Cytokines which signal through the LIF receptor and their actions in the nervous system

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 355-378

  Murphy, Mark ^a   Dutton, Renée ^a   Koblar, Simon ^b   Cheema, Surinda ^c   Bartlett, Perry ^a  

^a ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CYTOKINE; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; ONCOSTATIN M;

EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEURAL CREST; NEUROIMMUNOLOGY; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROGRADE NERVE FIBER TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPINAL CORD MOTONEURON; SYMPATHETIC NERVE CELL;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BRAIN; CYTOKINES; GROWTH INHIBITORS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR; LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT; LYMPHOKINES; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; NEURONS; NEURONS, AFFERENT; RECEPTORS, CYTOKINE; RECEPTORS, OSM-LIF; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0030962825     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00020-8     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Abney, E. R., Bartlett, P. P. and Raff, M. C. (1981) Astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes develop on schedule in dissociated cell cultures of embryonic rat brain. Dev. Biol. 83, 301-310.
2. Adler, R., Landa, K. B., Manthorpe, M. and Varon, S. (1979) Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: intraocular distribution of trophic activity for ciliary neurons. Science 204, 1434-1436.
3. Aebischer, P., Schluep, M., Deglon, N., Joseph, J. M., Hirt, L., Heyd, B., Goddard, M., Hammang, J. P., Zurn, A. D., Kato, A. C., Regli, F. and Baetge, E. E. (1996) Intrathecal delivery of CNTF using encapsulated genetically modified xenogenic cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Nature Med. 2, 696-6999.
4. Allsopp, T. E., Kiselev, S., Wyatt, S. and Davies, A. M. (1995) Role of bcl-2 in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor survival response. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1266-1272.
5. Allsopp, T. E., Wyatt, S., Paterson, H. F. and Davies, A. M. (1993) The proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic factor-dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell 73, 295-307.
6. Aloisi, F., Rosa, S., Testa, U., Bonsi, P., Russo, G., Peschle, C. and Levi, G. (1994) Regulation of leukaemia inhibitory factor synthesis in cultured human astrocytes. J. Immunol. 152, 5022-5031.
7. Anonymous (1995a) The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relation to parameters of the acute-phase response. The ALS CNTF Treatment Study (ACTS) Phase I-II Study Group. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18, 500-514.
8. Anonymous (1995b) A phase I study of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The ALS CNTF Treatment Study (ACTS) Phase I-II Study Group. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18, 515-532.
9. Anonymous (1996) A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of subcutaneous recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rHCNTF) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS CNTF Treatment Study Group. Neurology 46, 1244-1249.
10. Arakawa, Y., Sendtner, M. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Survival effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on chick embryonic motoneurons in culture: comparison with other neurotrophic factors and cytokines. J. Neurosci. 10, 3507-3515.
11. Asada, H., Ip, N. Y., Pan, L., Razack, N., Parfitt, M. M. and Plunkett, R. J. (1995) Time course of ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression is coincident with the presence of protoplasmic astrocytes in traumatized rat striatum. J. Neurosci. Res. 40, 22-30.
12. Austin, L. and Burgess, A. W. (1991) Stimulation of myoblast proliferation in culture by leukaemia inhibitory factor and other cytokines. J. Neurol. Sci. 101, 193-197.
13. Bamber, B. A., Masters, B. A., Hoyle, G. W., Brinster, R. L. and Palmiter, R. D. (1994) Leukaemia inhibitory factor induces neurotransmitter switching in transgenic mice. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7839-7843.
14. Bandtlow, C. E., Heumann, R., Schwab, M. E. and Thoenen, H. (1987) Cellular localization of nerve growth factor synthesis by in situ hybridization. EMBO J. 6, 891-899.
15. Banner, L. R. and Patterson, P. H. (1994) Major changes in the expression of the mRNAs for cholinergic differentiation factor/leukaemia inhibitory factor and its receptor after injury to adult peripheral nerves and ganglia. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7109-7113.
16. Barbin, G., Manthorpe, M. and Varon, S. (1984) Purification of the chick eye ciliary neuronotrophic factor. J. Neurochem. 43, 1468-1478.
17. Barnard, W., Bower, J., Brown, M. A., Murphy, M. and Austin, L. (1994) Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) infusion stimulates skeletal muscle regeneration after injury: injured muscle expresses lif mRNA. J. Neurol. Sci. 123, 108-113.
18. Bartlett, P. F., Kilpatrick, T. J., Richards, L. J., Talman, P. S. and Murphy, M. (1994) Regulation of the early development of the nervous system by growth factors. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 64, 371-393.
19. Bazan, J. F. (1991) Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold. Neuron 7, 197-208.
20. Borasio, G. D., Markus, A., Wittinghofer, A., Barde, Y. A. and Heumann, R. (1993) Involvement of ras p21 in neurotrophin-induced response of sensory, but not sympathetic neurons. J. Cell. Biol. 121, 665-672.
