Physiology and pathophysiology of dendritic cells

Human Pathology

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 563-579

  Wright Browne, Vance ^b   McClain, Kenneth L ^b   Talpaz, Moshe ^b   Ordonez, Nelson ^b   Estrov, Zeev ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

dendritic cell; dendritic cell histiocytosis; Langerhans' cells; stem cells

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; INTERFERON; VINBLASTINE;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELL TYPE; DENDRITIC CELL; ETIOLOGY; HISTIOCYTOSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; INTRALESIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LANGERHANS CELL; LEUKEMIA; LEUKOPLAKIA; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; SOLID TUMOR; STEM CELL;

EID: 0030984832     PISSN: 00468177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0046-8177(97)90079-4     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Steinman RM: The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenecity. Annu Rev Immunol 9:271-296, 1991
2. Steinman RM, Cohn ZA: Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J Exp Med 137:1142-1162, 1973
3. Langerhans P: Uber die Nerven der menschlichen haut. Virchows Arch [A] 44:325-327, 1868
4. Breathnach AS, Silver WK, Smith J, et al: Langerhans cells in mouse skin experimentally deprived of its neural crest components. J Invest Dermatol 50:147-160, 1968
5. Austyn JM: Lymphoid dendritic cells. Immunology 62:161-170, 1987
6. Silberberg I, Baer RL, Rosenthal SA: The role of Langerhans cells in allergic contact sensitivity: A review of the findings in man and guinea pigs. J Invest Dermatol 66:210-217, 1976
7. Larsen CP, Steinman RM, Witmer-Pack MD, et al: Migration and maturation of Langerhans cells in skin transplants and expiants. J Exp Med 172:1483-1493, 1990
8. Hart DNJ, Fuggle SV, Williams KA, et al: Localization of HLAABC and DR antigens in human kidney. Transplantation 31:428-433, 1981
9. Steinman RM, Inaba K: Immunogenecity and role of dendritic cells. Bioessays 10:145-152, 1989
10. Young JW, Steinman RM: Accessory cell requirements for the mixed-leukocyte reaction and polyclonal mitogens, as studied with a new technique for enriching blood dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 111:167-182, 1988
11. Hart DNJ, McKenzie JL: Interstitial dendritic cells. Int Rev Immunol 6:127-138, 1990
12. Silberberg-Sinakin I, Ghu I, Baer RE, et al: Langerhans cells: Role in contact hypersensitivity and relationship to lymphoid dendritic cells and macrophages. Immunol Rev 53:203-232, 1980
13. Van-Voorhis WC, Hair LS, Steinman RM, et al: Human dendritic cells: Enrichment and characterization from peripheral blood. J Exp Med 155:1172-1187, 1982
14. Tschachler E, Shuler G, Hutterer J, et al: Expression of Thy-1 antigen by murine epidermal cells. J Invest Dermatol 81:282-285, 1983
15. Dupuy P, Heslan M, Fraitag S, et al: T-cell receptor gamma/ delta bearing lymphocytes in normal and inflammatory human skin. J Invest Dermatol 94:764-768, 1990
16. Breathnach SM, Katz SI: Thy-1+ dendritic cells are bone marrow derived. J Invest Dermatol 83:74-77, 1984
17. Koning F, Stingl G, Yokoyama WM, et al: Identification of a T3-associated gamma delta receptor on Thyl + dendritic epidermal cell lines. Science 236:834-836, 1987
18. Romani N, Stingl G, Tschachler E, et al: The Thy-1-bearing cell of murine epidermis: A distinctive leucocyte perhaps related to natural killer cells. J Exp Med 161:1368-1383, 1985
19. Asarnow DM, Kuziel WA, Bobyhadi M, et al: Limited diversity of gamma delta antigen receptor genes of Thy-1 + dendritic epidermal cells. Cell 55:837-847, 1988
20. Havran WL, Poenie M, Tigelaar RE, et al: Phenotypic and functional analysis of gamma-delta T-cell receptor positive murine dendritic epidermal clones. J Immunol 142:1422-1428, 1989
21. Schmidt D: Monocyte/macrophage system and malignancies. Med Pediatr Oncol 23:444-451, 1994
22. Hancock WW, Atkins RC: Immunohistologic analysis of the cell surface antigens of human DC using monoclonal antibodies. Transplant Proc 16:963-967, 1984
23. Thomas R, Davis LS, Lipsky PE: Isolation and characterization of human peripheral blood dendritic cells. J Immunol 150:821-834, 1993
24. Katz SI, Tamaki K, Sachs DH: Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in bone marrow. Nature 282:324-326, 1979
