Parasite proteinases and amino acid metabolism: Possibilities for chemotherapeutic exploitation

Parasitology

Volumn 114, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages

  Coombs, G H ^a   Mottram, J C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEINASE INHIBITOR;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMOTHERAPY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME RELEASE; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PARASITE VIRULENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEINASE INHIBITION;

ANIMALS; ANTHELMINTICS; ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES; DRUG DESIGN; ENDOPEPTIDASES; HELMINTHS; METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; TRYPANOSOMATINA;

EID: 0030981772     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s003118209700111x     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. ABDELHAK, S., LOUZIR, H., TIMM, J., BLEL, L., BENLASFAR, Z., LAGRANDERIE, M., GHEORGHIU, M., DELLAGI, K. & GICQUEL, B. (1995). Recombinant BCG expressing the leishmania surface antigen gp63 induces protective immunity against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice. Microbiology 141, 1585-1592.
2. ABE, Y., SHIRANE, K., YOKOSAWA, H., MATSUSHITA, H., MITTA, M., KATO, I. & ISHII, S. (1993). Asparginyl endopeptidase of jack bean seeds. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 3525-3529.
3. ALDAPE, K., HUIZINGA, H., BOUVIER, J. & McKERROW, J. (1994). Naegleria fozeleri - characterization of a secreted histolytic cysteine protease. Experimental Parasitology 78, 230-241.
4. ALDERETE, J. F., NEWTON, E., DENNIS, C. & NEALE, K. A. (1991). Antibody in sera of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis is to trichomonad proteinases. Genitourinary Medicine 67, 331-334.
5. ARROYO, R. & ALDERETE, J. F. (1989). Trichomonas vaginalis surface proteinase activity is necessary for parasite adherence to epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity 57, 2992-2997.
6. AUTHIÉ, E. (1994). Trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance in cattle: a role for congopain? Parasitology Today 10, 360-364.
7. AUTHIÉ, E., DUVALLET, G., ROBERTSON, C. & WILLIAMS, D. J. L. (1993). Antibody responses to a 33 kDa cysteine protease of Trypanosoma congolense: relationship to 'trypanotolerance ' in cattle. Parasite Immunology 15, 465-474.
8. AVILA, E. E. & CALDERON, J. (1993). Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites - a surface associated cysteine protease. Experimental Parasitology 76, 232-241.
9. BACCHI, C. J. & YARLETT, N. (1995). Polyamine metabolism. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites (ed. Marr, J. J. & Muller, M.), pp. 119-131. London, Academic Press.
10. BARRETT, A. J. & RAWLINGS, N. D. (1996). Families and clans of cysteine peptidases. Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 6, 1-11.
11. BARRETT, J. (1991). Amino acid metabolism in helminths. Advances in Parasitology 30, 39-105.
12. BART, G., COOMBS, G. H. & MOTTRAM, J. C. (1995). Isolation of lmcpc, a gene encoding a Leishmania mexicana cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 73, 271-274.
13. BECKER, C., SHUTOV, A. D., NONG, V. H., SENYUK, V. I., JUNG, R., HORSTMANN, C., FISCHER, J., NIELSEN, N. C. & MUNTZ, K. (1995). Purification, cDNA cloning and characterization of proteinase B, an asparagine specific endopeptidase from germinating vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seeds. European Journal of Biochemistry 228, 456-462.
14. BECKER, M. M., HARROP, S. A., DALTON, J. P., KALINNA, B. H., MCMANUS, D. P. & BRINDLEY, P. J. (1995). Cloning and characterization of the Schistosoma japonicum aspartic proteinase involved in hemoglobin degradation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 24496-24501.
15. BECKETT, R. P., DAVIDSON, A. H., DRUMMOND, A. H., HUXLEY, P. & WHITTAKER, M. (1996). Recent advances in matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor research. Drug Discovery Today 1, 16-26.
16. BENGHEZAL, M., BENACHOUR, A., RUSCONI, S., AEBI, M. & CONZELMANN, A. (1996). Yeast Gpi8p is essential for GPI anchor attachment onto proteins. EMBO Journal 15, 6575-6583.
17. BLACKMAN, M. J., CHAPPEL, J. A., SHAI, S. & HOLDER, A. A. (1993). A conserved parasite serine protease processes the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 62, 103-114.
18. BLUNDELL, T. L. (1996). Structure-based drug design. Nature 384 (suppl.), 23-26.
19. BONTEMPI, E., MARTINEZ, J. & CAZZULO, J. J. (1989). Subcellular localization of a cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 33, 43-48.
