Toward an innovative classification of depression: Temperament and pharmacological response

Drugs of Today

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 183-190

  Akiskal, Hagop S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRANYLCYPROMINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROIC ACID DERIVATIVE; VENLAFAXINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DYSTHYMIA; HUMAN; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; REVIEW;

EID: 0030960295     PISSN: 16993993     EISSN: 16994019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Akiskal, H.S. The clinical management of affective disorders. In: Michels, R., Cooper, A.M., Guze, S.B., Judd, L.L., Klerman, G.L., Solnit, A.J. (Eds.). Psychiatry, Vol. 1. JB Lippincott: Philadelphia 1985, Chapter 61.
2. Wehr, T.A., Goodwin, F.K. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144: 1403-11.
3. MAO inhibitor drugs in contemporary psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 1984, 45(7): 2-84.
4. Fink, M. Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice. Raven Press: New York 1979.
5. Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F. (Eds.). Selective Serotonin Rep-uptake Inhibitors, Ed. 2. Wile: Chichester 1946.
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Ed. 4. Washington, DC 1994.
7. World Health Organization. ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders. WHO: Geneva 1992.
8. AHCPR Depression Guideline Panel: Depression in Primary Care, Vol. 2: Treatment of Major Depression. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC 1993.
9. Akiskal, H.S. The depressive before depression. Encéphale 1992, 18: 485-9.
10. Akiskal, H.S. Psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic strategies in intermittent and chronic affective conditions. In: Long-Term Treatment of Depression. Montgomery, S., Rouillon, P. (Eds.). J. Wiley & Sons 1992, 245-63.
11. Akiskal, H.S. Toward a temperament-based approach to depression. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1995, 49: 99-112.
12. Akiskal, H.S. Dysthymic and cyclothymic depressions: Therapeutic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry 1992, 55(4 Suppl.): 46-52.
13. Kendell, R.E. The classification of depressions: A review of contemporary confusion. Br J Psychiatry 1976, 129: 15-28.
14. Coryell, W., Winokur, G., Shea, T., Maser, J., Endicott, J., Akiskal, H.S. The long-term stability of depressive subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151: 199-204.
15. Akiskal, H.S., Bitar, A.H., Puzantian, V.R., Rosenthal, T.L., Walker, P.W. The nosological status of neurotic depression: A prospective 3-4 year examination in light of the primary-secondary and unipolar-bipolar dichotomies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978, 35: 756-66.
16. Akiskal, H.S. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: Beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996, 16(Suppl. 1): 4s-14s.
17. Akiskal, H.S., Djenderedjian, A.M., Rosenthal, R.H. et al. Cyclothymic disorder: Validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am J Psychiatry 1977, 134: 1227-33.
18. Depue, R.A., Slater, J.F., Wolfstetter-Kausch, H. et al. A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies. J Abnorm Psychol 1981, 90: 381-437.
19. Akiskal, H.S., Akiskal, K. Cyclothymic, hyperthymic and depressive temperaments as subaffective variants of mood disorders. In: Review of Psychiatry. Tasman, A., Riba, M.B. (Eds). Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Press 1992, 43-62.
20. Akiskal, H.S., Mallya, G. Criteria for the "soft" bipolar spectrum: Treatment implications. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987, 23: 68-73.
21. Akiskal, H.S., Khani, M.K., Scott-Strauss, A. Cyclothymic temperamental disorders. Psychiatry Clin North Am 1979, 2: 527-54.
22. Coryell, W., Keller, M., Endicott, J. et al. Bipolar II illness: Course and outcome over a five-year period. Psychol Med 1989, 19: 129-41.
23. Akiskal, H.S., Maser, J.D., Zeller, P. et al. Switching from "unipolar" to bipolar II: An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52: 114-23.
24. Koukopoulos, A., Reginaldi, D., Laddomada, P. et al. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmakopsychiatry Neuropsychopharmakol 1980, 13: 156-67.
25. Angst, J. Switch from depression to mania: A record study over decades between 1920 and 1982. Psychopathology 1985, 18: 140-54.
26. Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Keller, M. Rapidly cycling affective disorder: Demographics, diagnosis, family history, and course. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49: 126-31.