25. Reid CD, Fryer PR, Clifford C, et al: Identification of hematopoietic progenitors of macrophages and dendritic Langerhans cells (DL-CFU) in human bone marrow and peripheral blood. Blood 76:1139-1149, 1990
26. Birbeck MS, Breathnach AS, Everall JD: An electron microscopic study of basal melanocyte and high level clear cell (Langerhans cell) in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 37:51-63, 1961
27. Knapp W, Dorken B, Gilks WR, et al (eds): Leucocyte Typing, vol 4. White Cell Differentiation Antigens. New York, NY, Oxford, 1989, 1074
28. Chu T, Jaffe R: The normal Langerhans cell and the LCH cell. Br J Cancer 70:S4-S10, 1994 (suppl 13)
29. Breathnach SM. The Langerhans cell. Br J Dermatol 119:463-469, 1988
30. Knight SC, Farrant J, Bryant A, et al: Non-adherent low-density cells from human peripheral blood contain dendritic cells and monocytes, both with veiled morphology. Immunology 57:595-603, 1986
31. Bowers WE, Berkowitz MR: Differentiation of dendritic cells in cultures of bone marrow cells. J Exp Med 163:872-883, 1986
32. Caux C, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Schmitt D, et al: GM-CSF and TNF-alpha cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells. Nature 360:258-261, 1992
33. Reid CDL, Stackpoole A, Meager A, et al: Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and other cytokines in the regulation of dendritic cell growth in vitro from early bipotent CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow. J Immunol 149:2681-2688, 1992
34. Romani N, Gruner S, Brang D, et al: Proliferating dendritic cell progenitors in human blood. J Exp Med 180:83-93, 1994
35. Knight SC: Dendritic cells, in: Lachmann P (ed): Clinical Aspects of Immunology. Cambridge, MA, Blackwell Scientific, Publications, Oxford, Boston, 1993, pp 481-502
36. Freudenthal PS, Steimnan RM: The distinct surface of human blood dendritic cells, as observed after an improved isolation method. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:7698-7702, 1990
37. Sprecher E, Becker Y: Dendritic cells in the epidermis and the lymph nodes: A review, in Becker Y (ed): Skin Langerhans (Dendritic) Cells in Virus Infections and AIDS. Boston, Dordrecht, London, Kluwer, Academic Publishers, 1991, pp 3-23
38. Jaffe R: Human dendritic cells, isolation and culture from precursors. Pediatr Pathol 13:821-837, 1993
39. Kampgen E, Koch F, Heufler C, et al: Understanding the dendritic cell lineage through a study of cytokine receptors. J Exp Med 179:1767-1776, 1994
40. Romani N, Kampgen E, Koch F, et al: Dendritic cell production of cytokines and responses to cytokines. Int Rev Immunol 6:151-161, 1990
41. Egner W, Prickett TC, Hart DN: Adhesion molecule expression: A comparison of human blood dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages. Transplant Proc 24:2318, 1992
42. + blood dendritic cells. Blood 86:3295-3301, 1995
43. Symington FW, Brady W, Linsley PS: Expression and function of B7 on human epithelial Langerhans cells. J Immunol 150:1286-1295, 1993
44. Vandenberghe P, Delabie J, de Boer M, et al: In situ expression of B7/BB1 on antigen presenting cells and activated B cells. An immunohistochemical study. Int Immunol 5:317-321, 1993
45. Zhou LJ, Schwarting R, Smith HM, et al: A novel cell-surface molecule expressed by human interdigitating reticulum cells, Langerhans cells and activated lymphocytes is a new member of the Ig superfamily. J Immunol 149:735-742, 1992
46. Rowden G, Lewis MG, Sullivan AK: Ia antigen expression on human epidermal Langerhans cells. Nature 268:247-248, 1977
47. Cocchia D, Michetti F, Donato R: Immunochemical and immunocytochemical localization of S-100 antigen in normal human skin. Nature 294:85-86, 1981
48. Haines KA, Flotte TJ, Springer TA, et al: Staining of Langerhans cells with monoclonal antibodies to macrophages and lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:3448-3451, 1983
49. Pomagnoli P, Pimpinelli P, Lotti T: Dendritic cells in the skin and oral mucosa. Ital Gen Rev Dermatol 28:49-79, 1991
50. Baker KW, Habowsky JEJ: EDTA separation and ATPase Langerhans cell staining in the mouse epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 80:104-107, 1983
51. Chaker MB, Tharp MD, Bergstresser PR: Rodent epidermal Langerhans cells demonstrate greater histochemical specificity for ADP than for ATP or AMP. J Invest Dermatol 82:496-499, 1984
52. Heufler C, Topar G, Koch F, et al: Cytokine expression in murine epidermal cell suspensions: interleukin 1 beta and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha are selectively expressed in Langerhans cells but are differentially regulated in culture. J Exp Med 176:1221-1226, 1992