20. BOUVIER, J., SCHNEIDER, P. & ETGES, R. (1995). Leishmanolysin: surface metalloproteinase of Leishmania. Methods in Enzymology 248, 614-633.
21. BOZNER, P. & DEMES, P. (1991). Proteinases in Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas mobilensis are not exclusively of cysteine type. Parasitology 102, 113-115.
22. BOZNER, P., GOMBOSOVA, A., VALENT, M., DEMES, P. & ALDERETE, J. F. (1992). Proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis, antibody-response in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. Parasitology 105, 387-391.
23. BRAUN-BRETON, C. & PEREIRA DA SILVA, L. H. (1993). Malaria proteases and red blood cell invasion. Parasitology Today 9, 92-96.
24. BRAUN-BRETON, C., BLISNICK, T., JOUIN, H., BARALE, J. C., RABILLOUD, T., LANGSLEY, G. & PEREIRA DA SILVA, L. H. (1992). Plasmodium chabaudi: p68 serine proteinase activity required for merozoite entry into mouse erythrocyte. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 9647-9651.
25. BREMNER, A. F., COOMBS, G. H. & NORTH, M. J. (1986). Antitrichomonal activity of the proteinase inhibitor leupeptin. IRCS Medical Science 14, 555-556.
26. BRITTINGHAM, A., MORRISON, C. J., MCMASTER, W. R., MCGWIRE, B. S., CHANG, K. P. & MOSSER, D. M. (1995). Role of the Leishmania surface protease gp63 in complement fixation, cell adhesion, and resistance to complement-mediated lysis. Journal of Immunology 155, 3102-3111.
27. BRUCHHAUS, I. & TANNICH, E. (1996). A gene highly homologous to ACP1 encoding cysteine proteinase 3 in Entamoeba histolytica is present and expressed in E. dispar. Parasitology Research 82, 189-192.
28. BUTLER, R., MICHEL, A., KUNZ, W. & KLINKERT, M. Q. (1995). Sequence of Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin C and its structural comparison with papain and cathepsin B and cathepsin L of the parasite. Protein and Peptide Letters 2, 313-320.
29. BUTTON, L. L., RUSSELL, D. G., KLEIN, H. L., MEDINA-ACOSTA, E., KARESS, R. E. & MCMASTER, W. R. (1989). Genes encoding the major surface glycoprotein in Leishmania are tandemly linked at a single chromosome locus and are constitutively transcribed. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32, 271-284.
30. CAMPETELLA, O., HENRIKSSON, J., ASLUND, L., FRASCH, A. C. C., PETTERSSON, U. & CAZZULO, J. J. (1992). The major cysteine proteinase (cruzipain) from Trypanosoma cruzi is encoded by multiple polymorphic tandemly organized genes located on different chromosomes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 50, 225-234.
31. CAZZULO, J. J., COUSO, R., RAIMONDI, A., WERNSTEDT, C. & HELLMAN, U. (1989). Further characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 33, 33-42.
32. COHEN, F. E., GREGORET, L. M., AMIRI, P., ALDAPE, K., RAILEY, J. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1991). Arresting tissue invasion of a parasite by protease inhibitors chosen with the aid of computer modeling. Biochemistry 30, 11221-11229.
33. COOMBS, G. H., DENTON, H., BROWN, S. M. A. & THONG, K.-W. (1997). Biochemistry of the coccidia. Advances in Parasitology, in press.
34. COOMBS, G. H. & MOTTRAM, J. C. (1997). Proteinases of trypanosomes and Leishmania. In Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis: Biology and Control (ed. Hide, G., Mottram, J. C., Coombs, G. H. & Holmes, P. H.), pp. 177-197. Oxford, CAB International.
35. COOMBS, G. H. & NORTH, M. J. eds. (1991). Biochemical Protozoology. London, Taylor and Francis.
36. COULOMBE, R., GROCHULSKI, P., SIVARAMAN, J., MANARD, R., MORT, J. S. & CYCLER, M. (1996). Structure of human procathepsin L reveals the molecular basis of inhibition by the prosegment. EMBO Journal 15, 5492-5503.
37. DALTON, J. P. & BRINDLEY, P. J. (1996). Schistosome asparaginyl endopeptidase sm32 in hemoglobin digestion. Parasitology Today 12, 125.
38. DALTON, J. P., HOLA-JAMRISKA, L. & BRINDLEY, P. J. (1995). Asparaginyl endopeptidase activity in adult Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 111, 575-580.
39. DAME, J. B., REDDY, G. R., YOWELL, C. A., DUNN, B. M., KAY, J. & BERRY, C. (1994). Sequence, expression and modeled structure of an aspartic proteinase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 64, 177-190.