27. Himmelhoch, J.M., Thase, M.E., Mallinger, A.G. et al. Tranylcypromine vs imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148: 910-16.
28. Haykal, R.F., Akiskal, H.S. Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990, 51: 450-5.
29. Sachs, G.S., Lafer, B., Stoll, A.L et al. A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994, 55: 391-3.
30. Cohn, J.B., Collins, G., Ashbrook, E. et al. A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine and placebo in patients with bipolar depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1989, 4: 313-22.
31. Fieve, R.R., Kumbarachi, T., Dunner, D.L. Lithium carbonate in prophylaxis in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 1976, 133: 925-9.
32. Quitkin, F.M., Kane, J.M., Rifkin, A. et al. Lithium and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II depression: A prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981, 17: 142-4.
33. Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., Bunney, W.E. Jr. Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania: A longitudinal double-blind study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969, 21: 486-96.
34. Jacobson, F.M. Low dose valproate: A new treatment for cyclothymia, mild rapid cycling disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1993, 54: 229-34.
35. Akiskal, H.S., Rosenthal, T.L., Haykal, R.F., Lemmi, H., Rosenthal, R.H., Scott-Strauss, A. Characterological depressions: Clinical and sleep EEG findings separating "subaffective dysthymias" from "character-spectrum" disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980, 37: 777-83.
36. Akiskal, H.S. Dysthymia as a temperamental variant of affective disorder. Eur Psychiatry 1996, 11(Suppl. 3): 117s-22s.
37. Horwath, E., Johnson, J., Klerman, G.L., Weissman, M.M. Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49: 817-23.
38. Keller, M.B., Klein, D.N., Hirschfeld, R.M.A. et al. Results of the DSM-IV mood disorders field trial. Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152: 843-9.
39. Rosenthal, T.L., Akiskal, H.S., Scott-Strauss, A., Rosenthal, R.H., David, M. Familial and developmental factors in characterological depressions. J Affect Disord 1981, 3: 183-92.
40. Hammen, C., Burge, D., Burney, E. et al. Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47: 1112-7.
41. Kovacs, M., Akiskal, H.S., Gatsonis, C., Parrone, P.L. Childhood-onset dysthymic disorders: Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51: 365-74.
42. Musetti, L., Perugi, G., Soriani, A. et al. Depression before and after age 65: A reexamination. Br J Psychiatry 1989, 155: 330-6.
43. Kocsis, J.H., Frances, A.J., Voss, C.B., Mann, J.J., Mason, B.J., Sweeney, J. Imipramine treatment for chronic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45: 253-7.
44. Hellerstein, D.J., Yanowitch, P., Rosenthal, J. et al. A randomized double-blind study of fluoxetine vs placebo in the treatment of dysthymia. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150: 1169-75.
45. Thase, M.E., Mauizio, F., Halbreich, U. et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial comparing sertraline and imipramine for the treatment of dysthymia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53: 777-84.
46. Vallejo, J., Castro, C., Catalan, R., Salamero, M. Double-blind study of imipramine versus phenelzine in melancholias and dysthymic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1987, 151: 639-51.
47. Versiani, M., Amrein, R., Stable, M. Moclobemide and imipramine in chronic depression (dysthymia). J Int Clin Psychopharmacol, in press.
48. Boyer, P, Lucrubier, Y. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in dysthymia: Placebo controlled studies of amisulpride versus imipramine, versus amineptine. Eur Psychiatry 1996, 11(Suppl. 3): 135s-40s.
49. Akiskal, H.S. La dysthymie et son traitement. Encéphale 1993, 19: 375-8.
50. Ravindran, A.V., Griffiths, J., Waddell, C., Anisman, H. Stressful life events and coping styles in relation to dysthymia and major depressive disorder: Variations associated with alleviation of symptoms following pharmacotherapy. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995, 19(4): 637-53.
51. Ravindran, A.V., Bialik, R.J., Brown, G.M., Lapierre, Y.D. Primary early onset dysthymia, biochemical correlates of the therapeutic response to fluoxetine: II. Urinary metabolites of serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine and melatonin. J Affect Disord 1994, 31(2): 119-23.