53. Steiner G, Tschachler E, Tani M, et al: Interleukin-2 receptors on cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells. J Immunol 137:155-159, 1986
54. Yu R, Buluwela L, Alaiba CM, et al: Cytokine expression by human epidermal LC and LCH cells. Br J Dermatol 129:29, 1994 (suppl 42)
55. Staquet MJ, Pequet J, Jacquet C, et al: Expression of ICAM-3 on human epidermal dendritic cells. Immunobiology 192:249-261, 1995
56. Austyn JM, Steinman RM, Weinstein DE, et al: Dendritic cells initiate a two-stage mechanism for T-lymphocyte proliferation. J Exp Med 157:1101-1115, 1983
57. Hart DNJ, Mckenzie JL: Isolation and characterization of human tonsil dendritic cells. J Exp Med 168:157-170, 1988
58. King PD, Katz DR: Mechanisms of dendritic cell function. Immunol Today 11:206-211, 1990
59. Crowley M, Inaba K, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells are the principal cells in mouse spleen bearing immunogenic fragments of foreign proteins. J Exp Med 172:383-386, 1990
60. Crow MK, Kunkel HG: Human dendritic cells: Major stimulators of the autologous and allogeneic mixed leucocyte reactions. Clin Exp Immunol 49:338-346, 1982
61. Inaba K, Romani N, Steinman RM: An antigen-independent contact mechanism as an early step in T cell-proliferative responses to dendritic cells. J Exp Med 170:527-542, 1989
62. Austyn JM, Weinstein DE, Steinman RM: Clustering with dendritic cells preceded and is essential for T-cell proliferation in a mitogenous model. Immunology 63:691-696, 1988
63. Sunshine GH, Katz DR, Czitrom AA: Heterogeneity of stimulator cells in the murine mixed leukocyte reaction. Eur J Immunol 12:9-15, 1982
64. Steinman RM, Witmer MD: Lymphoid dendritic cells are potent stimulators of the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75:5132-5136, 1978
65. Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM: Contribution of dendritic cells to stimulation of the murine syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. J Exp Med 151:1196-1212, 1980
66. Czitrom AA, Katz DR, Sunshine GH: Alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to H-2 products on purified accessory cells. Immunology 45:553-560, 1982
67. Inaba K, Granelli-Piperno A, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells induce T lymphocytes to release B cell-stimulating factors by an interleukin 2-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 158:2040-2057, 1983
68. Sunshine GH, Katz DR, Feldmann M: Dendritic cells induce T cell proliferation to synthetic antigens under Ir gene control. J Exp Med 512:1817-1822, 1980
69. King PD, Katz DR: Human tonsillar dendritic cell-induced T cell responses: Analysis of molecular mechanisms using monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Immunol 19:581-587, 1989
70. Porgador A, Gilboa E: Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with a class I-restricted peptide are potent inducers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 182:255-260, 1995
71. Inaba K, Young JW, Steinmen RM: Direct activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 166:182-194, 1987
72. Koide SL, Inaba K, Steinman RM: Interleukin-1 enhances T-dependent immune responses by amplifying the function of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 165:515-530, 1987
73. Macatonis SE, Doherty TM, Knight SC, et al: Differential effect of IL-10 on dendritic cell-induced T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 150:3755-3765, 1993
74. Young JW, Koulova L, Soergel SA, et al: The B7/BB1 antigen provides one of several costimulatory signals for the activation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes by human blood dendritic cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 90:229-237, 1992
75. Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM, Gutchinov B, et al: Dendritic cells are accessory cells for the generation of anti TNP cytotoxic cells. J Exp Med 152:1070-1084, 1980
76. Katz DR, Feldman M, Tees R, et al: Heterogeneity of accessory cells interacting with T-helper clones. Immunology 58:167-172, 1986
77. Larsen CP, Austyn JM, Morris PJ: The role of graft-derived dendritic leukocytes in the rejection of vascularized organ allografts: Recent findings on the migrating function of dendritic leukocytes after transplantation. Ann Surg 212:308-317, 1990
