Relating parent and family functioning to the psychological adjustment of children with chronic health conditions: What have we learned? What do we need to know?

Journal of Pediatric Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 149-165

  Drotar, Dennis ^a,b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

chronic health conditions; chronic illness in children; family functioning; parental psychological adjustment; psychological adjustment

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADJUSTMENT; ANALYTIC METHOD; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; FAMILY LIFE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; ILLNESS BEHAVIOR; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0030978449     PISSN: 01468693     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.2.149     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Anderson, B. J., & Coyne, J. C. (1991). "Miscarried helping" in families of children and adolescents with chronic diseases. In J. H. Johnson & S. B. Johnson (Eds.), Advances in child health psychology (pp. 167-177). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
2. Austin, J. K. (1988). Child epilepsy: Child adaptation, and family resources. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 1, 18-24.
3. Barakat, L. P., & Linney, J. A. (1992). Children with physical handicaps and their mothers. The interrelation of social support, maternal adjustment, and child adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 725-739.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Bleckman, E. A., & Delameter, A. M. (1993). Family communication and type I diabetes: A window on the social environment of chronically ill children. In R. E. Cole & D. Reiss (Eds.), How do families cope with chronic illness (pp. 1-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Breslau, N. (1990). Does brain dysfunction increase children's vulnerability to environmental stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 15-20.
7. Breslau, N., Davis, G., & Prabucki, K. (1988). Depressed mothers as informants in family history research-are they accurate? Psychiatry Research, 24, 345-359.
8. Cappelli, M., McGrath, N. E., MacDonald, N. E., Boland, M., Fried, P., & Katsanis, J. (1988). Parent, family, and disease factors as predictors of psychosocial functioning in children with cystic fibrosis. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 413-430.
9. Capelli, M., McGrath, P. J., MacDonald, N. E., Katsanis, J., & Lascelles, M. (1989). Parental care and overprotection of children with cystic fibrosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 62, 281-289.
10. Carlson-Greene, C., Morris, R. D., & Krawiecki, N. (1995). Family and illness predictors of outcome in pediatric brain tumors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 769-784.
11. Cowen, L., Corey, M., Keenan, N., Simmons, P., Arndt, E., & Levison, H. (1985). Family adaptation and psychosocial adjustment to cystic fibrosis in the preschool child. Social Science and Medicine, 20, 553-560.
12. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Families, conflict, and conflict resolution: The children's perspective, New York: Guilford.
13. Daniels, D., Moos, R. H., Billings, A. G., & Miller, T. J. (1987). Psychosocial risk and resistance factors among children with chronic illness, healthy siblings, and healthy controls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 295-308.
14. DeMaso, D. R., & Campis, L. K. (1991). The impact of maternal perceptions and medical severity on the adjustment of children with congenital heart disease, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 16, 137-149.
15. Drotar, D. (1994). Psychological research with pediatric conditions. If we specialize, can we generalize? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 19, 403-414.
16. Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Hops, H. (1996). The role of parents and older siblings in predicting adolescent substance use. Modeling development via structured equation latent growth methodology. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 155-173.
17. Fletcher, J. M., Brookshire, B. L., Landry, C. H., Bohan, T. P., Davidson, K. L., Francis, D. J., Thompson, N. M., & Miner, M. E. (1995). Behavioral adjustment of children with hydrocephalus: Relationships with etiology, neurological, and family status. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 109-126.
18. Gil, K. M., Williams, D. A., Thompson, R. J., Jr., & Kinney, T. R. (1991). Sickle cell disease in children and adolescents: The relation of child and parent pain coping strategies to adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 16, 643-664.
19. Grey, M. J., Genel, M., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1980). Psychosocial adjustment of latency-aged diabetics. Determinants and relationship to control. Pediatrics, 65, 69-73.
20. Hamlett, K. W., Pelligrini, D. S., & Katz, K. S. (1992). Childhood chronic illness as a family Stressor. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 33-47.