21. Burnham, P., Louis, J. C., Magal, E. and Varon, S. (1994) Effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on the survival and response to nerve growth factor of cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Dev. Biol. 161, 96-106.
22. Cameron, R. S. and Rakic, P. (1991) Glial cell lineage in the cerebral cortex: a review and synthesis. Glia 4, 124-137.
23. Carroll, P., Sendtner, M., Meyer, M. and Thoenen, H. (1993) Rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF): gene structure and regulation of mRNA levels in glial cell cultures. Glia 9, 176-187.
24. Cheema, S. S., Richards, L., Murphy, M. and Bartlett, P. F. (1994a) Leukaemia inhibitory factor prevents the death of axotomised sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the neonatal rat. J. Neurosci. Res. 37, 213-218.
25. Cheema, S. S., Richards, L. J., Murphy, M. and Bartlett, P. F. (1994b) Leukaemia inhibitory factor rescues motoneurons from axotomy-induced cell death. Neuro Report 5, 989-992.
26. Cui, Q. and Harvey, A. R. (1995) At least two mechanisms are involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells following target ablation in neonatal rats. J. Neurosci. 17, 8143-8155.
27. Curtis, R., Adryan, K. M., Zhu, Y., Harkness, P. J., Lindsay. R. M. and DiStefano, P. S. (1993) Retrograde axonal transport of ciliary neurotrophic factor is increased by peripheral nerve injury. Nature 365, 253-255.
28. Curtis, R., Scherer, S. S., Somogyi, R., Adryan, K. M., Ip, N. Y., Zhu, Y., Lindsay, R. M. and DiStefano, P. S. (1994) Retrograde axonal transport of LIF is increased by peripheral nerve injury: correlation with increased LIF expression in distal nerve. Neuron 12, 191-204.
29. Dale, S. M., Kuang, R. Z., Wei, X. and Varon, S. (1995) Corticospinal motor neurons in the adult rat: degeneration after intracortical axotomy and protection by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Expl Neurol 135, 67-73.
30. Davies, A. and Lumsden, A. (1984) Relation of target encounter and neuronal death to nerve growth factor responsiveness in the developing mouse trigeminal ganglion. J. Comp. Neurol. 223, 124-137.
31. Davies, A. M. (1994) The role of neurotrophins in the developing nervous system. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1334-1348.
32. Davies, A. M., Bandtlow, C., Heumann, R., Korsching, S., Rohrer, H. and Thoenen, H. (1987) Timing and site of nerve growth factor synthesis in developing skin in relation to innervation and expression of the receptor. Nature 326, 353-358.
33. Davis, S., Aldrich, T. H., Valenzuela, D. M., Wong, V. V., Furth, M. E., Squinto, S. P. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1991) The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor. Science 253, 59-63.
34. De Felici, M. and Dolci, S. (1991) Leukaemia inhibitory factor sustains the survival of mouse primordial germ cells cultured on TM4 feeder layers. Dev. Biol. 147, 281-284.
35. DeChiara, T. M., Vejsada, R., Poueymirou, W. T., Acheson, A., Suri, C., Conover, J. C., Friedman, B., McClain, J., Pan, L. and Stahl, N. et al. (1995) Mice lacking the CNTF receptor, unlike mice lacking CNTF, exhibit profound motor neuron deficits at birth. Cell 83, 313-322.
36. Donato, R., Cheema, S., Finkelstein, D., Bartlett, P. and Morrison, W. (1995) Role of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in rat peripheral nerve regeneration. Ann. Acad. Med. Sci. Singapore 24, 94-100.
37. Eckenstein, F. P., Esch, F., Holbert, T., Blacher, R. W. and Nishi, R. (1990) Purification and characterization of a trophic factor for embryonic peripheral neurons: comparison with fibroblast growth factors. Neuron 4, 623-631.
38. Epstein, D. J., Vekemans, M. and Gros, P. (1991) Splotch (Sp2H), a mutation affecting development of the mouse neural tube, shows a deletion within the paired homeodomain of Pax-3. Cell 67, 767-774.
39. Ernsberger, U. and Rohrer, H. (1988) Neuronal precursor cells in chick dorsal root ganglia: differentiation and survival in vitro. Dev. Biol. 126, 420-432.
40. Ernsberger, U., Sendtner, M. and Rohrer, H. (1989) Proliferation and differentiation of embryonic chick sympathetic neurons: effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor. Neuron 2, 1275-1284.
41. Escary, J.-L., Perreau, J., Dumenil, D., Ezine, S. and Brulet, P. (1993) Leukaemia inhibitory factor is necessary for maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells and thymocyte stimulation. Nature 363, 361-364.
42. Espinose de los Monteros, A., MaoSheng, A. and De Vellis, J. (1993) O2A progenitor cells transplanted into the neonatal rat brain develop into oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 50-54.
43. Fan, G. and Katz, D. M. (1993) Non-neuronal cells inhibit catecholaminergic differentiation of primary sensory neurons: role of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Development 118, 83-93.
44. Fann, M. J. and Patterson, P. H. (1994) Neuropoietic cytokines and activin A differentially regulate the phenotype of cultured sympathetic neurons. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 43-47.