78. Lafferty KJ, Woolnough J: The origin and mechanism of the allograft reaction. Immunol Rev 35:231-262, 1977
79. Guttman RD, Forbes RD, Busque S, et al: Passenger leukocyte effect not mediated by interstitial dendritic cells. Transplant Proc 25:98, 1993
80. Oluwole SF, Engelstad K, Hardy MA: Kinetics of prevention of graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow rejection by ultraviolet-B modulation of bone marrow inoculum. Transplant Proc 24:2858-2859, 1992
81. Lechler RI, Batchelor JR: Restoration of immunogenicity to passenger cell-depleted kidney allografts by the addition of donor strain dendritic cells. J Exp Med 155:31-41, 1982
82. Larsen CP, Morris PJ, Austyn JW: Migration of dendritic leukocytes from cardiac allografts into host spleens: A novel pathway for initiation of rejection. J Exp Med 171:307-314, 1990
83. Wakabayashi H, Onoda H, Sugimoto Y, et al: Not donor, but recipient cells are involved in human renal rejection. Transplant Proc 25:856-858, 1993
84. Uyama T, Winter JB, Sakiyama S, et al: Replacement of dendritic cells in the airways of rat lung allografts. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:760-767, 1993
85. Oguma S, Banner B, Zerbe T, et al: Participation of dendritic cells in vascular lesions of chronic rejection of human allografts. Lancet 2:933-936, 1988
86. Rouabhia M, Germain L, Belanger F, et al: Rejection of dendritic cell-depleted epithelial cultered allografts. Transplant Proc 24:3014, 1992
87. Roake JA, Austyn JM: The role of dendritic cells and T-cell activation in allograft rejection. Exp Nephrol 1:90-101, 1993
88. Inaba K, Inaba M, Naito M, et al: Dendritic cell progenitors phagocytose particulates, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms, and sensitize mice to mycobacterial antigens in vivo. J Exp Med 178:479-488, 1993
89. Scheicher C, Mehlig M, Dienes HP. et al: Uptake of microparticle-absorbed protein antigen by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells results in up-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin 12p40/p35 and triggers prolonged, efficient antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 25:1566-1572, 1995
90. Inaba M, Inaba K, Hosono M, et al: Distinct mechanisms of neonatal tolerance induced by dendritic cells and thymic B cells. J Exp Med 173:549-559, 1991
91. Kupiec-Weglenski JW, Austyn JM, Morris PJ: Migration patterns of dendritic cells in the mouse: Traffic from blood, and T cell-dependent and independent entry to lymphoid tissues. J Exp Med 167:632-645, 1988
92. Knight SC, Balfour BM, O'Brien J, et al: Role of veiled cells in lymphocyte activitation. Eur J Immunol 12:1057-1060, 1982
93. Inaba K, Witmer-Pack MD, Inaba M, et al: The function of Ia+ dendritic cells and la-dendritic cell precursors in thymocyte mitogenesis to lectin and lectin plus interleukin 1. J Exp Med 167:149-162, 1988
94. Prickelt TCR, McKenzie JL, Hart DNJ: Characterization of interstitial dendritic cells in human liver. Transplantation 46:754-761, 1988
95. Nichod LP, Lipscomb MF, Weissler JC, et al: Mononuclear cells in human lung parenchyma: Characterization of a potent accessory cell not obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:818-823, 1987
96. Holt PG, Schon-Hegrad MA, McMenamin PG: Dendritic cells in the respiratory tract. Int Rev Immunol 6:139-149, 1990
97. Holt PG, Schon-Hegrad MA, Oliver J: MHC class II antigen-bearing dendritic cells in pulmonary tissues of the rat: Regulation of antigen presentation activity by endogenous macrophage populations. J Exp Med 167:262-274, 1987
98. Kradin RL, McCarthy KM, Xia W, et al: Accessory cells of the lung. I. Interferon-gamma increases Ia+ dendritic cells in the lung without augmenting their accessory capacity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4:210-218, 1991
99. van Haarst JM, Hoogsteden HC, de Wit HJ. et al: Dendritic cells and their precursors isolated from human bronchoalveolar lavage: Immunocytologic and functional properties. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 11:344-350, 1994
100. Hart DNJ, Fabre JW: Major histocompatibility complex antigens in rat, kidney, ureter and bladder: Localization with monoclonal antibodies and demonstration of Ia positive dendritic cells. Transplantation 31:318-325, 1981
101. Hart DNJ, Newton MR, Reece-Smith H, et al: MHC antigens in the rat pancreas, isolated pancreatic islets, thyroid and adrenal: Localization with monoclonal antibodies and demonstration of interstitial dendritic cells. Transplantation 36:431-445, 1983
