메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 276, Issue 5311, 1997, Pages 398-401

Size dependence of structural metastability in semiconductor nanocrystals

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; NANOPARTICLE; SELENIDE; SULFIDE;

EID: 0030963445     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5311.398     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (567)

References (38)
  • 4
    • 36849139523 scopus 로고
    • D. Turnbull, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 411 (1952); Solid State Phys. 3, 225 (1956).
    • (1952) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.20 , pp. 411
    • Turnbull, D.1
  • 5
    • 36849139523 scopus 로고
    • D. Turnbull, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 411 (1952); Solid State Phys. 3, 225 (1956).
    • (1956) Solid State Phys. , vol.3 , pp. 225
  • 9
    • 0000939593 scopus 로고
    • J. C. Jamieson, Science 139, 762 (1963); B. A. Weinstein and G. J. Piermarini, Phys. Rev. B 12, 1172 (1975).
    • (1963) Science , vol.139 , pp. 762
    • Jamieson, J.C.1
  • 11
    • 1842302590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A well-defined thermodynamic constraint was placed on the system in these studies: An extended crystal may be viewed as having been divided into separate nanometer-size crystals, each of the same size, and with no possibility of atoms migrating between them. Under these conditions, the nanocrystals have a well-defined, size-dependent phase diagram, with an extra term compared to the case for the bulk solid to take account of the surface. This constraint (no communication between crystallites) was carefully observed under all the conditions reported here.
  • 14
    • 1842384255 scopus 로고
    • S. H. Tolbert and A. P. Alivisatos, ibid. 265, 373 (1994); Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 46, 595 (1995).
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. , vol.46 , pp. 595
  • 15
    • 4043131660 scopus 로고
    • _, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 4642 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.102 , pp. 4642
  • 17
    • 0015567308 scopus 로고
    • We achieved high pressures and temperatures using a Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell heated in a ceramic oven. The main body of the cell including bolts and screws was made from Inconel 718 to reduce thermal expansion effects, which caused a decrease in pressure of less than 0.5 GPa when experiments were carried out up to 13 GPa and 500 K. We measured pressures using standard ruby fluorescence techniques [J. D. Bamett, S. Block, G. J. Piermarini, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1 (1973)]. Temperatures were measured with a thermocouple in contact with the steel gasket. High-pressure and high-temperature x-ray diffraction was performed on wiggler beam line 10-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory with a photon energy of 20 KeV. We collected diffraction patterns in the angle-dispersive mode using image plates; these patterns were angle-integrated to obtain the data shown here [J. H. Nguyen and R. Jeanloz, ibid. 64, 3456 (1993)]. In all cases the instrument resolution was far greater than the intrinsic diffraction linewidths because of the small crystallite size. We collected optical absorption spectra using a scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer with 2-nm resolution in 6 to 7 min. Optical transitions in wurtzite nanocrystals are electronically allowed, and the absorption consists of a series of discrete features in the visible region. Rock-salt nanocrystals have a band gap in the near-infrared, and the transitions are electronically forbidden but phonon-assisted, as in the bulk material [S. H. Tolbert, A. B. Herhold, C. S. Johnson, A. P. Alivisatos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3266 (1994)], resulting in a featureless absorption spectrum. We observed an abrupt change in the electronic absorption, a clear signature of the phase transition.
    • (1973) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.44 , pp. 1
    • Bamett, J.D.1    Block, S.2    Piermarini, G.J.3
  • 18
    • 36448998797 scopus 로고
    • We achieved high pressures and temperatures using a Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell heated in a ceramic oven. The main body of the cell including bolts and screws was made from Inconel 718 to reduce thermal expansion effects, which caused a decrease in pressure of less than 0.5 GPa when experiments were carried out up to 13 GPa and 500 K. We measured pressures using standard ruby fluorescence techniques [J. D. Bamett, S. Block, G. J. Piermarini, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1 (1973)]. Temperatures were measured with a thermocouple in contact with the steel gasket. High-pressure and high-temperature x-ray diffraction was performed on wiggler beam line 10-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory with a photon energy of 20 KeV. We collected diffraction patterns in the angle-dispersive mode using image plates; these patterns were angle-integrated to obtain the data shown here [J. H. Nguyen and R. Jeanloz, ibid. 64, 3456 (1993)]. In all cases the instrument resolution was far greater than the intrinsic diffraction linewidths because of the small crystallite size. We collected optical absorption spectra using a scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer with 2-nm resolution in 6 to 7 min. Optical transitions in wurtzite nanocrystals are electronically allowed, and the absorption consists of a series of discrete features in the visible region. Rock-salt nanocrystals have a band gap in the near-infrared, and the transitions are electronically forbidden but phonon-assisted, as in the bulk material [S. H. Tolbert, A. B. Herhold, C. S. Johnson, A. P. Alivisatos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3266 (1994)], resulting in a featureless absorption spectrum. We observed an abrupt change in the electronic absorption, a clear signature of the phase transition.
