DNA damage, DNA repair, and alcohol toxicity - A review

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1073-1082

  Brooks, P J ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM   (United States)

Author keywords

Carcinogenesis; Fetal alcohol syndrome oxidative damage; Lipid peroxidation; Liver pathology

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYNONENAL; ACETALDEHYDE; ALCOHOL; DNA BASE; MALONALDEHYDE; OXYGEN RADICAL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BRAIN CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROTECTION; DNA ADDUCT; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; EXCISION REPAIR; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030963846     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04256.x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Lieber CS: Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms and Management. New York, Plenum Press, 1992
2. Rice DP, Kelman S, Miller LS, Dunmeyer S: The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness: 1985. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1990
3. Garro A, Gordon B, Lieber CS: Alcohol abuse: Carcinogenic effects and fetal alcohol syndrome, in Lieber CS (ed): Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms and Management. New York, Plenum Press, 1992, p 459
4. Seitz HK, Simanowski UA: Alcohol and colorectal carcinogenesis, in Watson R (ed): Alcohol and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, p 167
5. Longnecker M: Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer in humans: An overview. Alcohol 12:87-96, 1995
6. Blot W: Alcohol and cancer. Cancer Res 52(Suppl.):2119-2123, 1992
7. Mufti SI: Mechanisms of alcohol-related cancers, in Watson R (ed): Alcohol and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, p l
8. Lieber C: Metabolism of ethanol, in Lieber CS (ed): Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms and Management. New York, Plenum Press, 1992, pp 1-35
9. Song B: Gene structure and multiple regulation of the ethanolinducible cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) subfamily, in Watson RR (ed): Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews, Volume 6: Alcohol and Hormones. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, 1995, p 177
10. Morimoto M, Hagbjork A-L, Nanji A. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lindros K, Fu P, Albano E, French S: Role of cytochrome P4502E1 in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 10:459-464, 1993
11. French S, Wong K, Jui L, Alhano E, Hagbjork A-L, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Effect of ethanol on cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1), lipid peroxidation, and serum protein adducts formation in relation to liver pathology and pathogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 58:61-75, 1993
12. Nanji A, Zhao S, Sadrezeh S, Dannenberg A, Tahan S, Waxman D: Markedly enhanced cytochrome P4502E1 induction and lipid peroxidation is associated with severe liver injury in fish oil-treated ethanol fed rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res Res 18:1280-1285, 1994
13. Albano E, Clot P, Morimoto M, Tomasi A, Ingelman-Sundberg M, French S: Role of cytochrome P4502E1-dependent formation of hydroxyethyl free radical in the development of liver damage in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol. Hepatology 23:155-163, 1996
14. Nanji A, Zhao S, Khwaja S, Tahan S, Sadzrahedeh S, Waxman D: Cimetidine prevents alcoholic hepatic injury in the gastric feeding model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269:1280-1285, 1994
15. Morimoto M, Hagbjork A, Yvonne Y, Fu P, Albano E, Ingelman-Sundherg M, French S: Modulation of experimental alcoholic-induced liver disease by cytochrome P450IIE1 inhibitors. Hepatology 21:1610-1617, 1995
16. Dai Y, Rashba-Step J, Cederbaum AI: Stable expression of human cytochrome P4502E1 in HepG2 cells: Characterization of catalytic activities and production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Biochemistry 32:6928-6937, 1993
17. Cederbaum A: Role of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in alcohol toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 7:537-539, 1989
18. Reinke L, Rau J, McCay P: Possible roles of free radicals in alcoholic tissue damage. Free Radic Res Comm 15:335-346, 1990
19. Ishii H, Thurman R, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Cederbaum A, Fernandez-Checa J, Kato S, Yokoyama H, Tsukamoto H: Oxidative stress in alcoholic liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20(Suppl.):162A-167A, 1996