102. Pavli P, Hume DA, Van De Pol E, et al: Dendritic cells, the major antigen-presenting cells of the human colonie lamina propria. Immunology 78:132-141, 1993
103. Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML: The skin immune system: Progress in cutaneous biology. Immunol Today 14:75-78, 1993
104. Schuler G, Steinman RM: Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro. J Exp Med 161:526-546, 1985
105. Steinman R, Hoffman L, Pope M: Maturation and migration of cutaneous dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 105:265-272, 1995 (suppl 1)
106. Rontogianni D, Gerber H, Zimmerman A: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) antigen-presenting cells differ in their distribution in early and late stage PBC and involve the ductal but not ductular epithelium. Histol Histopathol 9:211-220, 1994
107. Sontheimer RD, Bergstresser PR: Epidermal Langerhans cell involvement in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 79:237-243, 1982
108. Shiohara T, Moriya N, Tanaka Y, et al: Immunopathologic study of lichenoid skin diseases: Correlation between HLA-DR+ keratinocytes or Langerhans cells and epidermotrophic T cells. J Am Acad Dermatol 18:67-74, 1988
109. Bergroth V, Konttinen YT, Johansonn E: Langerhans cells in SLE skin. Scand J Dermatol 14:411-416, 1985
110. Mori N, Pimpinelli N, Romagnoli P, et al: Dendritic cells in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A clue to the pathogenesis of the lesions. Histopathology 24:311-321, 1994
111. Warfvinge K: The human gingival indeterminate cell revisited. Scand J Dent Res 97:488-493, 1989
112. Daniels TE: Human mucosal Langerhans cells: Postmortem identification of regional variations in oral mucosa. J Invest Dermatol 82:21-24, 1984
113. Jontell M, Gunrai MN, Bergenholtz G: Immunocompetent cells in the normal dental pulp. J Dent Res 66:1149-1153, 1987
114. Baelum V, Fejerskov O, Dabelsteen E: Langerhans cells in oral epithelium of chronically inflamed human gingivae. J Periodont Res 24:127-136, 1989
115. Fokkens WJ, Vroom TM, Rijntjes E, et al: CD-1(T6), HLADR expressing cells, presumably Langerhans cells, in nasal mucosa. Allergy 44:167-172, 1988
116. Hernando RA, Ruby JC, Halliday GM: Changes in epidermal Langerhans cells, gamma delta T-cells, and CD4 T-cells after intradermal infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing cytokine genes. Immunol Cell Biol 72:383-389, 1994
117. Sprecher E, Becker Y: Skin Langerhans (Dendritic cells) in Virus Infections and AIDS, in Becker Y (ed): Developments in Medical Virology, vol 7. Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, Kluwer, 1991, pp 241-259
118. Ali A, Patterson S, Cruikshank K, et al: Dendritic cells infected in vitro with human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type-1 (HTLV-1): Enhanced lymphocytic proliferation and tropical spastic paraparesis. Clin Exp Immunol 94:32-37, 1993
119. Knight SC, Macatonia SE, Cruickshank K, et al: Dendritic cells in HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infection. Adv Exp Mol Biol 329:545-549, 1993
120. Cameron PU, Lowe MG, Crowe SM, et al: Susceptibility of dendritic cells to HIV-1 infection in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 56:257-265, 1994
121. Pope M, Betjes MG, Romani N, et al: Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate infection with the HIV-1. Cell 78:389-398, 1994
122. Knight SC, Macatonia SE, Patterson S: Infection of dendritic cells with HIV1: Virus load regulates stimulation and suppression of T-cell activity. Res Virol 144:75-80, 1993
123. Braathen LR, Ramirez G, Kunze RO, et al: Latent infection of epidermal Langerhans cells in HIV-positive individuals. Res Virol 142:119-121, 1991
124. McIlroy D, Autran B, Cheynier R, et al: Infection frequency of dendritic cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes in spleens of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Virol 69:4737-4745, 1995
125. Tschachler E, Groh V, Popovic M, et al: Epidermal Langerhans cells: A target for HTLV III/LAV infection. J Invest Dermatol 88:233-237, 1987
126. Cameron PU, Freudenthal PS, Barker JM, et al: Dendritic cells exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transmit a vigorous cytopathic infection to CD4+ T cells. Science 257:383-387, 1992