40. DAVIS, A. H., NANDURI, J. & WATSON, D. C. (1987). Cloning and gene-expression of Schistosoma mansoni protease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 12851-12855.
41. DRESDEN, M. H. & DEELDER, A. M. (1979). Schistosoma mansoni: thiol proteinase properties of adult worm 'hemoglobinase'. Experimental Parasitology 48, 190-197.
42. DUBOISE, S. M., VANNIER-SANTOS, M. A., COSTA-PINTO, D., RIVAS, L., PAN, A. A., TRAUB-CSEKO, Y. M., DE SOUZA, W. & MCMAHON-PRATT, D. (1994). The biosynthesis, processing, and immunolocalization of Leishmania pifanoi amastigote cysteine proteinases. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 68, 119-132.
43. DUMAS, C., OUELLETTE, M., TOVAR, J., CUNNINGHAM, M. L., FAIRLAMB, A. H., TAMAR, S., OLIVIER, M. & PAPADOPOULOU, B. (1997). Disruption of the trypanothione reductase gene of Leishmania decreases its ability to survive oxidative stress in macrophages. EMBO Journal, in press.
44. EAKIN, A. E., MCGRATH, M. E., MCKERROW, J. H., FLETTERICK, R. J. & CRAIK, C. S. (1993). Production of crystallizable cruzain, the major cysteine protease from Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 6115-6118.
45. EAKIN, A. E., MILLS, A. A., HARTH, G., MCKERROW, J. H. & CRAIK, C. S. (1992). The sequence, organization, and expression of the major cysteine protease (cruzain) from Trypanosoma cruzi. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 7411-7420.
46. ELLIOTT, E. & SLOANE, B. F. (1996). The cysteine protease cathepsin B in cancer. Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 6, 12-32.
47. ENGEL, J. C. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1995). Physiological and ultrastructural changes induced by cysteine proteinase inhibitors in Trypanosoma cruzi. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 90 (Suppl. I), 43-44.
48. ETGES, R. (1992). Identification of a surface metalloproteinase on 13 species of Leishmania isolated from humans, Crithidia fasciculata and Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. Acta Tropica 50, 205-217.
49. FAIRLAMB, A. H. & CERAMI, A. (1992). Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the kinetoplastida. Annual Revieiv of Microbiology 46, 695-729.
50. FRANCIS, S. E., GLUZMAN, I. Y., OKSMAN, A., BANERJEE, D. & GOLDBERG, D. E. (1996). Characterisation of native falcipain, an enzyme involved in Plasmodium falciparum hemoglobin degradation. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 83, 189-200.
51. FRANCIS, S. E., GLUZMAN, I. Y., OKSMAN, A., KNICKERBOCKER, A., MUELLER, R., BRYANT, M. L., SHERMAN, D. R., RUSSELL, D. G. & GOLDBERG, D. E. (1994). Molecular characterisation and inhibition of a Plasmodium falciparum aspartic hemoglobinase. EMBO Journal 13, 306-317.
52. FRANKE DE CAZZULO, B. M., MARTÍNEZ, J., NORTH, M. J., COOMBS, G. H. & CAZZULO, J. J. (1994). Effects of proteinase inhibitors on the growth and differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi. FEMS Microbiology Letters 124, 81-86.
53. GALVAO-QUINTAO, L., ALFIERI, S. C., RYTER, A. & RABINOVITCH, M. (1990). Intracellular differentiation of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes to amastigotes. Presence of megasomes, cysteine proteinase activity and susceptibility to leucine methyl ester. Parasitology 101, 7-13.
54. GARBER, G. E. & LEMCHUK-FAVEL, L. T. (1989). Characterization and purification of extracellular proteases of Trichomonas vaginalis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, 903-909.
55. GARBER, G. E. & LEMCHUK-FAVEL, L. T. (1994). Analysis of the extracellular proteases of Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology Research 80, 361-365.
56. GHENDLER, Y., PARIZADE, M., ARNON, R., MCKERROW, J. H. & FISHELSON, Z. (1996). Schistosoma mansoni: evidence for a 28-kDa membrane-anchored protease on schistosomula. Experimental Parasitology 83, 73-82.
57. GLUZMAN, I. Y., FRANCIS, S. E., OKSMAN, A., SMITH, C. E., DUFFIN, K. L. & GOLDBERG, D. E. (1994). Order and specificity of the Plasmodium falciparum hemoglobin degradation pathway. Journal of Clinical Investigation 93, 1602-1608.
58. HARTH, G., ANDREWS, N., MILLS, A. A., ENGEL, J. C., SMITH, R. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1993). Peptide-fluoromethyl ketones arrest intracellular replication and intercellular transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 58, 17-24.