45. ffrench-Constant, C. and Raff, M. C. (1986) The oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte cell lineage is specialized for myelination. Nature 323, 335-338.
46. Finkelstein, D. I., Bartlett, P. F., Horne, M. K. and Cheema, S. S. (1996) Leukaemia inhibitory factor is a myotrophic and neurotrophic agent that enhances the reinnervation of muscle in the rat. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 122-128.
47. Friedman, B., Scherer, S. S., Rudge, J. S., Helgren, M., Morrisey, D., McClain, J., Wang, D. Y., Wiegand, S. J., Furth, M. E., Lindsay, R. M. and Ip, N. Y. (1992) Regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor expression in myelin-related Schwann cells in vivo. Neuron 9, 295-305.
48. Fukada, K. (1985) Purification and partial characterization of a cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 8795-8799.
49. -) and response to cytokines using signal transducer LIFR beta. Dev. Biol. 167, 596-608.
50. Gearing, D. P. and Bruce, A. G. (1992) Oncostatin M binds the high-affinity leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor. New Biol. 4, 61-65.
51. Gearing, D. P., Comeau, M. R., Friend, D. J., Gimpel, S. D., Thut, C. J., McGourty, J., Brasher, K. K., King, J. A., Gillis, S. and Mosley, B. et al. (1992) The IL-6 signal transducer, gp130: an oncostatin M receptor and affinity converter for the LIF receptor. Science 255, 1434-1437.
52. Gearing, D. P., Gough, N. M., King, J. A., Hilton, D. J., Nicola, N. A., Simpson, R. J., Nice, E. C., Kelso, A. and Metcalf, D. (1987) Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a murine myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). EMBO J. 6, 3995-4002.
53. Gearing, D. P., Thut, C. J., VandeBos, T., Gimpel, S. D., Delaney, P. B., King, J., Price, V., Cosman, D. and Beckmann, M. P. (1991) Leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor is structurally related to the IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. EMBO J. 10, 2839-2848.
54. Gomi, H., Yokoyama, T., Fujimoto, K., Ikeda, T., Katoh, A., Itoh, T. and Itohara, S. (1995) Mice devoid of the glial fibrillary acidic protein develop normally and are susceptible to scrapie prions. Neuron 14, 29-41.
55. Gurney, M. E., Yamamoto, H. and Kwon, Y. (1992) Induction of motor neuron sprouting in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. J. Neurosci. 12, 3241-3247.
56. Habecker, B. A., Pennica, D. and Landis, S. C. (1995) Cardiotrophin-1 is not the sweat gland-derived differentiation factor. Neuro Report 7, 41-44.
57. Hagg, T., Quon, D., Higaki, J. and Varon, S. (1992) Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents neuronal degeneration and promotes low affinity NGF receptor expression in the adult rat CNS. Neuron 8, 145-158.
58. Hagg, T. and Varon, S. (1993) Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents degeneration of adult rat substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 6315-6319.
59. Helgren, M. E., Squinto, S. P., Davis, H. L., Parry, D. J., Boulton, T. G., Heck, C. S., Zhu, Y., Yancopoulos, G. D., Lindsay, R. M. and DiStefano, P. S. (1994) Trophic effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor on denervated skeletal muscle. Cell 76, 493-504.
60. Heller, S., Finn, T. P., Huber, J., Nishi, R., Geissen, M., Puschel, A. W. and Rohrer, H. (1995) Analysis of function and expression of the chick GPA receptor (GPAR alpha) suggests multiple roles in neuronal development. Development 121, 2681-2693.
61. Heller, S., Huber, J., Finn, T. P., Nishi, R. and Rohrer, H. (1993) GPA and CNTF produce similar effects in sympathetic neurones but differ in receptor binding. Neuro Report 5, 357-360.
62. Hendry, I. A., Murphy, M., Hilton, D. J., Nicola, N. A. and Bartlett, P. F. (1992) Binding and retrograde transport of leukaemia inhibitory factor by the sensory nervous system. J. Neurosci. 12, 3427-3434.
63. Hollyday, M. and Hamburger, V. (1977) An autoradiographic study of the formation of the lateral motor column in the chick embryo. Brain Res. 132, 197-208.
64. Hughes, S. M., Lillien, L. E., Raff, M. C., Rohrer, H. and Sendtner, M. (1988) Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces type-2 astrocyte differentiation in culture. Nature 335, 70-73.
65. Ikeda, K., Iwasaki, Y., Tagaya, N., Shiojima, T. and Kinoshita, M. (1995) Neuroprotective effect of cholinergic differentiation factor leukaemia inhibitory factor on wobbler murine motor neuron disease. Musc. Nerve 18, 1344-1347.
66. Ip, N. Y., McClain, J., Barrezueta, N. X., Aldrich, T. H., Pan, L., Li, Y., Wiegand, S. J., Friedman, B., Davis, S. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1993a) The alpha component of the CNTF receptor is required for signaling and defines potential CNTF targets in the adult and during development. Neuron 10, 89-102.