127. Weissman D, Li Y, Ananworanich J, et al: Three populations of cells with dendritic morphology exist in peripheral blood, only one of which is infectable with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:826-830, 1995
128. GreenspanJS, Greenspan D, Lennete ET, et al: Replication of Epstein-Barr virus within the epithelial cells of oral hairy leukoplakia, an AIDS associated lesion. N Engl J Med 313:1564-1571, 1985
129. Greenspan D, Conant M, Silverman S Jr, et al: Oral hairy leukoplakia in male homosexuals: Evidence of an association with both papilloma virus and a herpes-group virus. Lancet 2:831-834, 1984
130. Daniels TE, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS, et al: Absence of Langerhans cells in oral hairy leukoplakia, an AIDS associated lesion. J Invest Dermatol 89:178-182, 1987
131. Becker Y: Cancer in ataxia-telangiectasia patients: Analysis of factors leading to radiation-induced and spontaneous tumors. Anticancer Res 6:1021-1032, 1984
132. Becker Y: Does radiation-induced abrogation of skin Langerhans cell functions lead to enhanced incidence of skin tumors in patients with genetic disorders of DNA repair? Cancer Invest 5:507-515, 1987
133. Granstein RD: Photoimmunology. Semin Dermatol 9:16-24, 1990
134. Muller HK, Halliday GM: Langerhans cells in tumor development and regression, in Becker Y (ed): Skin Langerhans (Dendritic) Cells in Virus Infections and AIDS: Developments in Medical Virology. Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht/London, 1991, pp 79-97
135. Muller HK, Halliday GM, Knight BA: Carcinogen-induced depletion of cutaneous Langerhans cells. Br J Cancer 52:81-85, 1985
136. Bergfelt L, Corazon B, Kripke ML: Alterations in Langerhans cells during growth of transplantable murine tumors. J Invest Dermatol 91:129-135, 1988
137. Pitigala-Arachchi A, Matthews JB, Crane IJ, etal: Ia+ epithelial dendritic cells during oral carcinogenesis in the rat. J Oral Pathol 17:138-144, 1988
138. Chen H-D, Zhao Y, Sun G, et al: Occurrence of Langerhans cells and expression of class II antigens on keratinocytes in malignant and benign epithelial tumors of the skin: An immunohistopathologic study with monoclonal antibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 20:1007-1014, 1989
139. Stene ME, Babajanians M, Bhuta S, et al: Quantitative alterations in cutaneous Langerhans cells during the evolution of malignant melanoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 91:125-128, 1988
140. Facchetti F, de Wolf-Peeters C, De Greef H, et al: Langerhans cells in various benign and malignant pigment-cell lesions of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 276:283-287, 1984
141. Matsuda H, Mori M, Tsujitani S, et al: Immunohistochemical evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen and S-100 protein-positive cells in human malignant esophageal tissues. Cancer 65:2261-2265, 1990
142. Huang JA, Huang HD, Peng QB, et al: S-100 protein positive dendritic cells and the significance of their density in gastric precancerous lesions. Proceeding of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science and the Peking Union Medical College 5:93-96, 1990
143. Tsujitani S, Furukawa T, Ryuichiro T, et al: Langerhans cells and prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 59:501-505, 1987
144. Tsujitani S, Kakeji Y, Watanabe A, et al: Infiltration of dendritic cells in relation to tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in human gastric cancer. Cancer 66:2012-2016, 1990
145. Ambe K, Mori M, Enjoji M: S-100 protein-positive dendritic cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Cancer 63:496-503, 1989
146. Furukawa T, Watanabe S, Kodama T, et al: T-zone histiocytes in adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to postoperative prognosis. Cancer 56:2651-2656, 1985
147. Toews G: Pulmonary dendritic cells: Sentinels of lung-associated lymphoid tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4:210-218, 1991
148. Schroder S, Schwarz W, Rehpenning W, et al: Dendritic Langerhans cells and prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas: Immunocytochemical study of 106 thyroid neoplasms correlated to follow-up data. Am J Clin Pathol 89:295-300, 1988
149. Valcuende-Cavero F, Febrer-Bosch MI, Castells-Rodellas A: Langerhans cells and lymphocytic infiltrate in AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma: An immunohistochemical study. Acta Derm Venereol 74:183-187, 1994