21. Handford, H. A., Mayes, S. D., Bagnato, S. J., & Bixler, E. Q. (1986). Relationships between variations in parents attitudes and personality traits of hemophilic boys. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 424-434.
22. Hanson, C. L., DeGuire, M. J., Schinkel, A. M., Henggeler, S. W., & Burghen, G. A. (1992). Comparing social learning and family system correlates of adaptation in youth in IDDM. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 555-572.
23. Hauser, S. T., Jacobsen, A. J., Wertlieb, D., Brink, S., & Wentworth, S. (1985). The contribution of family environment to perceived competence and illness adjustment in diabetes and acutely ill adolescents. Family Relations, 24, 99-118.
24. Heller, A., Rafman, S., Zuagulis, & Pless, I. B. (1985). Birth defects and psychosocial adjustment. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 139, 257-263.
25. Hoare, P., & Kerley, S. (1991). Psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic epilepsy and their families. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 201-215.
26. Johnson, M. C., Muyskens, M., Bryce, M., Palmer, J., & Rodnan, J. (1988). Comparison of family adaptation to having a child with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Family Therapy, 11, 305-312.
27. Kager, V. A., & Holden, E. W. (1992). Preliminary investigation of the direct and moderating effects of family and individual variables and the adjustment of children and adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 17, 491-502.
28. Kazak, A. (1991). Stress, change, and families: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 120-124.
29. Kazak, A. E., & Clark, M. W. (1986). Stress in families of children with myelomeningocele. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 28, 220-228.
30. Kazak, A. E., & Meadows, A. J. (1989). Families of young adolescents who have survived cancer. Social emotional adjustment, adaptability, and social support. Journal of Pediatrics Psychology, 14, 175-191.
31. Kliewer, W., Sandler, I., & Wolchik, S. (1994). Family socialization of threat-appraisal and coping: Coaching, modeling, and family context. In F. Nestmann & K. Hurrelbran (Eds.), Social networks and social supports in childhood and adolescence (pp. 211-291), Berlin: DeGruyter.
32. Kucia, C., Drotar, D., Doershuk, C. F., Stern, R. C., Boat, T. F., & Matthew, L. (1979). Home observation of family interaction and childhood adjustment to cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 4, 189-195.
33. Lavigne, J. V., & Faier-Routman, J. (1992). Psychological adjustment to pediatric physical disorders: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 133-157.
34. Lavigne, J. V., & Faier-Routman, J. (1993). Correlates of psychological adjustment to pediatric physical disorders: A meta-analytic review and comparison of existing models. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 117-123.
35. Lavigne, J. V., Nolan, D., & McCune, D. G. (1988). Temperament, coping, and psychological adjustment in young children with myelomeningocele. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 13, 363-378.
36. Leffert, N. H., Susman, A., & Collins, W. A. (1993). Developmental transitions in parent-adolescent relationships in families with an adolescent with a chronic illness. Presented at biannual meeting of Society of Research in Child Development. New Orleans, LA.
37. Lerner, R. M., & Spanier, G. B. (1978). Child influences on marital and family interaction. A lifespan perspective. New York Academic Press.
38. Lewis, B. L., & Khaw, K. J. (1982). Family functioning as a mediating variable affecting the psychosocial adjustment of children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 636-640.
39. Lothman, D. J., & Pianta, P. C. (1993). Role of child-mother-interaction in predicting competence of children with epilepsy. Epilepsy, 34, 658-669.
40. Mann, B. J., & Mackenzie, E. P. (1996). Pathways among marital functioning, parental behaviors, and child behavior problems in school-age boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 183-191.
41. Mayes, S. D., Handford, H. A., Kowalski, C., Schaefer, J. H. (1988). Parent attitudes and child personality traits in hemophilia: A six-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 18, 339-355, 1988.
42. Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1981). Family Environment Scale Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
43. Moos, R. N., & Schaefer, J. (1989). The crisis of physical illness. An overview and conceptual approach. In R. N. Moos (Ed.), Coping with physical illness. 2: New perspectives (pp. 3-25). New York: Plenum Press.
