100. Op de Coul AAW, Lambregts PCLA, Koeman J, van Puyenbroek MJE, Ter Laak JH, Gabreels-Festen AAWM. Neuromuscular complications in patients given pavulon (pancuronium bromide) during artificial ventilation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1985;87:17-22.
101. Griffin D, Fairman N, Coursin DB, Rawsthorne L, Grossman JE. Acute myopathy during treatment of status asthmaticus with corticosteroids and steroidal relaxants. Chest 1992;102:510-14.
102. Manthous CA, Chatila W. Prolonged weakness after the withdrawal of atracurium. Am J Crit Care Med 1994;150:1441-3.
103. Khaleeli A, Edwards W, Gohill K, McPhail G, Rennie M, Round J. Corticosteroid myopathy: a clinical and pathological study. Clin Endocrinol 1983;18:155-66.
104. Gwinnutt CL, Eddleston JM, Edwards D, Pollard BJ. Concentrations of atracurium and laudanosine in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in three intensive care patients. Br J Anaesth 1990;65:829-32.
105. Parker CJR, Jones JE, Hunter JM. Disposition of infusions of atracurium and its metabolite, laudanosine, in patients with renal and respiratory failure in an ITU. Br J Anaesth 1988;61:531-40.
106. Nigrovic V, Klaunig JE, Smith SL, Schulz NE, Wajskol A. Comparative toxicity of atracurium and metocurine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Anesth Analg 1986;65:1107-11.
107. Partridge BL, Abrams JH, Bazemore C, et al. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade after long-term infusion of vecuronium bromide in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1990;18:1177-9.
108. Gronert GA, Theye RA. Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 1975;43:89-99.
109. Epstein HM, Jarzensky D, Zuckerman L, Vagher P. Plasma cholinesterase activity in bank blood. Anesth Analg 1980;59:211-14.
110. Badetti C, Manelli JC. Curare and burns. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1994;13:705-12.
111. John DA, Tobey RE, Homer LD, Rice CL. Onset of succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia following denervation. Anesthesiology 1976;45:294-9.