67. Ip, N. Y., Nye, S. H., Boulton, T. G., Davis, S., Taga, T., Li, Y., Birren, S. J., Yasakawa, K., Kishimoto, T., Anderson, D. J., Stahl, N. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1992) CNTF and LIF act on neuronal cells via shared signaling pathways that involve the IL-6 signal transducing receptor component gp-130. Cell 69, 1121-1132.
68. Ip, N. Y., Wiegand, S. J., Morse, J. and Rudge, J. S. (1993b) Injury-induced regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA in the adult rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 25-33.
69. Janzer, R. C. and Raff, M. C. (1987) Astrocytes induce blood-brain barrier properties in endothelial cells. Nature 325, 253-257.
70. Kahn, M. A. and De Vellis, J. (1994) Regulation of an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line by the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Glia 12, 87-98.
71. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. and Jessel, T. M. (1991) Principles of Neural Science, 3rd edn. Appleton and Lange: Norwalk, CT.
72. Kessler, J. A., Ludlam, W. H., Freidin, M. M., Hall, D. H., Michaelson, M. D., Spray, D. C., Dougherty, M. and Batter, D. K. (1993) Cytokine-induced programmed death of cultured sympathetic neurons. Neuron 11, 1123-1132.
73. Kilpatrick, T. J., Richards, L. J. and Bartlett, P. F. (1995) The regulation of neural precursor cells within the mammalian brain. [Review]. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 6, 2-15.
74. Kurek, J. B., Austin, L., Cheema, S. S., Bartlett, P. F. and Murphy, M. (1996) Up-regulation of leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 in transected sciatic nerve and muscle following denervation. Neuromusc. Disord. 6, 105-114.
75. Kwon, Y. W., Abbondanzo, S. J., Stewart, C. L. and Gurney, M. E. (1995) Leukaemia inhibitory factor influences the timing of programmed synapses withdrawal from neonatal muscles. J. Neurobiol. 28, 35-50.
76. Landis, S. C. (1994) Development of sympathetic neurons: neuro-transmitter plasticity and differentiation factors. Progr. Brain Res. 100, 19-23.
77. Langman, J. and Haden, C. C. (1970) Formation and migration of neuroblasts in the spinal cord of the chick embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 138, 419-425.
78. Le Douarin, N. M. (1986) Investigations on the neural crest: methodological aspects and recent advances. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 486, 67-86.
79. Le Douarin, N. M. and Smith, J. (1988) Development of the peripheral nervous system from the neural crest. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4, 375-404.
80. Lee, D. A., Zurawel, R. H. and Windebank, A. J. (1995) Ciliary neurotrophic factor expression in Schwann cells is induced by axonal contact. J. Neurochem. 65, 564-568.
81. Leung, D. W., Parent, A. S., Cachianes, G., Esch, F., Coulombe, J. N., Nikolics, K., Eckenstein, F. P. and Nishi, R. (1992) Cloning, expression during development, and evidence for release of a trophic factor for ciliary ganglion neurons. Neuron 8, 1045-1053.
82. Levison, S. W. and Goldman, J. E. (1993) Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat forebrain. Neuron 10, 201-212.
83. Li, M., Sendtner, M. and Smith, A. (1995) Essential function of lif receptor in motor neurons. Nature 378, 724-727.
84. Liedtke, W., Edelmann, W., Bieri, P. L., Chiu, F. C., Cowan, N. J., Kucherlapati, R. and Raine, C. S. (1996) Gfap is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17, 607-615.
85. Lillien, L. E., Sendtner, M. and Raff, M. C. (1990) Extracellular matrix-associated molecules collaborate with ciliary neurotrophic factor to induce type-2 astrocyte development. J. Cell. Biol. 111, 635-644.
86. Lillien, L. E., Sendtner, M., Rohrer, H., Hughes, S. M. and Raff, M. C. (1988) Type-2 astrocyte development in rat brain cultures is initiated by a CNTF-like protein produced by type-1 astrocytes. Neuron 1, 485-494.
87. Lin, L. F., Mismer, D., Lile, J. D., Armes, L. G., Butler, E. B., Vannice, J. L. and Collins, F. (1989) Purification, cloning, and expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Science 246, 1023-1025.
88. Louis, J. C., Magal, E., Burnham, P. and Varon, S. (1993) Cooperative effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor and norepinephrine on tyrosine hydroxylase expression in cultured rat locus coeruleus neurons. Dev. Biol. 155, 1-13.
89. Ludlam, W. H., Zang, Z., McCarson, K. E., Krause, J. E., Spray, D. C. and Kessler, J. A. (1994) mRNAs encoding muscarinic and substance P receptors in cultured sympathetic neurons are differentially regulated by LIF or CNTF. Dev. Biol. 164, 528-539.
90. Luskin, M. B., Pearlman, A. L. and Sanes, J. R. (1988) Cell lineage in the cerebral cortex of the mouse studied in vivo and in vitro with a recombinant retrovirus. Neuron 1, 635-647.
