Structure of the insect head in ontogeny and phylogeny: A view from Drosophila

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 174, Issue , 1997, Pages 1-66

  Rogers, Bryan T ^a   Kaufman, Thomas C ^a  

^a HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Development; Evolution; Homeotic; Insect head; Segmentation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CUTICLE; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ECTODERM; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYO PATTERN FORMATION; EMBRYO SEGMENTATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC MANIPULATION; HEAD; HEREDITY; HOMEOBOX; INSECT; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATOR GENE;

DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; MELANOGASTER;

EID: 0030959107     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62115-4     Document Type: Article

References (254)

1. Affolter, M., Schier, A., and Gehring, W. J. (1990). Homeodomain proteins and the regulation of gene expression. Citrr. Opin. Cell Dial. 2, 485-495.
2. Akam, M. (1987). The molecular basis for metameric pattern in the Drosophila embryo. Development 101, 1-22.
3. Akam, M., Averof, M., Castelli-Gair, J., Dawes, R., Falciani, F., and Ferrior, D. (1994). The evolving role of IIox genes in arthropods. In "The Evolution of Developmental Mechanisms," (pp. 209-215). Company of Biologists, Cambridge, UK.
4. Anderson, D. T. (1973). "Embryology and Phylogeny in Annelids and Arthropods." Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
5. Andrew, D. J., Homer, M. A., Petitt, M. G., Smolik, S. M, and Scott, M. P. (1994). Setting limits on homeotic gene function: Restraint of Sex combs reduced activity by leashirt and other homeotic genes. EM BO J. 13, 1132-1144.
6. Arnosti, D. N., Barolo, S., Levine, M., and Small, S. (1996). The eve stripe 2 enhancer employs multiple modes of transcriptional synergy. Development 122, 205-214.
7. Averof, M., and Akam, M. (1993). HOM/Hox genes of Anemia: Implications for the origin of insect and crustacean body plans. Cnrr. Bio!. 3, 73-78.
8. Averof, M., and Akam, M. (1995). Hox genes and the diversification of insect and crustacean body plans. Nature 376, 420-423.
9. Bachiller, D., Macfas, A., Duboule, D., and Morata, G. (1994). Conservation of a functional hierarchy between mammalian and insect Hox/HOM genes. EMDO J. 13, 1930-1941.
10. Barba, P., Magli, M. C, Tiberio, C, and Cillo, C. (1993). Hox gene expression in human cancers. Adv. Exp. Med. Biot. 348, 45-57.
11. Bceman, R. W., Stuart, J. J., Haas, M. S., and Denell, R. E. (1989). Genetic analysis of the homeotic gene complex (HOM-C) in the beetle Tribolittm castaneiim. Dev. Biol. 133, 196-209.
12. Beeman, R. W., Stuart, J. J., Brown, S. J., and Denell, R. E. (1993). Structure and function of the homeotic gene complex (HOM-C) in the beetle, Tribolinm castaneiim. BioEssays 15, 439-444.
13. Benedyk, M. J., Mullen, J. R., and DiNardo, S. (1994). Odd-paired: A zinc finger pair-rule protein required for the timely activation of engrailed and wingless in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 8, 105-117.
14. Bitsch, J. (1994). The morphological groundplan of Hexapoda: Critical review of recent concepts. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.) 30, 103-129.
15. Boore, J. L., Collins, T. M., Stanton, D., Daehler, L. L., and Brown, W. M. (1995). Deducing the pattern of arthropod phylogeny from mitochondrial DNA rearrangements. Nature 376, 163-165.
16. Botas, J. (1993). Control of morphogenesis and differentiation by HOM/Hox genes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 1015-1022.
17. Brand, A. H., and Perrimon, N. (1993). Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development 118, 401-415.
18. Bronner, G., Chu-LaGraff, Q., Doe, C. Q., Cohen, B., Weigel, D., Taubert, H., and Jäckle, H. (1994). Spl/egr-like zinc-finger protein required for endoderm specification and germlayer formation in Drosophila. Nature 369, 664-668.
19. Brown, S. J., Patel, N. H., and Denell, R. (1994a). Embryonic expression of the single Triboliuin engrailed homolog. Dev. Genet. 15, 7-18.