20. Halliwell B, Gutteridge J: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford, Clarendon, 1989
21. Knecht K, Bradfort B, Mason R, Thurman R: In vivo formation of the free radical metabolite of ethanol. Mol Pharmacol 38:26-30, 1990
22. Moore D, Reinke L, McCay P: Metabolism of ethanol to 1-hydroxyelhyl radicals in vivo: Detection with intravenous administration of alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butyInitrone. Mol Pharmacol 47:1224-1230, 1995
23. Clot P, Albano E, Eliasson E, Tabone M, Arico S, Israel Y, Moncada C, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Cytochrome P4502E1 hydroxyethyl radical adducts as the major antigen in autoantibody formation among alcoholics. Gastroenterology 111:206-216, 1996
24. Thurman R: Induction of hepatic microsomal NADPH-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide by prior chronic treatment with ethanol. Mol Pharmacol 9:670-675, 1973
25. Kukielka E, Cederbaum A: The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on NADH- and NADPH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by isolated rat liver nuclei. Alcohol Alcohol 27:233-239, 1992
26. Kukielka E, Cederbaum A: DNA strand cleavage as a sensitive assay for hydroxyl radical production by microsomes: Role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the increased activity after ethanol treatment. Biochem J 301:773-770, 1994
27. Breen AP, Murphy JA: Reactions of oxyl radicals with DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 6:1033-1077, 1995
28. Moriya M: Single strand shuttle vector for mammalian cells: 8-Oxoguanine in DNA induces targeted G: C → A:T transversion in simian kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1122-1126, 1993
29. Clark JM, Beardsley GP: Thymine glycol lesions terminate chain elongation by DNA polymerase in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 14:737-749, 1986
30. Hatahet Z, Purmal AA, Wallace SS: Oxidative DNA lesions as blocks to in vitro transcription by phage T7 RNA polymerase. Ann NY Acad Sci 726:346-348, 0000
31. Mello-Filho A, Hoffman M, Menegnini R: Cell killing and DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide are mediated by intracellular iron. Biochem J 218:273-275, 1984
32. Wieland P, Lauterburg B: Oxidation of mitochondrial proteins and DNA following administration of ethanol. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 213:815-819, 1995
33. DiLuzio N, Hartman A: Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of the ethanol induced fatty liver. Fed Proc 26:1436-1442, 1967
34. Song B, Cederbaum A, Koop D, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Nanji A: ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1): Biochemistry, molecular biology, clinical relevance: 1996 update. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Suppl.) 20:138A-146A, 1996
35. Vaz A, Roberts E, Coon M: Reductive β-scission of the hydroperoxides of fatty acids and xenobiotics: Role of the alcohol induciblc cytochronie P-450. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:5499-5503, 1990
36. Ekstrom G, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Rat liver microsomal NADPH supported oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation dependent on ethanol induciblc cytochrome P450 (P-450IIE1). Biochem Pharmacol 38: 1313-1319, 1989
37. Kukielka E, Cederbaum AI: Ferritin stimulation of lipid peroxidation by microsomes after chronic ethanol treatment: Role of cytochrome P4502E1. Arch Biochem Biophys 332:121-7. 1996
38. Vaca C, Wilhelm J, Harms-Ringdahl M: Interaction of lipid peroxidation products with DNA: A review. Mutat Res 195:137-149, 1988
39. Esterbaucr H, Eckl P, Ortner A: Possible mutagens derived from lipids and lipid peroxidation products. Mutat Res 238:223-233, 1990
40. Esterbauer H: Aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation, in McBrien D, Slater T (eds): Free Radicals, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cancer. London. Academic Press, 1982, p 101
41. Chaudhary A, Nobuko M, Reddy G, Yeola S, Morrow J, Blair I, Marnett L: Detection of endogenous malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosinc adducts in human liver. Science 265:1580-1582, 1994
42. Benamira M, Johnson K, Chaudhary A, Bruner K, Tibbetts C, Marnett L: Induction of mutations by replication of malondialdehydemodified M13 DNA in E. coli: Determination of the extent of DNA modification, genetic requirements tor mutagenesis, and types of modifications induced. Carcinogenesis 16:93-99, 1995
43. Mukai F, Goldstein B: Mutagenicity of malondialdehyde, a decomposition product of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids. Science 191:868-869, 1976