91. Magal, E., Burnham, P. and Varon, S. (1991) Effects of ciliary neuronotrophic factor on rat spinal cord neurons in vitro: survival and expression of choline acetyltransferase and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors. Dev. Brain Res. 63, 141-150.
92. Magal, E., Louis, J. C., Oudega, M. and Varon, S. (1993) CNTF promotes the survival of neonatal rat corticospinal neurons in vitro. Neuro Report 4, 779-782.
93. Malik, N., Kallestad, J. C., Gunderson, N. L., Austin, S. D., Neubauer, M. G., Ochs, V., Marquardt, H., Zarling, J. M., Shoyab, M. and Wei, C. M. et al. (1989) Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of a novel growth regulator, oncostatin M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 2847-2853.
94. Manthorpe, M., Skaper, S., Adler, R., Landa, K. and Varon, S. (1980) Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: fractionation properties of an extract from selected chick embryonic eye tissues. J. Neurochem. 34, 69-75.
95. Martin, T. J., Allan, E. H., Evely, R. S. and Reid, I. R. (1992) Leukaemia inhibitory factor and bone cell function. Ciba Found. Symp. 167, 141-1450.
96. Martinou, J. C., Martinou, I. and Kato, A. C. (1992) Cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF/LIF) promotes survival of isolated rat embryonic motoneurons in vitro. Neuron 8, 737-744.
97. Masu, Y., Wolf, E., Holtman, B., Sendtner, M., Brem, G. and Thoenen, H. (1993) Disruption of the CNTF gene results in motor neuron degeneration. Nature 365, 27-32.
98. Matsui, Y., Toksoz, D., Nishikawa, S., Nishikawa, S., Williams, D., Zsebo, K. and Hogan, B. L. (1991) Effect of steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on murine primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 353, 750-752.
99. Mayer, M., Bhakoo, K. and Noble, M. (1994) Ciliary neurotrophic factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor promote the generation, maturation and survival of oligodendrocytes in vitro. Development 120, 143-153.
100. Mehler, M. F., Rozental, R., Dougherty, M., Spray, D. C. and Kessler, J. A. (1993) Cytokine regulation of neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells. Nature 362, 62-65.
101. Metcalf, D., Hilton, D. and Nicola, N. A. (1991) Leukaemia inhibitory factor can potentiate murine megakaryocyte production in vitro. Blood 77, 2150-2153.
102. Metcalf, D., Waring, P. and Nicola, N. A. (1992) Actions of leukaemia inhibitory factor on megakaryocyte and platelet formation. Ciba Found. Symp. 167, 174-182.
103. Meyer-Franke, A., Kaplan, M. R., Pfrieger, F. W. and Barres, B. A. (1995) Characterization of the signaling interactions that promote the survival and growth of developing retinal ganglion cells in culture. Neuron 15, 805-819.
104. Michikawa, M., Kikuchi, S. and Kim, S. U. (1992) Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mediated increase of choline acetyltransferase activity in mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 75-77.
105. Miller, R. G., Bryan, W. W., Dietz, M. A., Munsat, T. L., Petajan, J. H., Smith, S. A. and Goodpasture, J. C. (1996a) Toxicity and tolerability of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 46, 1329-1331.
106. Miller, R. G., Petajan, J. H., Bryan, W. W., Armon, C., Barohn, R. J., Goodpasture, J. C., Hoagland, R. J., Parry, G. J. Ross, M. A., Stromatt, S. C. and the rhCNTF ALS Study Group. (1996b) A placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic (rhcntf) factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 39, 256-260.
107. Mitsumoto, H., Ikeda, K., Klinkosz, B., Cedarbaum, J. M., Wong, V. and Lindsay, R. M. (1994) Arrest of motor neuron disease in wobbler mice cotreated with CNTF and BDNF. Science 265, 1107-1110.
108. Moore, M. W., Klein, R. D., Farinas, I., Sauer, H., Armanini, M., Phillips, H., Reichardt, L. F., Ryan, A. M., Carver-Moore, K. and Rosenthal, A. (1996) Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF. Nature 382, 76-79.
109. Murphy, G. Jr, Song, Y., Ong, E., Lee, Y. L., Schmidt, K. G., Bocchini, V. and Eng, L. F. (1995a) Leukaemia inhibitory factor mRNA is expressed in cortical astrocyte cultures but not in an immortalized microglial cell line. Neurosci. Lett. 184, 48-51.
110. Murphy, M., Reid, K., Ford, M., Furness, J. B. and Bartlett, P. F. (1994) FGF2 regulates proliferation of neural crest cells, with subsequent neuronal differentiation regulated by LIF or related factors. Development 120, 3519-3528.
111. Murphy, M., Lopes, E. C., Koentgen, F., Bartlett, P. F. and Cheema, S. S. (1995b) Disruption of the leukaemia inhibitory factor gene causes a reduction in astrocyte numbers in the hippocampus. Proc. Aust. Neurosci. Soc. 6, 62.