59. HOGAN, J. C. (1996). Directed combinatorial chemistry. Nature 384 (suppl), 17-19.
60. HOWELLS, R. E. & JOHNSTONE, I. L. (1991). Caenorhabditis elegans; a model for parasitic nematodes. Parasitology Today 7, 224-226.
61. ILG, T., FUCHS, M., GNAU, V., WOLFRAM, M., HARBECKE, D. & OVERATH, P. (1994). Distribution of parasite cysteine proteinases in lesions of mice infected with Leishmania mexicana amastigotes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67, 193-203.
62. ILG, T., HARBECK, D. & OVERATH, P. (1993). The lysosomal gp63-related protein in Leishmania mexicana amastigotes is a soluble metalloproteinase with an acidic pH optimum. FEBS Letters 327, 103-107.
63. IRVINE, J. W., NORTH, M. J. & COOMBS, G. H. (1997). Use of inhibitors to identify essential cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 149, 45-50.
64. ISHII, S. (1994). Legumain-asparaginyl endopeptidase. Methods in Enzymology 244, 604-615.
65. KAMATA, I., YAMADA, M., UCHIKAWA, R., MATSUDA, S. & ARIZONO, N. (1995). Cysteine protease of the nematode Nippostronglylus brasiliemis preferentially evokes an IgE/IgG1 antibody response in rats. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 102, 71-77.
66. KEENE, W. E., HIDALGO, M. E., OROZCO, E. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1990). Entamoeba histolytica: correlation of the cytopathic effect of virulent trophozoites with secretion of a cysteine proteinase. Experimental Parasitology 71, 199-206.
67. KEENE, W. E., PETITT, M. G., ALLEN, S. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1986). The major neutral proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Experimental Medicine 163, 536-549.
68. KLINKERT, M. & KUNZ, W. (1996). Digestion of haemoglobin by schistosomes. Parasitology Today 12, 165.
69. KNOX, D. P., REDMOND, D. L. & JONES, D. G. (1993). Characterisation of proteinases in extracts of adult Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 106, 395-404.
70. KNOX, D. P., SMITH, S. K., SMITH, W. D., REDMOND, D. L. & MURRAY, J. (1995). Vaccines against helminthic parasites - thiol binding proteins. International Patent Application No. PCT/GB95/00665.
71. LARMINIE, C. G. C. & JOHNSTONE, I. L. (1996). Isolation and characterisation of four developmentally regulated cathepsin B-like cysteine protease genes from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA and Cell Biology 3, 75-82.
72. LEIPPE, M., SIEVERTSEN, H. J., TANNICH, E. & HORSTMANN, R. D. (1995). Spontaneous release of cysteine proteinases but not of pore forming peptides by viable Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitology 111, 569-574.
73. LI, R., KENYON, G. L., COHEN, F. E., CHEN, X., GONG, B., DOMINGUEZ, J. N., DAVIDSON, E., KURZBAN, G., MILLER, R. E., NUZUM, E. O., ROSENTHAL, P. J. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1995). In vitro antimalarial activity of chalcones and their derivatives. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 38, 5031-5037.
74. LIMA, A. P. C. A., TESSIER, D. C., THOMAS, D. Y., SCHARFSTEIN, J., STORER, A. C. & VERNET, T. (1994). Identification of new cysteine protease gene isoforms in Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67, 333-338.
75. LOCKWOOD, B. C. & COOMBS, G. H. (1991a). Amino acid catabolism in anaerobic protists. In Biochemical Protozoology (ed. Coombs, G. H. & North, M. J.), pp. 113-122. Taylor and Francis, London.
76. LOCKWOOD, B. C. & COOMBS, G. H. (1991b). Purification and characterisation of methionine γ-lyase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochemical Journal 279, 675-682.
77. LOCKWOOD, B. C., NORTH, M. J. & COOMBS, G. H. (1988). The release of hydrolases from Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 30, 135-142.
78. LONGBOTTOM, D., REDMOND, D. L., RUSSELL, M., LIDDELL, S., SMITH, W. D. & KNOX, D. P. (1997). Molecular cloning and characterisation of an aspartate proteinase associated with a highly protective gut membrane protein complex from adult Haemonchus contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology (in press).
79. LOTTENBERG, R., MINNING-WENZ, D. & BOYLE, M. D. P. (1994). Capturing host plasmin(ogen): a common mechanism for invasive pathogens? Trends in Microbiology 2, 20-24.
80. LUACES, A. L. & BARRETT, A. J. (1988). Affinity purification and biochemical characterization of histolysin, the major cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. Biochemical Journal 250, 903-909.
