Cognitive changes in very old persons with dementia: The influence of demographic, psychometric, and biological variables

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 245-260

  Small, Brent J ^a,c   Viitanen, Matti ^a   Winblad, Bengt ^a   Bäckman, Lars ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM GERONTOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DETERIORATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY; MENTAL HEALTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY;

EID: 0030974758     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01688639708403855     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Almkvist, O. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in vascular dementia in relation to Alzheimer's disease: Reviewing evidence for functional similarity or divergence. Dementia, 5, 203-209.
2. Almkvist, O., Bäckman, L., Basun, H., & Wahlund, L.-O. (1993). Patterns of neuropsychological performance in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cortex, 29, 661-673.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Bäckman, L., Hill, R.D., Herlitz, A., Fratiglioni, L., & Winblad, B. (1994). Predicting episodic memory performance in dementia: Is severity all there is? Psychology and Aging, 9, 520-527.
5. Bäckman, L., & Wahlin, Å. (1995). The role of item organizability and retrieval cues for episodic memory in a population-based sample between 75 and 96 years of age. Aging and Cognition, 2, 312-325.
6. Becker, J.T., Huff, J., Nebes, R.D., Holland, A., & Boller, F. (1988). Neuropsychological function in Alzheimer's Disease. Archives of Neurology, 45, 263-268.
7. 12 and folate status in acute geropsychiatric patients: Affective and cognitive characteristics of a vitamin non deficient population. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 125-137.
8. Bereiter, C. (1963). Some persisting dilemmas in the measurement of change. In C.W. Harris (Ed.), Problems in measuring change (pp. 3-20). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
9. Bowler, J.V., & Hachinski, V. (1995). Vascular cognitive impairment: A new approach to vascular dementia. Baillière's Clinical Neurology, 4, 357-376.
10. Brooks, J.O., Chmura-Kraemer, H., Decker-Tanke, E., & Yesavage, J.A. (1993). The methodology of studying decline in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 623-628.
11. Brooks, J.O., Yesavage, J.A., Taylor, J., Friedman, L., Decker-Tanke, E., Luby, V., & Tinklenberg, J. (1993). Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: Elaborating on the nature of the longitudinal factor structure of the Mini-Mental State Examination. International Psychogeriatrics, 5, 135-146.
12. Buckwalter, J.G., Sobel, E., Dunn, M.E., Diz, M.M., & Henderson, V.W. (1993). Gender differences on a brief measure of cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 50, 757-760.
13. Burns, A., Jacoby, R., & Levy, R. (1991). Progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 39-45.
14. Burr, J.A., & Nesselroade, J.R. (1990). Change measurement. In A. von Eye (Ed.), Statistical methods in longitudinal research: Principles and structuring change (Vol. 1) (pp. 3-34). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
15. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Cronbach, L.J., & Furby, L. (1970). How should we measure change-or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68-80.
17. Drachman, D.A., O'Connell, B.F., Lew, R.A., & Swearer, J.M. (1990). The prognosis of Alzheimer's disease: "How far" rather than "how fast" best predicts the course. Archives of Neurology, 47, 851-856.
18. Erkinjuntti, T., Laaksonen, R., Sulkava, R., Syrjäläinen, R., & Palo, J. (1986). Neuropsychological differentiation between normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 74, 393-403.
19. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
20. Fratiglioni, L., Grut, M., Forsell, Y., Viitanen, M., Grafstrüm, M., Holmen, K., Ericsson, K., Bäckman, L., Ahlbom, A., & Winblad, B. (1991). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in an elderly urban population: Relationship with sex and education. Neurology, 41, 1886-1891.
21. Fratiglioni, L., Grut, M., Forsell, Y., Viitanen, M., & Winblad, B. (1992). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in a population survey: Agreement and causes of disagreement in applying DSM-III-R criteria. Archives of Neurology, 49, 927-932.
22. Gambert, S.R. (1988). Dementia secondary to metabolic and nutritional abnormalities. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 4, 831-839.
23. Gottfries, J., Blennow, K., Wallin, A., & Gottfries, C.G. (1995). Diagnosis of dementia using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Dementia, 6, 83-88.
24. Haggerty, J.J., Garbutt, J.C., Evans, D.L., Goden, R.N., Pedersen, C., Simon, J.J., & Nemeroff, C.B. (1990). Subclinical hypothyroidism: A review of neuropsychiatric aspects. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 20, 193-208.
25. Hachinski, V.C., Iliff, L.D., Zilkha, E., DuBoulay, G.H., McAllister, V.L., Marshall, J., Russell, R.W., & Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 32, 632-637.
26. 12 deficiency? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 1105-1112.
27. Heston, L.L., Mastri, A.R., Anderson, V.E., & White, J. (1981). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: Clinical genetics, natural history, and associated conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1085-1090.
28. Hill, R.D., Wahlin, Å., Winblad, B., & Bäckman, L. (1995). The role of demographic and life style variables in utilizing cognitive support for episodic remembering among very old adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50A, P219-P227.
29. Hoyer, S., & Nitsch, R. (1989). Cerebral excess release of neurotransmitter amino acids subsequent to reduced cerebral glucose metabolism in early-onset dementia of Alzheimer type. Journal of Neural Transmission, 75, 227-232.
30. Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (1990). Learning and memory in aging. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed). (pp. 258-274). San Diego: Academic Press.
31. Inouye, S.K., Albert, M.S., Mohs, R., Sun, K., & Berkman, L.F. (1993). Cognitive performance in a high-functioning community-dwelling elderly population. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 48, M146-M151.
32. Johansson, B., & Berg, S. (1989). The robustness of the terminal decline phenomenon: Longitudinal data from the digit-span memory test. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 44, P184-P186.