20. Brown, S. J., Hilgenfeld, R. B., and Denell, R. (1994b). The beetle Tribolinm castaneiim has a fitshi-tarazii homolog expressed in stripes during segmentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 91, 12922-12926.
21. Burgess, E. A., and Duncan, I. (1990). Direct control of antennal identity by the spinelessaristapedia gene of Drosophila. Mol. Gen. Genet. 221, 347-357.
22. Cadigan, K. M., Grossniklaus, U., and Gehring, V. J. (1994). Localized expression of sloppy paired protein maintains the polarity of Drosophila parasegments. Genes Dev. 8, 899-913.
23. Campbell, G., and Tomlinson, A. (1995). Initiation of the proximodistal axis in insect legs. Development 121, 619-628.
24. Campbell, G., Weaver, T., and Tomlinson, A. (1993). Axis specification in the developing Drosophila appendage: The role of wingless, decapentaplegic, and the homeobox gene aristaless.Cc//74, 1113-1123.
25. Campos-Ortega, J. A. (1993). Early neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. In "The Devel-opment of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 1091-1130. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
26. Campos-Ortega, J. A., and Hartenstein, V. (1985). "The Embryonic Development oiDrosophila melanogaster." Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
27. Carroll. S. B. (1995). Homeotic genes and the evolution of arthropods and chordates. Nature 376, 479-485.
28. Carroll, S. B., and Scott, M. P. (1985). Localization ofttiefushitarazit protein during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cell 43, 47-57.
29. Carroll, S. B., Weatherbee, S. D., and Langeland, J. A. (1995). Homeotic genes and the regulation and evolution of insect wing number. Nature 375, 58-61.
30. Carver, M., Gross, G. F., and Woodward, T. E. (1991). Hemiptera. In "The Insects of Australia" (Div. of Entomology CSIRO, Eds.), pp. 429-509. Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne, Australia.
31. Castelli-Gair, J., and Akam, M. (1995). How the Hox gene Ultrabithorax specifies two different segments: The significance of spatial and temporal regulation within metmaeres. Development 121, 2973-2982.
32. Castelli-Gair, J., Greig, S., Micklem, G., and Akam, M. (1994). Dissecting the temporal requirements for homeotic gene function. Development 120,1983-1995.
33. Cavener, D. R. (1992). Transgenic animal studies on the evolution of genetic regulatory circuitries. BioEssays 14, 237-244.
34. Chadwick, R., and McGinnis, W. (1987). Temporal and spatial distribution of transcripts from the Deformed gene of Drosophila. EMDO J. 6, 779-789.
35. Chasan, R., and Anderson, K. V. (1993). Maternal control of dorsal-ventral polarity and pattern in the embryo. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 387-424. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
36. Chisaka, O., and Capechi, M. R. (1991). Regionally restricted developmental defects resulting from targeted gene disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.51. Nature 350,473-479.
37. Chouinard, S. (1992). Regulation of the homeotic gene labial in Drosophila melanogaster. Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington.
38. Chouinard, S., and Kaufman, T. C. (1991). Control of expression of the homeotic labial (lab) locus of Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence for both positive and negative autogenous regulation. Development 113, 1267-1280.
39. Cillo, C, Cantile, M., Mortarini, R., Barba, P., Parmiani, G., and Anichini, A. (1996). Differential patterns of HOX gene expression are associated with specific integrin and ICAM profiles in clonal populations isolated from a single human melanoma metasis. Int. J. Cancer 66, 692-697.
40. Cohen, B., Simcox, A. A., and Cohen, S. M. (1993). Allocation of the thoracic imaginai primordia in the Drosophila embryo. Development 117, 597-608.
41. Cohen, S. M. (1990). Specification of limb development in the Drosophila embryo by positional cues from segmentation genes. Nature 343, 173-177.
42. Cohen, S. M. (1993). Imaginai disc development. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 747-842. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
43. Cohen, S. M., and Jürgens, G. (1989). Proximal-distal pattern formation in Drosophila: Cell autonomous requirement for Distal-less gene activity in limb development. EMBO J. 8, 2045-2055.
44. Cohen, S. M., and Jürgens, G. (1990). Mediation of Drosophila head development by gaplike segmentation genes. Nature 346, 482-485.
45. Cohen, S. M., and Jürgens, G. (1991). Drosophila headlines. Trends Genet. 7, 267-272.
46. Cohen, S. M., Bronner, G., Kuttner, F., Jürgens, G., and Jäckle, H. (1989). Distal-less encodes a homeodomain protein required for limb development in Drosophila. Nature 338,432-434.