81. LUKER, K. E., FRANCIS, S. E., GLUZMAN, I. Y. & GOLDBERG, D. E. (1996). Kinetic analysis of plasmepsins I and II, aspartic proteases of the Plasmodium falciparum digestive vacuole. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 79, 71-78.
82. MCCONVILLE, M. J. & FERGUSON, M. A. J. (1993). The structure, biosynthesis and function of glycosylated phosphatidylinositols in the parasitic protozoa and higher eukaryotes. Biochemical Journal 294, 305-324.
83. MCGRATH, M. E., EAKIN, A. E., ENGEL, J. C., MCKERROW, J. H., CRAIK, C. S. & FLETTERICK, R. J. (1995). The crystal structure of cruzain: a therapeutic target for Chagas' disease. Journal of Molecular Biology 247, 251-259.
84. MCGWIRE, B. & CHANG, K.-P. (1994). Genetic rescue of surface metalloproteinase (gp63)-deficiency in Leishmania amazonensis variants increases their infection of macrophages at the early phase. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 66, 345-347.
85. MCKERROW, J. H., MCGRATH, M. E. & ENGEL, J. C. (1995). The cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi as a model for antiparasite drug design. Parasitology Today 11, 279-282.
86. MCKERROW, J. H., SUN, E., ROSENTHAL, P. J. & BOUVIER, J. (1993). The proteases and pathogenicity of parasitic protozoa. Annual Review of Microbiology 47, 821-853.
87. MCMASTER, W. R., MORRISON, C. J., MACDONALD, M. H. & JOSHI, P. B. (1994). Mutational and functional analysis of the Leishmania surface metalloproteinase GP63: similarities to matrix metalloproteinases. Parasitology 108 (Suppl.), S29-S36.
88. MEIRELLES, M. N. L., JULIANO, L., CARMONA, E., SILVA, S. G., COSTA, E. M., MURTA, A. C. M. & SCHARFSTEIN, J. (1992). Inhibitors of the major cysteinyl proteinase (GP57/51) impair host cell invasion and arrest the intracellular development of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 52, 175-184.
89. MITRA, M. L. M., ALIZADEH, H., GERARD, R. D. & NIEDERKORN, J. Y. (1995). Characterization of a plasminogen activator produced by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 73, 157-164.
90. MITRO, K., BHAGAVATHIAMMAI, A., ZHOU, O. M., BOBBETT, G., MCKERROW, J. H, CHOKSHI, R., CHOKSHI, B. & JAMES, E. R. (1994). Partial characterization of the proteolytic secretions of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Experimental Parasitology 78, 377-385.
91. MONTFORT, I., PEREZ-TAMAYO, R., CANTO, A. G., DELEON, M. D. G., OLIVOS, A. & TELLO, E. (1993). Role of cysteine proteinases of Entamoeba histolytica on the cytopathogenicity of axenic trophozoites on rat and hamster hepatocytes in vitro. Journal of Parasitology 79, 98-105.
92. MOTTRAM, J. C., FRAME, M. J., BROOKS, D. R., TETLEY, L., HUTCHISON, J. E., SOUZA, A. E. & COOMBS, G. H. (1997). The multiple cpb cysteine proteinase genes of Leishmania mexicana encode isoenzymes which differ in their stage-regulation and substrate preferences. Journal of Biological Chemistry (in press).
93. MOTTRAM, J. C., NORTH, M. J., BARRY, J. D. & COOMBS, G. H. (1989). A cysteine proteinase cDNA from Trypanosoma brucei predicts an enzyme with an unusual C-terminal extension. FEBS Letters 258, 211-215.
94. MOTTRAM, J. C., ROBERTSON, C. D., COOMBS, G. H. & BARRY, J. D. (1992). A developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase gene of Leishmania mexicana. Molecular Microbiology 6, 1925-1932.
95. MOTTRAM, J. C., SOUZA, A. E., HUTCHISON, J. E., CARTER, R., FRAME, M. J. & COOMBS, G. H. (1996). Evidence from disruption of the lmcpb gene array of Leishmania mexicana that cysteine proteinases are virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, USA, 93, 6008-6013.
96. MULLER-LADNER, U., GAY, R. E. & GAY, S. (1996). Cysteine proteases in arthritis and inflammation. Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 6, 87-98.
97. NAVARRO-GARCÍA, F., CHAVEZ-DUENAS, L., TSUTSUMI, V., DELRIO, F. P. & LOPEZ-REVILLA, R. (1995). Entamoeba histolytica: increase of enterotoxicity and of 53 kDa and 75 kDa cysteine proteinases in a clone of higher virulence. Experimental Parasitology 80, 361-372.