150. Gray MH, Trimble CL, Zirn J, et al: Relationship of factor XIII A-positive dermal dendrocytes to Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:791-796, 1991
151. Chardonnet Y, Viac J: Warts, carcinoma and Langerhans cells, In Becker Y (ed): Skin Langerhans (Dendritic) Cells in Virus Infections and AIDS: Developments in Medical Virology, vol 7. Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht, London, 1991, pp 263-278
152. Morris HHB, Gatter KC, Sykes G, et al: Langerhans cells in human cervical epithelium: Effect of wart virus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:412-420, 1983
153. Drijkoningen M, De Wolf-Peeters C, Degreef H, et al: Epidermal Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells and keratinocytes in viral lesions of skin and mucous membranes: An immunohistochemical study. Arch Dermatol Res 280:220-227, 1988
154. Hawthorn RJS, Murdoch JB, Maclean AB, et al: Langerhans cells and subtypes of human papilloma virus in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br Med J 297:643-646, 1988
155. McArdle JP, Muller HK: Quantitative assessment of Langerhans cells in human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and wart virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154:509-515, 1986
156. Tsujitani S, Takeshi O, Baba H, et al: Endoscopic intratumoral injection of OK-432 and Langerhans cells in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 61:1749-1753, 1988
157. Basset F, Nezelof C: Presence en microscopic électronique de structures filamenteyses originales dans les lesions pulmonaires et essayes de l'histiocytose. Bull Soc Med Hop Paris 117:413-426, 1966
158. Hage C, Willman CL, Favara BE, et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X): Immunophenotype and growth fraction. HUM PATHOL 24:840-845, 1993
159. Favara BE, Jaffe R: The histopathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Br J Cancer 70:S17-S23, 1994 (suppl 23)
160. Kannourakis G, Abbas A: The role of cytokines in thepathogenesis of Langerhans Cell histiocytosis. Br J Cancer 70:S37-S40, 1994 (suppl 23)
161. Willman CL: Detection of clonal histiocytes in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: biology and clinical significance. Br J Cancer 70:S29-33, 1994 (suppl 23)
162. Willman CL, Busque L, Griffith B, et al: Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X): A clonal proliferative disease. N Engl J Med 331:154-160, 1994
163. Yu RC, Chu C, Buluwela L, et al: Clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Lancet 343:767-768, 1994
164. Weiss LM, Wood GS, Trela M: Clonal T-cell populations in lymphomatoid papulosis: Evidence of a lymphoproliferative origin for a clinically benign disease. N Engl J Med 315:475-479, 1986
165. Leahy MA, Krejei SM, Friednash M, et al: Human herpes 6 is present in lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Invest Dermatol 101:642-645, 1994
166. McClain K, Weiss RA: Viruses and Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Is there a link? Br J Cancer 70:834-36, 1994 (suppl 23)
167. Mierau GW, Wills EJ, Steele PO: Ultrastructural studies in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A search for evidence of a viral etiology. Pediatr Pathol 14:1051-1054, 1994
168. Helm KF, Lookingbill DP, Marks JG Jr: A clinical and pathologic study of histiocytosis X in adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:166-170, 1993
169. Broadbent V, Egeler RM, Nesbit ME: Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Br J Cancer 1994 70:S11-16, 1994 (suppl 23)
170. Greis PE, Hankin FM: Eosinophilic granuloma: The management of solitary lesions of bone. Clin Orthop 257:204-211, 1990
171. Maghnie M, Arico M, Villa A, et al: MR of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Neuroradiol 13:1365-1371, 1992
172. Cline MJ: Histiocytes and histiocytosis. Blood 84:2840-2853, 1994
173. Burn DJ, Watson JD, Roddi M, et al: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and the nervous system. J Neurol 239:345-350, 1992
174. Grois N, Tsunematsu Y, Barkovich J, et al: Central nervous system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Br J Cancer 70:S24-S28, 1994 (suppl 23)
175. Vade A, Hayani A, Pierce KL: Congenital histiocytosis X. Pediatr Radiol 23:181-182, 1993
176. Kanold J, Vannier JP, Fusasa T, et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis in twin sisters. Arch Pediatr 1:49-53, 1994