47. Counce, S. J., and Waddington, C. H. (Eds.) (1972). "Developmental Insect Systems." Academic Press, New York.
48. Dalton, D., Chadwick, R., and McGinnis, W. (1989). Expression and embryonic function of empty spiracles: A Drosophila homeo box gene with two patterning functions on the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Genes Dev. 3, 1940-1956.
49. Dawes, R., Dawson, I., Falciani, F., Tear, G., and Akam, M. (1994). Dax, a locust Hox gene related to fushi-tarazii but showing no pair-rule expression. Development 120, 1561-1572.
50. Diaz-Benjumea, F. J., Cohen, B., and Cohen, S. M. (1994). Cell interaction between compartments establishes the proximal-distal axis of Drosophila legs. Nature 372, 175-179.
51. Diederich, R. J., Merrill, V. K. L., Pultz, M. A., and Kaufman, T. C. (1989). Isolation, structure, and expression of labial, a homeotic gene of the Antennapedia Complex involved in Drosophila head development. Genes Dev. 3, 399-414.
52. Diederich, R. J., Pattatucci, A. M., and Kaufman, T. C. (1991). Develomental and evolutionary implications of labial, Deformed and engrailed expression in the Drosophila head. Development 113, 273-281.
53. DiNardo, S., Kunder, J. M., Theis, J., and O'Farrell, P. H. (1985). Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein. Cell 43, 59-69.
54. Dougan, S., and DiNardo, S. (1992). Drosophila wingless generates cell type diversity among engrailed expressing cells. Nature 360, 347-350.
55. Driever, W. (1993). Maternal control of anterior development in the Drosophila embryo. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 301-324. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
56. Duboule, D. (Ed.) (1994). "Guidebook to the Homeobox genes." Sambrook and Tooze, New York.
57. Duboule, D., and Morata, G. (1994). Colinearity and functional hierarchy among genes of the homeotic complexes. Trends Genet. 10, 358-364.
58. Englemann, F. (1970). "The Physiology of Insect Reproduction." Pergamon, Elmsford, NY.
59. Finkelstein, R., and Bonicinelli, E. (1994). From fly head to mammalian forebrain: The story of old and Otx. Trends Genet. 10, 310-315.
60. Finkelstein, R., and Perrimon, N. (1990). The orthodenticle gene is regulated by bicoid and torso and specifies Drosophila head development. Nature 346, 485-488.
61. Finkelstein, R., and Perrimon, N. (1991). The molecular genetics of head development in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 112, 899-912.
62. Finkelstein, R., Smouse, D., Capaci, T. M., Spradling, A. C., and Perrimon, N. (1990). The orthodenticle gene encodes a novel homeodomain protein involved in the development of the Drosophila nervous system and ocellar visual structures. Genes Dev. 4, 1516-1527.
63. Fleig, R. (1990). Engrailed expression and body segmentation in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 198, 467-473.
64. Fleig, R. (1994). Head segmentation in the embryo of the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata as seen with anli-en immunostaining. Ronx's Arch. Dev. Biol. 203, 227-229.
65. Forbes, A. J., Nakano, Y., Taylor, A. M., and Ingham, P. W. (1993). Genetic analysis of hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Stippl. 29, 115-124.
66. Frasch, M., and Levine, M. (1987). Complementary patterns of even-skipped and fushi-tarazu expression involve their differential regulation by a common set of segmentation genes in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 1, 981-995.
67. Frasch, M., Warrior, R., Tugwood, J., and Levine, M. (1988). Molecular analysis of evenskipped mutants in Drosophila development. Genes Dev. 2, 1824-1838.
68. Frasch, M., Chen, X., and Lufkin, T. (1995). Evolutionary-conserved enhancers direct regionspecific expression of the murine Hoxa-1 and Hoxa-2 loci in both mice and Drosophila. Development 121, 957-974.
69. Friedrich, M., and Tautz, D. (1995). Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods. Nature 376, 165-167.
70. Fynan, T. M., and Reiss, M. (1993). Resistance tp inhibition of cell growth by transforming growth factor-beta and its role in oncogenesis. Cri/. Rev. Oncogenes 4, 493-540.