98. NEWPORT, G. R., MCKERROW, J. H., HEDSTROM, R., PETIT, M., MCGARRIGLE, L., BARR, P. J. & AGABIAN, N. (1988). Cloning of the proteinase that facilitates infection by schistosome parasites. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 13179-13184.
99. NORTH, M. J. & LOCKWOOD, B. C. (1995). Amino acid and protein catabolism. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites (ed. Marr, J. J. & Muller, M.), pp. 67-88. London, Academic Press.
100. NORTH, M. J., MOTTRAM, J. C. & COOMBS, G. H. (1990a). Cysteine proteinases of parasitic protozoa. Parasitology Today 6, 270-275.
101. NORTH, M. J., ROBERTSON, C. D. & COOMBS, G. H. (1990b). The specificity of trichomonad cysteine proteinases analyzed using fluorogenic substrates and specific inhibitors. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 39, 183-194.
102. OGAN, S. A. & HOLDER, A. A. (1994). Plasmodium yoelii: brefeldin A-sensitive progressing of proteins targeted to the rhoptries. Experimental Parasitology 79, 270-278.
103. OGAN, S. A. & HOLDER, A. A. (1996). A high molecular mass Plasmodium yoelii rhoptry protein binds to erythrocytes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 76, 321-324.
104. OSTOA-SALOMA, P., CABRERA, N., BECKER, I. & PEREZ-MONTFORT, R. (1989). Proteinases of Entamoeba histolytica associated with different subcellular fractions. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 32, 133-143.
105. PAMER, E. G., DAVIS, C. E. & SO, M. (1991). Expression and deletion analysis of the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cysteine protease in Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 59, 1074-1078.
106. PANCHAL, R. G., CUSACK, E., CHELEY, S. & BAYLEY, H. (1996). Tumour protease-activated, pore-forming toxins from a combinatorial library. Nature Biotechnology 14, 852-856.
107. PARODI, A. J., LABRIOLA, C. & CAZZULO, J. J. (1995). The presence of complex-type oligosaccharides at the C-terminal domain glycosylation site of some molecules of cruzipain. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 69, 247-255.
108. PEREZ-TAMAYO, R., BECKER, I., MONTFORT, I., OSTOA-SALOMA, P. & PEREZ-MONTFORT, R. (1991). Role of leukocytes and amebic proteinases in experimental rat testicular necrosis produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitology Research 77, 192-196.
109. PRATT, D., COX, G. N., MILHAUSEN, M. J. & BOISVENUE, R. J. (1990). A developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase gene family in Haemonchus contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 43, 181-192.
110. PROVENZANO, D. & ALDERETE, J. F. (1995). Analysis of human immunoglobulin-degrading cysteine proteinases of Trichomonas vaginalis. Infection and Immunity 63, 3388-3395.
111. PUPKIS, M. F., TETLEY, L. & COOMBS, G. H. (1986). Leishmania mexicana: amastigote hydrolases in unusual lysosomes. Experimental Parasitology 62, 29-39.
112. RABINOVITCH, M. (1989). Leishmanicidal activity of amino acid and peptide esters. Parasitology Today 5, 299-301.
113. RAMAMOORTHY, R., DONELSON, J. E., PAETZ, K. E., MAYBODI, M., ROBERTS, S. C. & WILSON, M. E. (1992). Three distinct RNAs for the surface protease gp63 are differentially expressed during development of Leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes to an infectious form. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 1888-1895.
114. RAMAMOORTHY, R., SWIHART, K. G., MCCOY, J. J., WILSON, M. E. & DONELSON, J. E. (1995). Intergenic regions between tandem gp63 genes influence the differential expression of gp63 RNAs in Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 12133-12139.
115. RASNICK, D. (1996). Synthetic inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 6, 47-63.
116. REDMOND, D. L., KNOX, D. P., NEWLANDS, G. & SMITH, W. D. (1997). Molecular cloning and characterisation of a developmentally regulated putative metallopeptidase in a host protective extract of Haemonchus contortus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 85, 77-87.
117. REED, S. L., KEENE, W. E. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1989). Thiol proteinase expression and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, 2772-2777.
118. RHOADS, M. L. & FETTERER, R. H. (1997). Extracellular matrix : a tool for defining the extracorporeal function of parasite proteases. Parasitology Today 13, 119-122.
119. RING, C. S., SUN, E., MCKERROW, J. H., LEE, G. K., ROSENTHAL, P. J., KUNTZ, I. D. & COHEN, F. E. (1993). Structure-based inhibitor design by using protein models for the development of antiparasitic agents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 3583-3587.