112. Murphy, M. and Bartlett, P. F. (1993) Molecular regulation of neural crest development. Mol. Neurobiol. 7, 111-135.
113. Murphy, M., Reid, K., Brown, M. A. and Bartlett, P. F. (1993) Involvement of leukaemia inhibitory factor and nerve growth factor in the development of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Development 117, 1173-1182.
114. Murphy, M., Reid, K., Hilton, D. J. and Bartlett, P. F. (1991) Generation of sensory neurons is stimulated by leukaemia inhibitory factor. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 3498-3501.
115. Murphy, P. G., Grondin, J., Altares, M. and Richardson, P. M. (1995c) Induction of interleukin-6 in axotomized sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 5130-5138.
116. Nakagaito, Y., Yoshida, T., Satoh, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1995) Effects of leukaemia inhibitory factor on the differentiation of astrocyte progenitor cells from embryonic mouse cerebral hemispheres. Dev. Brain Res. 87, 220-223.
117. Nawa, H., Yamamori, T., Le, T. and Patterson, P. H. (1990) Generation of neuronal diversity: analogies and homologies with hematopoiesis. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 55, 247-253.
118. Nicola, N. A. and Hilton, D. J. (1996) Leukaemia inhibitory factor and its receptor. In: Growth Factors and Cytokines in Health and Disease, Eds D. Le Roith and C. Bandy. JAI Press, Inc.: Greenwich.
119. Nornes, H. O. and Carry, M. (1978) Neurogenesis in spinal cord of mouse: an autoradiographic analysis. Brain Res. 159, 1-16.
120. Oppenheim, R. W. (1996) Neurotrophic survival molecules for motoneurons: an embarrassment of riches. Neuron 17, 195-197.
121. Oppenheim, R. W., Prevette, D., Yin, Q. W., Collins, F. and MacDonald, J. (1991) Control of embryonic motoneuron survival in vivo by ciliary neurotrophic factor. Science 251, 1616-1618.
122. Patterson, P. H. (1992) The emerging neuropoietic cytokine family: first CDF/LIF, CNTF and IL-6; next ONC, MGF, GCSF? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2, 94-97.
123. Patterson, P. H. and Chun, L. L. (1977) The induction of acetylcholine synthesis in primary cultures of dissociated rat sympathetic neurons, I. Effects of conditioned medium. Dev. Biol. 56, 263-280.
124. Patterson, P. H. and Nawa, H. (1993) Neuronal differentiation factors/cytokines and synaptic plasticity. Cell 72, 123-137.
125. Pekny, M., Leveen, P., Pekna, M., Eliasson, C., Berthold, C. H., Westermark, B. and Betsholtz, C. (1995) Mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein display astrocytes devoid of intermediate filaments but develop and reproduce normally. EMBO J. 14, 1590-1598.
126. Pennica, D., Arce, V., Swanson, T. A., Vejsada, R., Pollock, R. A., Armanini, M., Dudley, K., Phillips, H. S., Rosenthal, A., Kato, A. C. and Henderson, C. E. (1996) Cardiotrophin-1, a cytokine present in embryonic muscle, supports long-term survival of spinal motoneurons. Neuron 17, 63-74.
127. Pennica, D., King, K. L., Shaw, K. J., Luis, E., Rullamas, J., Luoh, S. M., Darbonne, W. C., Knutzon, D. S., Yen, R. and Chien, K. R. et al. (1995a) Expression cloning of cardiotrophin 1, a cytokine that induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 1142-1146.
128. Pennica, D., Shaw, K. J., Swanson, T. A., Moore, M. W., Shelton, D. L., Zioncheck, K. A., Rosenthal, A., Taga, T., Paoni, N. F. and Wood, W. I. (1995b) Cardiotrophin-1. Biological activities and binding to the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor/ gp130 signaling complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 10915-10922.
129. Price, J. (1994) Glial cell lineage and development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4, 680-686.
130. Purves, D. and Lichtman, J. W. (1985) Principles of Neural Development, pp. 357-363. Sinauer Assoc., Inc.: Washington University, St Louis.
131. Qiu, L., Bernd, P. and Fukada, K. (1994) Cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor (CDF)/leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) binds to specific regions of the developing nervous system in vivo. Dev. Biol. 163, 516-520.
132. Raff, M. C. (1989) Glial cell diversification in the rat optic nerve. Science 243, 1450-1455.
133. Raff, M. C., Abney, E. R., Cohen, J., Lindsay, R. and Noble, M. (1983a) Two types of astrocytes in cultures of developing rat white matter: differences in morphology, surface gangliosides, and growth characteristics. J. Neurosci. 3, 1289-1300.
134. Raff, M. C., Miller, R. H. and Noble, M. (1983b) A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium. Nature 303, 390-396.
135. Rakic, P. (1991) Glial cells in development. In vivo and in vitro approaches. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 633, 96-99.
136. Rao, M. S. and Landis, S. C. (1990) Characterization of a target-derived neuronal cholinergic differentiation factor. Neuron 5, 899-910.