71. Garcia-Bellido, A. (1977). Homeotic and atavic mutations in insects. Am. Zool. 17, 613-629.
72. Garcia-Fernàndez, J., and Holland, P. W. H. (1994). Archetypal organization of the amphioxus IIox gene cluster. Nature 370, 563-566.
73. Gilbert, S. F. (Ed.) (1994). "Developmental Biology." Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
74. Gillott, C. (1995). "Entomology." Plenum, New York.
75. Gonzalez-Crespo, S., and Morata, G. (1995). Control of Drosophila adult pattern by extradenticle. Development 121, 2117-2125.
76. Gonzdlez-Reyes, A., and Morata, G. (1991). Organization of the Drosophila head as revealed by the ectopic expression of the Ultrabithorax product. Development 113, 1459-1471.
77. Gorizález-Reyes, A., Macias, A., and Morata, G. (1992). Autocatalysis and phenotypic expression of Drosophila homeotic gene Deformed: Its dependence on polarity and homeotic gene function. Development 116, 1059-1068.
78. Goodrich, L. V., Johnson, R. L., Milenkovic, L., McMahon, J. A., and Scott, M. P. (1996). Conservation of the hedgehog/patched signaling pathway from flies to mice: Induction of a mouse patched gene by Hedgehog. Genes Dev. 10, 301-312.
79. Gorman, M. J., and Kaufman, T. C. (1995). Genetic analysis of embryonic as-acting regulatory elements of the Drosophila homeotic gene Sex combs reduced. Genetics 140, 557-572.
80. Goto, T., Macdonald, P., and Maniatis, T. (1989). Early and late periodic patterns of even skipped expression are controlled by distinct regulatory elements that respond to different spatial cues. Cell 57, 413-422.
81. Could, S. J., and Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation-A missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8, 4-15.
82. Grossniklaus, U., Pearson, R. K., and Gehring, W. J. (1992). The Drosophila sloppy-paired locus encodes two proteins involved in segmentation that show homology to mammalian transcription factors. Genes Dev. 6, 1030-1051.
83. Grossniklaus, U., Cadigan, K. M., and Gehring, W. J. (1994). Three maternal coordinate systems cooperate in the patterning of the Drosophila head. Development 120,3155-3171.
84. Gutjahr, T., Frei, E., and Noll, M. (1993). Complex regulation of early paired expression: Initial activation by gap genes and pattern modulation by pair-rule genes. Development 117, 609-623.
85. Gutjahr, T., Vanario-Alonso, C. E., Pick, L., and Noll, M. (1994). Multiple regulatory elements direct the complex expression pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene paired. Mech. Dev. 48, 119-128.
86. Hacker, U., Kaufmann, E., Hartmann, C, Jürgens, G., Knöchel, W., and Jäckle, H. (1995). The Drosophila fork head domain protein crocodile is required for the establishment of head structures. EMBO J. 14, 5306-5317.
87. Halder, G., Callaerts, P., and Gehring, W. J. (1995). Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267, 1788-1792.
88. Harding, K., Rushlow, C, Doyle, H, J., Hoey, T., and Levine, M. (1986). Cross-regulatory interactions among pair-rule genes in Drosophila. Science 233, 953-959.
89. Hartmann, C., Taubert, H., Jäckle, H., and Pankratz, M. J. (1994). A two-step mode of stripe formation in the Drosophila blastoderm requires interactions among primary pair-rule genes. Mech. Dev. 45, 3-13.
90. Heemskerk, J., and DiNardo, S. (1994). Drosophila hedgehog acts as a morphogen in cellular patterning. Cell 76, 449-460.
91. Heemskerk, J., DiNardo, S., Kostriken, R., and O'Farrell, P. H. (1991). Multiple modes of engrailed regulation in the progression towards cell fate and determination. Nature 352, 404-410.
92. Hirth, F., Therianos, S., Loop, T., Gehring, W. J., Reichert, H., and Furukubo-Tokunaga, K. (1995). Developmental defects in brain segmentation caused by mutations of the homeobox genes orlliodenticle and empty spiracles in Drosophila. Neuron 15, 769-778.
93. Howard, K., and Ingham, P. (1986). Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazii, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm. Cell 44, 949-957.
94. Howard, K. R., and Struhl, G. (1990). Decoding positional information: Regulation of the pair-rule gene hairy. Development 110, 1223-1231.