120. RISCOE, M. K., FERRO, A. J. & FITCHEN, J. H. (1989). Methionine recycling as a target for antiprotozoal drug development. Parasitology Today 5, 330-333.
121. RISCOE, M. K., TOWER, P. A., PEYTON, D. H., FERRO, A. J. & FITCHEN, J. H. (1991). Methionine recycling as a target for antiprotozoal drug development. In Biochemical Protozoology (ed. Coombs, G. H. & North, M. J.), pp. 450-457. London, Taylor and Francis.
122. ROBERTS, S. C., WILSON, M. E. & DONELSON, J. E. (1995). Developmentally regulated expression of a novel 59-kDa product of the major surface protease (Msp or gp63) gene family of Leishmania chagasi. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 8884-8892.
123. ROBERTSON, C. D. & COOMBS, G. H. (1990). Characterization of three groups of cysteine proteinases in the amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 42, 269-276.
124. ROBERTSON, C. D. & COOMBS, G. H. (1993). Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases of Leishmania mexicana. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 62, 271-279.
125. ROBERTSON, C. D. & COOMBS, G. H. (1994). Multiple high activity cysteine proteases of Leishmania mexicana are encoded by the lmcpb gene array. Microbiology 140, 417-424.
126. ROBERTSON, C. D., COOMBS, G. H., NORTH, M. J. & MOTTRAM, J. C. (1996). Parasite cysteine proteinases. Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design 6, 99-118.
127. ROGGWILLER, E., BETOULLE, M. E. M., BLISNICK, T. & BRAUN-BRETON, C. (1996). A role for erythrocyte band 3 degradation by the parasite gp76 serine protease in the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole during invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 82, 13-24.
128. ROGGWILLER, E., FRICAUD, A., BLISNICK, T. & BRAUNBRETON, C. (1997). Host urokinase-type plasminogen activator participates in the release of malaria merozoites from infected erythrocytes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology (in press).
129. ROSENTHAL, P. J. (1995). Plasmodium falciparum: effects of proteinase inhibitors on globin hydrolysis by cultured malaria parasites. Experimental Parasitology 80, 272-281.
130. ROSENTHAL, P. J. & MESHNICK, S. R. (1996). Hemoglobin catabolism and iron utilization by malaria parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 83, 131-139.
131. ROSENTHAL, P. J., LEE, G. K. & SMITH, R. E. (1993). Inhibition of a Plasmodium vinckei cysteine proteinase cures murine malaria. Journal of Clinical Investigation 91, 1052-1056.
132. RUSSELL, D. G. (1994). Biology of the Leishmania surface: With particular reference to the surface proteinase, gp63. Protoplasma 181, 191-201.
133. SAKANARI, J. A., NADLER, S. A., CHAN, V. J., ENGEL, J. C., LEPTAK, C. & BOUVIER, J. (1997). Leishmania major: Comparison of the cathepsin L- and B-like cysteine protease genes with those of other trypanosomatids. Experimental Parasitology 85, 63-76.
134. SAKANARI, J. A., SELZER, P. M., CHAN, V., ENGEL, J. & BOUVIER, J. (1995). Parasite proteases as targets for the structure-based approach of drug design. Acta Medica Philippina 31, 188-197.
135. SALAS, F., FICHMAN, J., LEE, F. K., SCOTT, M. & ROSENTHAL, P. J. (1995). Functional expression of falcipain, a Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteinase, supports its role as a malarial hemoglobinase. Infection and Immunity 63, 2120-2125.
136. SCHLAGENHAUF, E., ETGES, R. & METCALF, P. (1995). Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of leishmanolysin, the major surface metalloproteinase from Leishmania major. Proteins 22, 58-66.
137. SCHULTE, W. & SCHOLZE, H. (1989). Action of the major protease from Entamoeba histolytica on proteins of the extracellular matrix. Journal of Protozoology 36, 538-543.
138. SCOTT, D. A., NORTH, M. J. & COOMBS, G. H. (1995a). The pathway of secretion of proteinases in Trichomonas vaginalis. International Journal of Parasitology 25, 657-666.
139. SCOTT, D. A., NORTH, M. J. & COOMBS, G. H. (1995b). Trichomonas vaginalis: amoeboid and flagellated forms synthesize similar proteinases. Experimental Parasitology 80, 345-348.
140. SMITH, A. M., CARMONA, C., DOWD, A. J., MCGONIGLE, S., ACOSTA, D. & DALTON, J. P. (1994a). Neutralization of the activity of a Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L proteinase by anti-cathepsin L antibodies. Parasite Immunology 16, 325-328.