    • (1993) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.64 , pp. 3456
    • Nguyen, J.H.1    Jeanloz, R.2
  • 19
    • 4243454765 scopus 로고
    • We achieved high pressures and temperatures using a Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell heated in a ceramic oven. The main body of the cell including bolts and screws was made from Inconel 718 to reduce thermal expansion effects, which caused a decrease in pressure of less than 0.5 GPa when experiments were carried out up to 13 GPa and 500 K. We measured pressures using standard ruby fluorescence techniques [J. D. Bamett, S. Block, G. J. Piermarini, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1 (1973)]. Temperatures were measured with a thermocouple in contact with the steel gasket. High-pressure and high-temperature x-ray diffraction was performed on wiggler beam line 10-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory with a photon energy of 20 KeV. We collected diffraction patterns in the angle-dispersive mode using image plates; these patterns were angle-integrated to obtain the data shown here [J. H. Nguyen and R. Jeanloz, ibid. 64, 3456 (1993)]. In all cases the instrument resolution was far greater than the intrinsic diffraction linewidths because of the small crystallite size. We collected optical absorption spectra using a scanning ultraviolet-visible spectrometer with 2-nm resolution in 6 to 7 min. Optical transitions in wurtzite nanocrystals are electronically allowed, and the absorption consists of a series of discrete features in the visible region. Rock-salt nanocrystals have a band gap in the near-infrared, and the transitions are electronically forbidden but phonon-assisted, as in the bulk material [S. H. Tolbert, A. B. Herhold, C. S. Johnson, A. P. Alivisatos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3266 (1994)], resulting in a featureless absorption spectrum. We observed an abrupt change in the electronic absorption, a clear signature of the phase transition.
    • (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 3266
    • Tolbert, S.H.1    Herhold, A.B.2    Johnson, C.S.3    Alivisatos, A.P.4
  • 23
    • 1842349475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 50 clusters form glasses between 1 and 2 GPa and behave as hydrostatic pressure media with gradients no greater than 0.5 GPa for the highest pressures obtained in these experiments.
  • 25
    • 36149020133 scopus 로고
    • A. L. Edwards and H. G. Drickamer, Phys. Rev. 122, 1149 (1961); W. C. Yu and P. J. Gielisse, Mater. Res. Bull. 6, 621 (1971).
    • (1961) Phys. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 1149
    • Edwards, A.L.1    Drickamer, H.G.2
  • 26
    • 26144462292 scopus 로고
    • A. L. Edwards and H. G. Drickamer, Phys. Rev. 122, 1149 (1961); W. C. Yu and P. J. Gielisse, Mater. Res. Bull. 6, 621 (1971).
    • (1971) Mater. Res. Bull. , vol.6 , pp. 621
    • Yu, W.C.1    Gielisse, P.J.2
  • 28
    • 1842357396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in preparation
    • In calculating the barrier heights, we assumed that the variations in the thermodynamic transition point with size and temperature were small and could be neglected. The change in the thermodynamic transition point (72) is small compared to the full hysteresis width. The pressure dependence of the barrier heights will be discussed elsewhere (C.-C. Chen et al., in preparation).
    • Chen, C.-C.1
  • 29
    • 1842277530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The interface term most likely involves the breaking or rearrangement, or both, of bonds between surface atoms and organic capping ligands and depends on the types of ligands used.
  • 31
    • 0003088679 scopus 로고
    • E. C. Stoner and E. P. Wohlfarth, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 240, 599 (1948); L. Néel, Ann. Geophys. 5, 99 (1949); D. D. Awschalom and D. P. DiVincenzo, Phys. Today 48, 43 (1995).
    • (1949) Ann. Geophys. , vol.5 , pp. 99
    • Néel, L.1
  • 32
    • 11944262407 scopus 로고
    • E. C. Stoner and E. P. Wohlfarth, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 240, 599 (1948); L. Néel, Ann. Geophys. 5, 99 (1949); D. D. Awschalom and D. P. DiVincenzo, Phys. Today 48, 43 (1995).
    • (1995) Phys. Today , vol.48 , pp. 43
    • Awschalom, D.D.1    DiVincenzo, D.P.2
  • 33
    • 0343692507 scopus 로고
    • F. Bodker, S. Morup, S. Linderoth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 282 (1994); J. P. Chen, C. M. Sorensen, K. J. Klabunde, G. C. Hadjipanayis, Phys. Rev. B 51, 11527 (1995).
    • (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.72 , pp. 282
    • Bodker, F.1    Morup, S.2    Linderoth, S.3
  • 38
    • 1842386270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank A. Kadavanich, N. Mizumoto, X. Peng, and M. Schlamp for technical assistance with this project and R. Jeanloz and S. H. Tolbert for helpful discussions. Supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Material Science Division, of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC03-76F0098. In these experiments we used the facilities of the University of California-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Participating Research Team at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, which is operated by the DOE, Division of Chemical Sciences.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.