44. Kamimura S, Gaal K, Britton R, Bacon B, Triadafilapoulos G, Tsukamoto H: Increased 4-hydroxynonenal levels in experimental alcoholic liver disease: Association of lipid peroxidation with liver fibrogenests. Hepatology 16:448-453, 1992
45. 2-Ethenodeoxyguanosine as a potential marker for DNA adduct formation by trans-4-hydroxynonenal. Cancer Res 48:320-323, 1988
46. 4-ethenocytosine by lipid peroxidation products and nucleic acid bases. Chem Res Toxicol 8:278-283, 1995
47. 32-P postlabelling. Carcinogenesis 16:613-617, 1995
48. Bartsch H, Barbin A, Marion M-J, Nair J, Guichard Y: Formation, detection, and role in carcinogenesis of ethenohases in DNA. Drug Metab Rev 26:340-371, 1994
49. Singer B: DNA damage: Chemistry, repair, and mutagenic potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 23:2-13, 1996
50. Guengerich F, Kim D, Iwasaki M: Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. Them Res Toxicol 4:168-179, 1991
51. Radike M, Stemmer K, Bingham E: Effect of ethanol in vinyl chloride carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 41:59-62, 1981
52. 2,3-etheno-deoxyguanosine, using a site-directed kinetic assay. Carcinogenesis 12:745-747, 1991
53. 4-ethenocytosine. and 4-amino-5-(imidazol-2yl)imidazole. Biochemistry 32:12793-12801, 1993
54. Moriya M, Zhang W, Johnson F, Grollman A: Mutagenic potency of exocylic DNA adducts: Marked differences between Eschericia coli and simian kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11899-11903, 1994
55. 6-Ethenoadenosine, a DNA adduct highly mutageneic in mammalian cells. Biochemistry 35:11487-11492, 1996
56. Li D, Wang M, Liehr JG, Randerath K: DNA adducts induced by lipids and lipid peroxidation products: Possible relationships to I-compounds. Mutat Res 344:117-26, 1995
57. Wang MY, Liehr JG: Lipid hydroperoxide-induced endogenous DNA adducts in hamsters: Possible mechanism of lipid hydroperoxide-mediated carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 316:38-46, 1995
58. Israel Y, Hurwitz E, Niemela O, Arnon R: Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against acetaldehyde modified epitopes in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7923-7927, 1986
59. Worrall S, De Jersey J, Shanley B, Wilce P: Ethanol induces the production of antibodies to acetaldehyde-modified epitopes in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 24:217-223, 1989
60. Lin R, Smith R, Lumeng L: Detection of protein-aetaldehyde adducts in the liver of rats fed alcohol chronically. J Clin Invest 81:615-619, 1988
61. Niemela O, Klajner F, Orrego H, Vidnis E, Blendis L, Israel Y: Antibodies against acetaldehyde-modified proteins epitopes in human alcoholics. Mepatology 7:1210-1214, 1987
62. Svengliati-Baroni G, Baraona E, Rosman E, Lieber C: Collagen aectaldehyde adducts in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 20-111-118, 1994
63. Dellarco V: A mutagenicity assessment of acetaldehyde. Mutat Res 195:1-20, 1988
64. Woutensen R, Appelman L, Vangarderenhoetmer A, Feron V: Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study. Toxicology 41:213-233, 1984
65. Obe G, Jonas R, Schmidt S: Metabolism of ethanol in vitro produces a compound which induces sister chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro: Acetaldehyde, not ethanol, is mutagenic. Mutat Res 174:47-51, 1986
66. He S-H, Lambert B: Acetaldehyde-induced mutation at the hprt locus in human lymphocytes in vitro. Environ Mol Mutagen 16:57-63, 1990
67. Singh N, Khan A: Acetaldehyde: Genotoxictly and cytotoxicity in human lymphoblasls. Mutat Res 337:9-17, 1995
68. Frankel-Conral H, Singer B: Nuclcoside adducts are formed by cooperative interaction of acetaldehyde and alcohols: Possible mechanism for the role of ethanol in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 3758-3761, 1988
69. Hemminiki K, Suni R: Sites of reaction of glutaraldehyde and acetaldehyde with nucleosides. Arch Toxicol 55:186-190, 1984
70. Vaca C, Fang J-L, Schweda E: Studies of the reaction of acetal- dehyde with deoxynucleotides. Chem-Biol Interact 98:51-67, 1995
71. 32P postlabelling method for the analysis of adducts arising through the reaction of acetaldehyde with 2′-deoxyguanosine-3′-monophosphate. Carcinogenesis 16:2177-2185, 1995
72. 32P postlabelling test for structurally diverse DNA adducts. Carcinogenesis 7:1531-1536, 1986
73. Kawase T, Kalo S, Lieber CS: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in rat liver after chronic ethanol feeding. Hepatology 10:815-821, 1989