141. SMITH, A. M., DALTON, J. P., CLOUGH, K. A., KILBANE, C. L., HARROP, S. A., HOLE, N. & BRINDLEY, P. J. (1994b). Adult Schistosoma mansoni express cathepsin-L proteinase activity. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67, 11-19.
142. SMITH, S. K. & SMITH, W. D. (1996). Immunisation of sheep with an integral membrane glycoprotein complex of Haemonchus contortus and its major polypeptide components. Research in Veterinary Science 60, 1-6.
143. SMITH, T. S., GRAHAM, M., MUNN, E. A., NEWTON, S., KNOX, D. P., COADWELL, W. J., MCMICHAEL-PHILLIPS, D. F., SMITH, H., SMITH, W. D. & OLIVER, J. J. (1997). Cloning and characterisation of a microsomal aminopeptidase from the intestine of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (in press).
144. SMITH, T. S., MUNN, E. A., GRAHAM, M., TAVENOR, A. S. & GREENWOOD, C. A. (1993). Purification and evaluation of the integral membrane protein H11 as a protective antigen against Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology 23, 271-280.
145. SMITH, W. D., SMITH, S. K. & MURRAY, J. (1994c). Protection studies with membrane fractions of Haemonchus contortus. Parasite Immunology 14, 671-675.
146. SOUTO-PADRON, T., CAMPETELLA, O. E., CAZZULO, J. J. & DE SOUZA, W. (1990). Cysteine proteinase in Trypanosoma cruzi - immunocytochemical localization and involvement in parasite host-cell interaction. Journal of Cell Science 96, 485-490.
147. SOUZA, A. E., BATES, P. A., COOMBS, G. H. & MOTTRAM, J. C. (1994). Null mutants for the lmcpa cysteine proteinase gene in Leishmania mexicana. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 63, 213-220.
148. SOUZA, A. E., WAUGH, S., COOMBS, G. H. & MOTTRAM, J. C. (1992). Characterization of a multicopy gene for a major stage-specific cysteine proteinase of Leishmania mexicana. FEBS Letters 311, 124-127.
149. TAKEDA, O., MIURA, Y., MITTA, M., MATSUSHITA, H., KATO, I., ABE, Y., YOKOSAWA, H. & ISHII, S. (1994). Isolation and analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor of Canavalia ensiformis asparaginyl endopeptidase (legumain). Journal of Biochemistry 116, 541-546.
150. TALAMAS-ROHANA, P. & MEZA, I. (1988). Interaction between pathogenic amebas and fibronectin - substrate degradation and changes in cytoskeleton organization. Journal of Cell Biology 106, 1787-1794.
151. TOMAS, A. M. & KELLY, J. M. (1996). Stage-regulated expression of cruzipain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi is independent of the level of RNA. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 76, 91-104.
152. TOMAS, A. M., MILES, M. A. & KELLY, J. M. (1997). Overexpression of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase of Trypanosoma cruzi, is associated with enhanced metacyclogenesis. European Journal of Biochemistry (in press).
153. TRAUB-CSEKO, Y. M., DUBOISE, M., BOUKAI, L. K. & MCMAHON-PRATT, D. (1993). Identification of two distinct cysteine proteinase genes of Leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes using the polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 57, 101-116.
154. TRAVIS, J., POTEMPA, J. & MAEDA, H. (1995). Are bacterial proteinases pathogenic factors? Trends in Microbiology 3, 405-407.
155. URWIN, P. E., ATKINSON, H. J., WALLER, D. A. & MCPHERSON, M. J. (1995). Engineered oryzacystatin-I expressed in transgenic hairy roots confers resistance to Globodera pallida. The Plant Journal 8, 121-131.
156. VIAL, H. (1996). Recent developments and rationale towards new strategies for malarial chemotherapy. Parasite 3, 23-23.
157. WALKER, J. & BARRETT, J. (1997). Parasite sulphur amino acid metabolism. International Journal for Parasitology (in press).
158. WASILEWSKI, M. M., LIM, K. C., PHILLIPS, J. & MCKERROW, J. H. (1996). Cysteine protease inhibitors block schistosome hemoglobin degradation in vitro and decrease worm burden and egg production in vivo. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 81, 179-189.
159. WATANABE, H., ABE, K., EMORI, Y., HOSOYAMA, H. & ARAI, S. (1991). Molecular cloning and gibberellin-induced expression of multiple cysteine proteinases of rice seeds (oryzains). Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 16897-16902.
160. ZWAAL, R. R., BROEKS, A., VANMEURS, J., GROENEN, J. T. M. & PLASTERK, R. H. A. (1993). Target-selected gene inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans by using a frozen transposon insertion mutant bank. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 7431-7435.