33. Katz, S., Ford, A., Moskowitz, R.W., Jackson, B.A., & Jaffee, M.W. (1963). The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. Journal of the American Medical Association, 185, 914-919.
34. Kausler, D.H. (1991). Experimental psychology, cognition and human aging (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
35. Kliegl, R., Smith, J., & Baltes, P.B. (1990). On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training. Developmental Psychology, 6, 894-904.
36. Lucca, U., Comelli, M., Tettamanti, M., Tiraboschi, R., & Spagnoli, A. (1991). Rate of progression and prognostic factors in Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 45-49.
37. Martin, A., Brouwers, P., Cox, C., & Fedio, P. (1985). On the nature of the verbal memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 25, 323-341.
38. Morley, J.E., & Silver, A.J. (1988). Anorexia in the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, 9-16.
39. Morris, J.C., Edland, S., Clark, C., Galasko, D., Koss, E., Mohs, R., van Gelle, G., Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (1993). The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease: Part IV: Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 2457-2465.
40. Mortimer, J.A., Ebbitt, B., Jun, S.P., & Finch, M.D. (1992). Predictors of cognitive and functional progression in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 42, 1689-1696.
41. Moscovitch, M. (1982). A neuropsychological approach to perception and memory in normal and pathological aging. In F.I.M. Craik & S.E. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 55-78). New York: Plenum Press.
42. Pippard, M.J. (1987). Iron deficiency and overload. In D.J. Weatherall, J.G. Ledingham, & D.A. Warrel (Eds.), Oxford textbook of medicine (2nd ed). (pp. 83-91). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
43. 12 deficiency in primary degenerative dementia. Dementia, 1, 272-277.
44. Rubin, E.H., Storandt, M., Miller, J.P., Grant, E.A., Kinscherf, D.A., Morris, J.C., & Berg, L. (1993). Influence of age on clinical and psychometric assessment of subjects with very mild or mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 50, 380-383.
45. Salmon, D.P., Thal, L.J., Butters, N., & Heindel, W.C. (1990). Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: A comparison of three standardized mental status examinations. Neurology, 40, 1225-1230.
46. Salthouse, T.A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
47. Siegler, I.C. (1975). The terminal drop hypothesis: Fact or artifact? Experimental Aging Research, 1, 169-185.
48. Simon, E., Leach, L., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (1995). Intact primary memory in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: Indices from the California Verbal Learning Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 414-422.
49. Sommer, B.R., & Wolkowitz, O.M. (1988). RBC folic acid levels and cognitive performance in elderly patients: A preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 24, 352-354.
50. Spinnler, H., Della Sala, S., Bandera, R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1988). Dementia, aging, and the structure of human memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 193-211.
51. Stern, Y., Liu, X., Albert, M., Brandt, J., Jacobs, D.M., Del Castillo-Castaneda, C., Marder, K., Bell, K., Sano, M., Bylsma, F., LaFleche, G., & Tsai, W.-Y. (1996). Application of a growth curve approach to modeling the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 51A, M179-M184.
52. Stockholms Läns Landsting, Regionplane-och trafikkontoret (1989). Årsstatistik 90 för Stockholms län och landsting [Annual statistics 90 for the city of Stockholm]. Stockholm, Sweden: Author.
53. Teri, L. Hughes, J.P., & Larson, E.B. (1990). Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: Behavioral and health factors. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P58-P63.
54. Teri, L., McCurry, S.M., Edland, S.D., Kukull, W.A., & Larson, E.B. (1995). Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal investigation of risk factors for accelerated decline. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 50A, M49-M55.
55. Tinklenberg, J., Brooks, J.O., Decker-Tanke, E., Khalid, K., Poulsen, S.L., Chmura-Kraemer, H., Gallagher, D., Thornton, J.E., & Yesavage, J.A. (1990). Factor analysis and preliminary validation the Mini-Mental State Examination from a longitudinal perspective. International Psychogeriatrics, 2, 123-134.
56. Tombaugh, T.N. & McIntyre, N.J. (1992). The Mini-Mental State Examination: A comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 922-935.
57. Tulving, E., & Colotla, V. (1970). Free recall of trilingual lists. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 86-98.
58. Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A., & Goossens, L. (1992). Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta analytic study. Psychology and Aging, 7, 242-251.
59. Wahlin, Å., Bäckman, L., Mäntylä, T., Herlitz, A., Viitanen, M., & Winblad, B. (1993). Prior knowledge and face recognition in a community-based sample of healthy, very old adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, P54-P61.
60. Wahlin, Å., Bäckman, L., & Winblad, B. (1995). Free recall and recognition of slowly and rapidly presented words in very old age: A community-based study. Experimental Aging Research, 21, 251-271.
61. 12 and folate status on episodic memory performance in very old e: A population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 11, 487-496.
62. Weingartner, H., Grafman, J., Boutelle, W., Kaye, W., & Martin, P.R. (1983). Forms of memory failure. Science, 221, 380-382.
63. Wechsler, D. (1955). Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
64. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
65. West, R.L., Crook, T.H., & Barron, K.L. (1992). Everyday memory performance across the life span: Effects of age and noncognitive individual differences. Psychology and Aging, 7, 72-82.
66. Wiederholt, W.C., Cahn, D., Butters, N.M., Salmon, D.P., Kritz-Silverstein, D., & Barrett-Connor, E. (1993). Effects of age, gender and education on selected neuropsychological tests in an elderly community cohort. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 639-647.
67. Wilson, R.S., Bacon, L.D., Fox, J.H., & Kazniak, A.W. (1983). Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer-type. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 337-344.