74. Fernandez-Checa J, Hirano T, Tsukamoto H, Kvaplowitz H: Mitochondrial glutathione depletion in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 10: 469-475, 1993
75. Dianov G, Lindahl T: Reconstitution of the DNA base excision repair pathway. Curr Biol 12:1009-1076, 1994
76. Cheney SG, Sancar A: DNA Repair: Enzymatic mechanisms and relevance to drug response. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1346-1360
77. Kunkel T: DNA-mismatch repair. The intricacies of eukaryotic spell-checking. Curr Biol 5:1091-1094, 1905
78. Hanawalt P: Transcription-coupled repair and human disease. Science 266:1957-1958, 1995
79. Friedberg E, Walker G, Siede W: DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. Washington, D.C., ASM Press, 1995
80. Simanowski U, Stickel F, Maier H, Gartner U, Seitz H: Effect of alcohol on GI cell regeneration as a possible mechanisms in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis. Alcohol 12:111-115, 1995
81. Dosanjh M, Chenna A, Kim E, Fraenkel-Conrat H, Samson L, Singer B: All four known cyclic adducts formed in DNA by the vinyl chloride metabolite chloroacetaldehyde are released by a human DNA glycosylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1024-1028, 1994
82. 4-ethenocytosine arc excised by separate human DNA glycosylases. Carcinogenesis 19:155-157, 1996
83. Doetsch P, Cunningham R: The enzymology of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases. Mutat Res 236:173-201, 1990
84. Sohol R, Horton J, Kuhn R, Gu H, Singhal R, Prasad R, Rajewsky K, Wilson SU: Requirement of mammalian DNA polymerase-β in base excision repair. Nature 379:183-186, 1996
85. Niederhofer LJ: The mutagenicity of the endogenous product malondialdehyde in human cells: Evidence for the formation of malondialdehyde:DNA interstrand crosslinks. Ph.D. Thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1996
86. Cleaver JE, Kraemer KH: Xeroderma pigmentosum, in Schriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Vallee D (eds): The Metabolic Basis of Human Disease. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1989, p 2949
87. Andrews AD, Barrett SF, Robbins JH: Xeroderma pigmentosum neurological abnormalities correlate with colony forming ability after ultraviolet irradiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1984-1988, 1978
88. Jones CJ, Wood RD: Preferential binding of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein to damaged DNA. Biochemistry 32:12096-12104, 1993
89. Satoh M, Jones C, Wood R, Lindahl T: DNA excision-repair defect of xeroderma pigmentosum prevents removal of a class of oxygen free radical induced base lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:6335-6339, 1993
90. Kotch L, Chen S-Y, Sulik K: Ethanol-induced teratogenesis: Free radical damage as a possible mechanism. Teratology 52:128-136, 1995
91. Davis W, Crawford L, Cooper O, Farmer G, Thomas D, Freeman B: Ethanol induced the generation of reactive free radicals by neural crest cells in vitro. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 10:277-293, 1990
92. Adams J, Vorhees C, Middaugh L: Developmental neurotoxicity of anticotivulsants: Human and animal evidence on phenytoin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12:203-214, 1990
93. Liu L, Wells P: DNA oxidation as a potential molecular mechanism mediating drug-induced birth defects: Phenytoin and structurally related teratogens initiate the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in vitro and in vivo in murine maternal hepatic and embryonic tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 19:639-648, 1995
94. Hansson T, Tindherg N, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kohler C: Regional distribution of ethanol-induciblc cytochrome P450 IIE1 in rat central nervous system. Neuroscicnee 34:451-463, 1990
95. Anandatheerthavarda H, Shankar S, Bharme S, Boyd M, Song B, Ravindranath V: Induction of brain cytochrome P-450IIE1 by chronic ethanol treatment. Brain Res 601:279-285, 1993
96. Warner M, Gustaffson J-A: Effect of ethanol on cytochrome P450 in the rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1019-1023. 1994
97. Roberts B, Shoaf S, Jeong K-S, Song B: Induction of cytochrome p4502E1 (CYP2E1) in liver, kidney, brain, and intestine during chronic ethanol administration and withdrawal: Evidence that CYP2E1 possesses a rapid phase half-life of 6 hours or less. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 205:1064-1071, 1994
98. Aragon C, Stotland L, Amit Z: Studies on ethanol-brain catalase interaction: Evidence for central ethanol oxidation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:165-109, 1991