137. Rao, M. S., Patterson, P. H. and Landis, S. C. (1992a) Multiple cholinergic differentiation factors are present in footpad extracts: comparison with known cholinergic factors. Development 116, 731-744.
138. Rao, M. S., Sun, Y., Escary, J. L., Perreau, J., Tresser, S., Patterson, P. H., Zigmond, R. E., Brulet, P. and Landis, S. C. (1993) Leukaemia inhibitory factor mediates an injury response but not a target-directed developmental transmitter switch in sympathetic neurons. Neuron 11, 1175-1185.
139. Rao, M. S., Symes, A., Malik, N., Shoyab, M., Fink, J. S. and Landis, S. C. (1992b) Oncostatin M regulates VIP expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Neuro Report 3, 865-868.
140. Rao, M. S., Tyrrell, S., Landis, S. C. and Patterson, P. H. (1992c) Effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and depolarization on neuropeptide expression in cultured sympathetic neurons. Dev. Biol. 150, 281-293.
141. Rende, M., Muir, D., Ruoslahti, E., Hagg, T., Varon, S. and Manthorpe, M. (1992) Immunolocalization of ciliary neuronotrophic factor in adult rat sciatic nerve. Glia 5, 25-32.
142. Richards, L. J., Kilpartrick, T. J., Dutton, R., Tan, S.-S., Gearing, D. P., Bartlett, P. F. and Murphy, M. (1996) Leukaemia inhibitory factor or related factors promote the differentiation of neuronal and astrocytic precursors within the developing murine spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 291-299.
143. Richards, L. J., Kilpatrick, T. J., Bartlett, P. F. and Murphy, M. (1992) Leukaemia inhibitory factor promotes the neuronal development of spinal cord precursors from the neural tube. J. Neurosci. Res. 33, 476-484.
144. Rudge, J. S., Morrissey, D., Lindsay, R. M. and Pasnikowski, E. M. (1994) Regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 218-229.
145. Sagot, Y., Tan, S. A., Baetge, E., Schmalbruch, H., Kato, A. C. and Aebischer, P. (1995) Polymer encapsulated cell lines genetically engineered to release ciliary neurotrophic factor can slow down progressive motor neuronopathy in the mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1313-1322.
146. Schotzinger, R. J. and Landis, S. C. (1990) Acquisition of cholinergic and peptidergic properties by sympathetic innervation of rat sweat glands requires interaction with normal target. Neuron 5, 91-100.
147. Segal, R. A. and Greenberg, M. E. (1996) Intracellular signalling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 463-489.
148. Sendtner, M., Gotz, R., Holtmann, B., Escary, J. L., Masu, Y., Carroll, P., Wolf, E., Brem, G., Brulet, P. and Thoenen, H. (1996) Cryptic physiological trophic support of motoneurons by LIF revealed by double gene targeting of CNTF and LIF. Curr. Biol. 6, 686-694.
149. Sendtner, M., Kreutzberg, G. W. and Thoenen, H. (1990) Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons after axotomy. Nature 345, 440-441.
150. Shah, N. M., Groves, A. K. and Anderson, D. J. (1996) Alternative neural crest cell fates are instructively promoted by tgf-beta superfamily members. Cell 85, 331-343.
151. Sheng, Z., Pennica, D., Wood, W. I. and Chien, K. R. (1996) Cardiotrophin-1 displays early expression in the murine heart tube and promotes cardiac myocyte survival. Development 122, 419-428.
152. Shibuki, K., Gomi, H., Chen, L., Bao, S., Kim, J. J., Wakatsuki, H., Fujisaki, T., Fujimoto, K., Katoh, A., Ikeda, T., Chen, C., Thompson, R. F. and Itohara, S. (1996) Deficient cerebellar long-term depression, impaired eyeblink conditioning, and normal motor coordination in GFAP mutant mice. Neuron 16, 587-599.
153. Skoff, R. P. (1990) Gliogenesis in rat optic nerve: astrocytes are generated in a single wave before oligodendrocytes. Dev. Biol. 139, 149-168.
154. Smith, A. G., Heath, J. K., Donaldson, D. D., Wong, G. G., Moreau, J., Stahl, M. and Rogers, D. (1988) Inhibition of pluri-potential embryonic stern cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336, 688-690.
155. Stahl, N., Boulton, T. G., Farruggella, T., Ip, N. Y., Davis, S., Witthuhn, B. A., Quelle, F. W., Silvennoinen, O., Barbieri, G., Pellegrini, S., Ihle, J. N. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1994) Association and activation of JAK-TYK kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6 beta-receptor components. Science 263, 92-95.
156. Stahl, N. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1994) The tripartite CNTF receptor complex: activation and signaling involves components shared with other cytokines. J. Neurobiol. 25, 1454-1466.
157. Stewart, C. L., Kaspar, P., Brunet, L. J., Bhatt, H., Gadi, I., Kontgen, F. and Abbondanzo, S. J. (1992) Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Nature 359, 76-79.