44. Mulhern, R. K., Fairclough, D. C., Smith, B., & Douglas, S. M. (1992). Maternal depression, assessment methods, and physical symptoms affect estimates of depressive symptomology among children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 311-326.
45. Mullins, L. C., Chaney, J. M., Hartman, V. L., Olson, R. A., Youll, L. K., Reyes, S., & Blackett, P. (1995). Child and maternal adaptation to cystic fibrosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Differential patterns across disease states. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 173-186.
46. Munch, R. L., & Cohen, L. H. (1989). Relationships among life stress, perceived family environment, and psychological distress of spina bifida adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 14, 193-214.
47. Patterson, J. M. (1988). Families experiencing stress. I. The family adjustment and adaptation response model II. Applying the FAAR model to health related issues for intervention and research. Family Systems Medicine, 6, 202-237.
48. Patterson, J. M. (1990). Family and health research in the 1980's. Family Systems Medicine, 8, 421-434.
49. Perrin, E. C., Ayoub, C. C., & Willett, J. B. (1993). In the eye of the beholder: Family and maternal influences on the perceptions of adjustment of children with a chronic illness. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 94-105.
50. Peyrot, M. (1996). Causal analysis: Theory and application. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 3-24.
51. Pianta, R. C., & Lothman, D. J. (1994). Predicting behavioral problems in children with epilepsy, child factors, disease factors, family stress and child mother-interaction. Child Development, 65, 1415-1428.
52. Pless, I. B., & Nolan, T. (1991). Revision, replication, and neglect. Research on maladjustment in chronic illness. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 33, 347-365.
53. Pless, I. B., & Pinkerton, P. (1975). Chronic childhood disorder. Promoting patterns of adjustment. Chicago, IL: Yearbook Medical Publishers.
54. Prior, M. G., Glazner, J., Sanson, A., & Debelle, G. (1988). Research note: Temperament and behavioral adjustment in hearing impaired children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 209-216.
55. Quittner, A. L., DiGirolamo, A., Michel, M., & Eigen, H. (1992). Parental response to cystic fibrosis: A contextual analysis of the diagnosis phase, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17.
56. Quittner, A. L., & Opipari, L. D. (1994). Differential treatment of siblings: Interview and diary analysis comparing two family contexts. Child Development, 65, 800-814.
57. Quittner, A. C., Tolbert, V. E., Regoli, M. J., Orenstein, D. M., Hollingsworth, J. L., & Eigen, H. (1996). Development of the Role-Play Inventory of Situations and Coping Strategies for parents of children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 209-236.
58. Rait, D. S., Ostroff, J. S., Smith, K., Cella, D. F., Jan, C., & Lesko, L. (1992). Lives in a balance: Perceived family functioning and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescent cancer survivors. Family Process, 31, 383-397.
59. Robin, A. L., & Foster, S. L. (1989). Negotiating parent-adolescent conflict: A behavioral family systems approach. New York: Guilford.
60. Rolland, J. S. (1994). Families, illness and disability: A integrative treatment approach. New York: Basic Books.
61. Rutter, M. (1990a). A commentary: Some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 60-67.
62. Rutter, M. (1990b). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Neuchterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
63. Sanger, M. S., Copeland, D. R., & Davidson, E. R. (1991). Psychosocial adjustment among cancer patients. A multidimensional assessment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 16, 463-474.
64. Stein, R. E. K., Bauman, L. J., Westbrook, L. E., Coupey, S. M., & Ireys, H. T. (1993). Framework for identifying children who have chronic conditions. The case for a new definition. Journal of Pediatrics, 122, 342-347.
65. Steinhausen, H. C., Shindler, H. P., & Stephan, H. (1983). Correlates of psychopathology in sick children. An empirical model. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 559-564.
66. Thernlund, G. M., & Samuelsson, M. A. K. (1993). Parental social support and child behavioral problems in different populations and socioeconomic groups: A methodological study. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 353-360.
67. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Gil, K. M., Burbach, D. J., Keith, B. R., & Kinney, J. R. (1993). Role of child and maternal processes in the psychological adjustment of children with sickle cell disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 468-474.
68. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Gil, K. M., Keith, B. R., Gustafson, K. E., George, L. K., & Kinney, T. R. (1994). Psychological adjustment of children with sickle cell disease: Stability and change over a 10 month period. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 856-860.
69. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Gustafson, K. E., Hamlett, K. W., & Spock, A. (1992a). Psychological adjustment of children with cystic fibrosis. The role of child cognitive processes and maternal adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 741-755.
70. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Gustafson, K. E., George, L. K., & Spock, A. (1994). Change over a 12-month period in the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 19, 189-203.
71. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Kronenberger, W. G., Johnson, D. F., & Whiting, K. (1989). The role of CNS functioning and family functioning in behavioral problems of children with myelodysplasia. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 242-248.
72. Thompson, R. J., Jr., Zeman, J. L., Fanurik, D., & Sirotkin-Roses, T. (1992). The role of parent stress and coping and family functioning in parent and child adjustment to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 11-19.
73. Varni, J. W., Babani, L., Wallander, J. K., & Roe, T. F. (1989). Social support and self-esteem effects in psychological adjustment in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 11, 1-17.
74. Varni, J. W., Katz, E. R., Colegrove, R., & Dolgin, M. (1994). Perceived social support and adjustment of children with newly diagnosed cancer. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 20-26.
75. Varni, J. W., Rubenfeld, L. A., Talbot, D., & Setoguchi, Y. (1989b). Family functioning, temperament and psychologic adaptation in children with congenital or acquired limb deficiencies. Pediatrics, 84, 323-330.
76. Varni, J. W., Rubenfeld, L. A., Talbot, A., & Setoguchi, Y. (1989c). Determinants of self-esteem in children with congenital/acquired limb deficiencies. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 13-16.
77. Varni, J. W., Wilcox, V. T., & Hanson, V. (1988). Mediating effects of family social support on child psychological adjustment in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Health Psychology, 7, 421-433.
78. Varni, J. W., & Setoguchi, Y. (1991). Correlates of perceived physical appearance in children with congenital/acquired limb deficiencies. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 12, 171-176.
79. Varni, J. W., & Setoguchi, Y. (1993). Effects of parental adjustment on the adaptation of children with congenital or acquired limb deficiencies. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 13-20.
80. Walker, L., Ortiz-Valdes, J. A., & Newbrough, J. R. (1989). The role of maternal employment and depression in the psychological adjustment of chronically ill, mentally retarded and well children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 14, 357-370.
81. Wallander, J. L., & Varni, J. W. (1989). Social support and adjustment in chronically ill and handicapped children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 185-201.
82. Wallander, J. L., Varni, J. W., Babani, L., Banis, N. T., & Wilcox, K. T. (1989a). Family resources as resistance factors for psychological maladjustment in chronically ill and handicapped children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 14, 157-173.
83. Wallander, J. L., & Thompson, R. J., Jr. (1995). Psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic physical conditions. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (pp. 124-141). New York: Guilford.
84. Wallander, J. L., Varni, J. W., Babani, L., DeHaan, C. B., & Wilcox, K. T. (1989b). Disability parameters, chronic strain, and adaptation of physically handicapped children and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 14, 33-42.
85. Wells, R. D., & Schwebel, A. I (1987). Chronically ill children and their mothers: Predictors of resilience/vulnerability to hospital and surgical stress. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 8, 83-89.
86. Wertlieb, D., Hauser, S. T., & Jacobson, A. M. (1986). Adaptation to diabetes: Behavior symptoms and family context. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 463-479.
87. Willett, J. B., Ayoub, C. C., & Robinson, D. (1991). Using growth modeling to examine systematic differences in growth: An example of change in the functioning of families at risk of maladaptive parenting, child abuse and neglect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 38-47.
88. Wysocki, T. (1993). Associations among teen-parent relationships, metabolic control and adjustment to diabetes in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 18, 441-452.