Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 307-318

  Elnaiem, D A ^a   Hassan, H K ^a   Ward, R D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM   (Sudan)

^b KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BITE; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMIDITY; NONHUMAN; PARASITE VECTOR; PHLEBOTOMUS; PSYCHODIDAE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SUDAN; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL; PHLEBOTOMUS; POPULATION DENSITY; SEASONS; SUDAN; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0030971755     PISSN: 00034983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00034989761157     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. ABONNENC, E. (1972). Les Phlébotomes de la Région Éthiopienne (Diptera, Psychodidae). Mémoires ORSTOM No. 55. Paris: Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.
2. ABONNENC, E. & MINTER, D. M. (1965). Bilingual keys for the identification of the sandflies of the Ethiopian Region. Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, 5, 1-63.
3. ASHFORD, R. W., HUTCHINSON, M. P. & BRAY, R. S. (1973). Kala-azar in Ethiopia: epidemiological studies in a highland valley. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 11, 259-264.
4. ASHFORD, R. W. & BKTTINI, S. (1987). Ecology and epidemiology: Old World. In The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 1, eds Peters, W. & Killick-Kendrick, R. pp. 365-425. London: Academic Press.
5. ASHFORD, R. W. & THOMSON, M. C. (1991). Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. A delayed development disaster? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 85, 571-572.
6. BASIMIKE, M., MUTINGA, M. J. & KUMAR, R. (1992). Habitat preference and seasonal variations of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Marigat area, Baringo District, Kenya. Insect Science and its Application, 13, 307-314.
7. DASMANN, W. P. (1972). Development and Management of Dinder National Park and its Wildlife. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
8. DE BEER, P., EL HARITH, A., GROOTHEEST, M. & WINKLER, A. (1990). Outbreak of kala-azar in the Sudan. Lancet, i, 224.
9. DESJEUX, P. (1991). Information on the Epidemiology and Control of Leishmaniasis by Country and Territory. Document WHO/LEISH/91.30. Geneva: World Health Organization.
10. DIETLEIN, D. R. (1964). Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic. 16. Seasonal incidence of Phlebotomus spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an Upper Nile Province town and village. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 243-246.
11. EL HASSAN, M. A., HASHIM, A. F., ALI, S. M., GHALIB, H. W. & ZIJLSTRA, E. E. (1993). Kala-azar in western Upper Nile Province in the southern Sudan and its spread to a nomadic tribe from the north. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87, 395-398.
12. EL HASSAN, A. M., ZIJLSTRA, E. E., ISMAEL, A. & GHALIB, H. W. (1995). Recent observations on the epidemiology of kala-azar in the eastern and central states of the Sudan. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 47, 151-156.
13. ELNAIEM, D. A. (1986). Studies on sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an active focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis at Wad-El Zaki and El Hashaba, White Nile Province, Sudan. M.Sc. thesis, University of Khartoum
14. ELNAIEM, D. A, HASSAN, K. H., FRAMER, I., WARD, R. D. & MILES, M. (1996). Seasonal infection rates of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis in Dinder National Park (Sudan), as detected by L-met2 DNA Probe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 467-468.
15. EL-SAIED, S. M. (1990). Ecological studies on phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Surogia village (Khartoum Province) and Dinder National Park (Blue Nile Province), Sudan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Khartoum.
16. ERNST, D. & ELWASILA, M. (1985). Present situation of the 'Dinder National Park' in the Sudan. In Proceedings on Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Sudan, Khartoum, March 16-21, 1985, ed. Ernst, D. pp. 172-177. Hamburg: Guner Stubbemann.
17. HAKIM, S. A., MOHAMED, B. F., DESOUGI, L. A., AWAD, N. M. & AWAHAB, S. (1985). The vegetation of the Dinder National Park. In Proceedings on Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Sudan, Khartoum, March 16-21, 1985, ed. Ernst, D. pp. 165-171. Hamburg: Guner Stubbemann.
18. HAROUN, E. A. (1985). A study of the sandflies (Phlebotomus species, Psychodidae, Diptera) in Serraf village, east Sudan, where visceral leishmaniasis is prevalent. M.Sc. dissertation, University of Khartoum.
19. HARRISON, M. N. & JACKSON, J. K. (1958). Ecological Classification of the Sudan. Forest Bulletin No.2 (New Series). Khartoum: Forests Department, Ministry of Agriculture.
20. HOOGSTRAAL, H. & HEYNEMANN, D. (1969). Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic. 30. Final epidemiological report. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 18, 1091-1210.
21. KILLICK-KENDRICK, R. (1990). Phlebotomine vectors of leishmaniasis: a review. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4, 1-24
22. KIRK, R. & LEWIS, D. J. (1951). The Phlebotominae of the Ethiopian Region. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 102, 383-510.
23. KIRK, R. & LEWIS, D. J. (1955). Studies in leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. XI. Phlebotomus in relation to leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 229-240.
24. LEWIS, D. J. (1982). A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), (Entomology), 45, 121-209.
25. LEWIS, D. J. & KIRK, R. (1951). The sandflies of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 41, 563-575.
26. LEWIS, D. J. & KIRK, R. (1954). Notes on the Phlebotominae of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 48, 33-45.
27. LEWIS, D. J. & KIRK, R. (1957). Some Phlebotominae (Diptera) of the Sudan Republic. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12, 632-640.
28. MINTER, D. M. (1963). Studies on the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya. III. Distributional evidence. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 57, 19-23.
29. QUATE, L. W. (1964). Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic. 19, Phlebotomus sandflies of the Paloich area in the Sudan (Diptera, Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 1, 213-268.
30. QUTUBUDDIN, M. (1962). Notes on the Phlebotominae of the Sudan Republic with description of a new species and a subspecies. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 593-611.
31. SCHORSCHER, J. A. & GORIS, M. (1992). Incrimination of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis as a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile Province, southern Sudan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86, 622-623.
32. SOUTHGATE, B. A. (1977). The structure of foci of visceral leishmaniasis in north-eastern Kenya. In Ecologie des Leishmanioses, pp. 241-247. Colloques Internationaux du CNRS No. 239. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
33. WIJERS, D. J. B. (1963) Studies on the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya. II. Epidemiological evidence. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 57, 7-18.
34. WIJURS, D. J. B. & MINTER, D. M. (1962). Studies on the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya. Entomological evidence. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 56, 462-472.
35. ZEESE, W. & FRANKE, W. (1987). Present epidemiological situation of kala-azar in the Republic of Sudan. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Hygiene, 264, 414-421.
36. ZIJLSTRA, E. E., EL-HASSAN, A. M., GHALIB, H. W. & ISMAEI, A. (1994). Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical disease and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 51, 826-836.