158. Stockli, K. A., Lillien, L. E., Naher-Noe, M., Breitfeld, G., Hughes, R. A., Raff, M. C., Thoenen, H. and Sendtner, M. (1991) Regional distribution, developmental changes, and cellular localization of CNTF-mRNA and protein in the rat brain. J. Cell. Biol. 115, 447-459.
159. Stockli, K. A., Lottspeich, F., Sendtner, M., Masiakowski, P., Carroll, P., Gotz, R., Lindholm, D. and Thoenen, H. (1989) Molecular cloning, expression and regional distribution of rat ciliary neurotrophic factor. Nature 342, 920-923.
160. Sun, Y. and Zigmond, R. E. (1996a) Involvement of leukaemia inhibitory factor in the increases in galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA and the decreases in neuropeptide y and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in sympathetic neurons after axotomy. J. Neurochem. 67, 1751-1760.
161. Sun, Y. and Zigmond, R. E. (1996b) Leukaemia inhibitory factor induced in the sciatic nerve after axotomy is involved in the induction of galanin in sensory neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2213-2220.
162. Takahashi, R., Yokoji, H., Misawa, H., Hayashi, M., Hu, J. and Deguchi, T. (1994) A null mutation in the human CNTF gene is not causally related to neurological diseases. Nat. Genet. 7, 79-84.
163. Thaler, C. D., Suhr, L., Ip, N. and Katz, D. M. (1994) Leukaemia inhibitory factor and neurotrophins support overlapping populations of rat nodose sensory neurons in culture. Dev. Biol. 161, 338-344.
164. Varon, S., Manthorpe, M. and Adler, R. (1979) Cholinergic neuronotrophic factors: I. Survival, neurite outgrowth and choline acetyltransferase activity in monolayer cultures from chick embryo ciliary ganglia. Brain Res. 173, 29-45.
165. Vogel, K. S. and Davies, A. M. (1991) The duration of neurotrophic factor independence in early sensory neurons is matched to the time course of target field innervation. Neuron 7, 819-830.
166. Ware, C. B., Horowitz, M. C., Renshaw, B. R., Hunt, J. S., Liggitt, D.,
167. Williams, B. P., Read, J. and Price, J. (1991) The generation of neurons and oligodendrocytes from a common precursor cell. Neuron 7, 685-693.
168. Williams, R. L., Hilton, D. J., Pease, S., Willson, T. A., Stewart, C. L., Gearing, D. P., Wagner, E. F., Metcalf, D., Nicola, N. A. and Gough, N. M. (1988) Myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor maintains the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature 336, 684-687.
169. Winter, C. G., Saotome, Y., Levison, S. W. and Hirsh, D. (1995) A role for ciliary neurotrophic factor as an inducer of reactive gliosis, the glial response to central nervous system injury. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 5865-5869.
170. Wong, V., Arriaga, R., Ip, N. Y. and Lindsay, R. M. (1993) The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5, but not NGF, upregulate the cholinergic phenotype of developing motor neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 466-474.
171. Yamamori, T., Fukada, K., Aebersold, R., Korsching, S., Fann, M. J. and Patterson, P. H. (1989) The cholinergic neuronal differentiation factor from heart cells is identical to leukaemia inhibitory factor. Science 246, 1412-1416.
172. Yoshida, K., Taga, T., Saito, M., Suematsu, S., Kumanogoh, A., Tanaka, T., Fujiwara, H., Hirata, M., Yamagami, T., Nakahata, T., Hirabayashi, T., Yoneda, Y., Tanaka, K., Wang, W. Z., Mori, C., Shiota, K., Yoshida, N. and Kishimoto, T. (1996) Targeted disruption of gp130, a common signal transducer for the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, leads to myocardial and hematological disorders. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 407-411.
173. Yoshida, T., Satoh, M., Nakagaito, Y., Kuno, H. and Takeuchi, M. (1993) Cytokines affecting survival and differentiation of an astrocyte progenitor cell line. Dev. Brain Res. 76, 147-150.
174. Yoshimura, A., Ichihara, M., Kinjyo, I., Moriyama, M., Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Jenkins, N. A., Hara, T. and Miyajima, A. (1996) Mouse oncostatin M: an immediate early gene induced by multiple cytokines through the JAK-STAT5 pathway. EMBO J. 15, 1055-1063.
175. Zarling, J. M., Shoyab, M., Marquardt, H., Hanson, M. B., Lioubin, M. N. and Todaro, G. J. (1986) Oncostatin M: a growth regulator produced by differentiated histiocytic lymphoma cells. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 9739-9743.
176. Zhang, F., Richardson, P. M., Holland, D. P., Guo, Q. and Tatton, W. G. (1995) CNTF or (-)-deprenyl in immature rats: survival of axotomized facial motoneurons and weight loss. J. Neurosci. Res. 40, 564-570.
177. Zurn, A. D. and Werren, F. (1994) Development of CNS cholinergic neurons in vitro: selective effects of CNTF and LIF on neurons from mesencephalic cranial motor nuclei. Dev. Biol. 163, 309-315.