99. Gulya K, Grant K, Valverius P, Hoffman P, Tabakoff B: Brain receptor specificity and time course of changes in the NMDA receptor-ionophore complex during ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 547:129-134, 1991
100. Iorio K, Reinlib L, Tabakoff B, Hoffman P: Chronic exposure of cerebellar granule cells to ethanol results in increased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. Mol Pharmacol 41:1142-1148, 1992
101. MeCown T, Breese G: Multiple withdrawals from ethanol kindles inferior colliculus seizures: Evidence for kindling of seizures associated with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14:394-399, 1990
102. Davidson M, Shanley B, Wilce P: Increased NMDA-induced excitability during ethanol withdrawal: A behavioral and histologicai study. Brain Res 674:91-96, 1995
103. Morrisett R, Rezvani A, Overstreet D, Janowsky D, Wilson W, Swartzwelder H: MK-801 potently inhibits alcohol withdrawal seizures in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 176:103-105, 1990
104. Grant K, Valverius P, Hudspith M, Tabakoff B: Ethanol with-drawal seizures and the NMDA receptor complex. Eur J Pharmacol 176:289-296, 1990
105. Liljequist S: The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CGP 39551, inhibits ethanol withdrawal seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 192:197-198, 1991
106. Coyle J, Puttfareken P: Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurode-generative disorders. Science 262:089-695, 1993
107. Reynolds I, Hastings T: Glutamate induces the formation of reactive oxygen species in cultured forebrain neurons following NMDA receptor activation. J Neurosci 15:3318-3327, 1995
108. Tavares MA, Paula-Barbosa MM: Alcohol induced granule cell loss in the cerebellar cortex of the adult rat. Exp Neurol 78:574-582, 1982
109. Phillips S, Cragg B: Alcohol withdrawal causes a loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice. J Study Alcohol 45:475-480, 1984
110. Lundqvist C, Alling C, Knoth R, Volk B: Intermittent ethanol exposure of adult rats: Hippocampal cell loss after one month of treatment. Alcohol Alcohol 30:737-748, 1995
111. Hunt WA, Nixon SJ: Alcohol-Induced Brain Damage. NIH Publication 93-3549. Bethesda, MD, NIH, 1993
112. Karhunen P, Eirkinjuntti T, Laippala P: Moderate alcohol consumption and the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Br Med J 308:1663-1667, 1994
113. Pfefferbaum A, Lim K, Zipursky R, Mathalon D, Rosenbloom M, Lane B, Ha C-N, Sullivan E: Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: A quantitative study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1078-1089. 1992
114. Lindahl T: Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362:709-714, 1993
115. Brooks P, Marietta C, Goldman D: DNA mismatch repair and DNA methylation in adult brain neurons. J Neurosci 16:939-945, 1996
116. Chen Y, Bogenhagen D: Effects of DNA lesions on transcription elongation by T7 RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 268:5849-5855, 1993
117. 6-methylguanine transferase-mediated repair of alkylated DNA. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10(Suppl.):73S-77S, 1986
118. 6-methylguanine DNA lesions in castrated adult male rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1267-1271, 1994
119. Bosron WF, Li T-K: Genetic polymorphism of human liver alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and their relationship to alcohol metabolism and alcoholism, Hepatology 6:502-510, 1986
120. Goldman D, Enoch M-A: Genetic epidemiology of ethanol metabolic enzymes: A role for selection, in Simopoulos AP, Childs B (eds): Genetic Variation and Nutrition. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 63. Basel, Karger, 1990, pp 143-160
121. Crabb DW, Dipple KM, Thomasson HR: Alcohol sensitivity, alcohol metabolism, risk of alcoholism, and the role of alcohol, and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes. J Lab Clin Med 122:234-240, 1993
122. Feinman L, Lieber CS: Nutrition: Medical problems of alcoholics, in CS Lieber (ed): Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism: Mechanisms and Management, New York, Plenum, 1992, p 515
123. Garcia-Ruiz C, Morales A, Colell A, Ballesta A, Rodes J, Kaplowitz N, Fernandez-Checa J: Feeding S-adenosyl-L -methioninc attenuates both ethanol induced depletion of mitochondrial glutalhione and mitochondrial dysfunction in poriportal and perivenous hepatocytes. Hepatology 21:134-141, 1995
124. Eskelson CD, Odeleye OE, Watson RR, Earnest DL, Mufti SI: Modulation of cancer growth by vitamin E and alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 28:117-125, 1993