177. Katz AM, Rosenthal D, Jakubovic HR, et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis in monozygotic twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 24:32-37, 1991
178. Divaris DX, Ling FC, Prentice RS: Congenital self-healing histiocytosis: Report of two cases with histochemical and ultrastructural studies. Am J Dermatopthol 13:481-487, 1991
179. Egeler RM, Neglia JP, Puccetti DM, et al: Association of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with malignant neoplasms. Cancer 71:865-873, 1993
180. Nichols CR, Roth BJ, Heerema N, et al: Hematologic neoplasia associated with primary mediastinal germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med 322:1425-1429, 1990
181. Ladisch S, Gadner H: Treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Br J Cancer 70:S41-S46, 1994 (suppl 23)
182. Ceci A, de Terlizzi M, Colella R, et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis in childhood: Results from the Italian Cooperative AIEOP-CNR-H.X '83 study. Med Pediatr Oncol 21:259-264, 1993
183. Ishii E, Matsuzaki A, Okamura J, et al: Treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children with etoposide. Am J Clin Oncol 15:515-517, 1992
184. Takemori H, Sakata Y, Suzuki H, et al: A case of malignant histiocytosis successfully treated with combination Interferon and etoposide therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 20:431-435, 1990
185. Matsushima Y, Baba T: Resolution of cutaneous lesions of histiocytosis X by intralesional injections of interferon beta. Int J Dermatol 30:373-374, 1991 (letter)
186. Saven A, Figueroa ML, Piro LD, et al: 2-Chloro-deoxyadenosine to treat refractory histiocytosis X. N Engl J Med 329:734-735, 1993 (letter)
187. Raney RB Jr: Chemotherapy for children with aggressive fibromatosis and Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Clin Orthop 262:58-63, 1991
188. Mahmoud H, Broadbent V: Results of the Histiocyte Society: Cyclosporine Salvage Therapy Questionnaire. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Histiocyte Society. San Francisco, CA, October 1-3, 1993
189. Cazin B, Gorin NC, Jouet JP, et al: Successful autologous bone marrow transplantation in second remission of malignant histiocytosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 5:431-435, 1990
190. Morgan G: Myeloablative therapy and bone marrow transplantation for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Br J Cancer 70:S52-53, 1994 (suppl 23)
191. Greinix HT, Storb R, Sanders JE, et al: Marrow transplantation for treatment of multisystem progressive Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 10:39-44, 1992
192. Concepcion W, Esquivel CO, Terry A, et al: Liver transplantation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X). Semin Oncol 18:24-28, 1991
193. Loire R, Brune J: Severe late stage lesions of pulmonary histiocytosis X: Report of 3 transplantations. Rev Mal Respir 10:223-228, 1993
194. Rousselet M-C, Francois S, Croue A, et al: A lymph node interdigitating reticulum cell sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 118:183-188, 1994
195. Rabkin MS, Kjeldsberg CR, Hammond ME, et al: Clinical, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and DNA content analysis of lymphomas having features of interdigitating reticulum cells. Cancer 61:1594-1601, 1988
196. Segal GH, Mesa MV, Fishleder Af, et al: Precursor Langerhans cell histiocytosis: An unusual histiocytic proliferation in a patient with persistent non-Hodgkins lymphoma and terminal acute monocytic leukemia. Cancer 70:547-553, 1992
197. Srivastava BI, Srivastava A, Srivastava MD: Acute leukemia involving progenitors of dendritic Langerhans cells (DLCS): A new entity. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 32:A1006, 1991 (abstr)
198. Santiago-Schwarz F, Coppock DL, Hindenburg AA, et al: Identification of a malignant counterpart of the monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor in an acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 84:3054-3062, 1994
199. Srivastava BI, Chervinsky DS, Grossi M, et al: A pediatric patient with acute leukemia involving progenitors of Dendritic Langerhans cells (DLCS). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 33:A1213, 1992 (abstr)
200. Santiago-Schoarz F, Rappa DA, Laky R, et al: Stem cell factor augments tumor necrosis factor-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mediated dendritic cell hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 13:186-196, 1995