95. Huguet, E. L., McMahon, J. A., McMahon, A. P., Bicknell, R., and Harris, A. L. (1994). Differential expression of human Wnt genes 2, 3, 4, and 7B in human breast cell lines and normal disease states of human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 54, 2615-2621.
96. Hülskamp, M., Pfeifle, C, and Tautz, D. (1990). A morphogenetic gradient of hunchback protein organizes the expression of the gap genes Krüppel and knirps. Nature 346,577-580.
97. Immerglück, K., Lawrence, P. A., and Bienz, M. (1990). Induction across germ layers in Drosophila mediated by a genetic cascade. Cell 62, 261-268.
98. Ingham, P. W. (1994). Pattern formation. Hedgehog points the way. Curr. Biol. 4, 347-350.
99. Ingham, P. W., and Hidalgo, A. (1993). Regulation of wingless transcription in the Drosophila embryo. Development 117, 283-291.
100. Ingham, P. W., and Martinez Arias, A. (1992). Boundaries and fields in early embryos. Cell 68, 221-235.
101. Jack, T., and McGinnis, W. (1990) Establishment of the Deformed expression stripe requires the combinatorial action of coordinate, gap and pair-rule proteins. EMBO J, 9,1187-1198.
102. Jack, T., Regulski, M., and McGinnis, W. (1988). Pair-rule segmentation genes regulate the expression of the homeotic selector gene, Deformed. Genes Dev. 2, 635-651.
103. Jäckle, H., Tautz, D., Schuh, R., Seifert, E., and Lehmann, R. (1986). Cross-regularotry interactions among the gap genes of Drosophila. Nature 324, 668-670.
104. Jürgens, G. (1988). Head and tail development of the Drosophila embryo involves spalt, a novel homeotic gene. EMBO J. 7, 189-196.
105. Jürgens, G., and Hartenstein, V. (1993). The terminal regions of the body pattern. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 687-746. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
106. Jürgens, G., and Weigel, D. (1988). Terminal versus segmental development in the Drosophila embryo: The role of the homeotic gene fork head. Roiix's Arch. Dev. Biol. 197, 345-354.
107. Jürgens, G., Wieschaus, E., Nüsselein-Volhard, C., and Kluding, H. (1984). Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome. Roiix's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193, 283-295.
108. Jürgens, G., Lehmann, R., Schardin, M., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1986). Segmental organization of the head in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. A blastoderm fate map of cuticle structures of the larval head. Roitx's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195, 359-377.
109. Kania, M. A., Bonner, A. S., Duffy, J. B., and Gergen, J. P. (1990). The Drosophila segmentation gene runt encodes a novel nuclear regulatory protein that is also expressed in the developing nervous system. Genes Dev. 4, 1701-1713.
110. Kapoun, A. M., and Kaufman, T. C. (1995). A functional analysis of 5', intronic and promoter regions of the homeotic gene proboscipedia in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 121, 2127-2141.
111. Kasis, J. A. (1990). Spatial and temporal control elements of the Drosophila engrailed gene. Genes Dev. 4, 433-443.
112. Kaufman, T. C. (1978). Cytogenic analysis of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster: Isolation and characterization of four new alleles of the proboscipedia (pb) locus. Genetics 90,579-596.
113. Kaufman, T., Lewis, R., and Wakimoto, B. (1980). Cytogenetic analysis of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster: The homeotic gene complex in polytene interval 84A-B. Genetics 94,115-133.
114. Kaufman, T. C, Seeger, M. A., and Olsen, G. (1990). Molecular and genetic organization of the Antennapedia gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster. Adv. Gen. 27, 309-362.
115. Kellog, V. L. (1902). The development and homologies of the mouth parts of insects. Am. Nat. 429, 683-706.
116. Kessel, E. L. (1939). The embryology of fleas. Smitlisbnian Miscellaneous Collections 98(3), 1-90.
117. Klingler, M., and Gergen, J. P. (1993). Regulation of runt transcription by Drosophila segmentation genes. Mech. Dev. 43, 3-19.
118. Kornberg, T. (1981). engrailed: A gene controlling compartment and segment formation in Drosophila. Proc. N all Acad. Sei. USA 78, 1095-1099.
119. Kraft, R., and Jäckle, H. (1994). Drosophila mode of metamerization in the embryogenesis of the lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 91, 6634-6638.
120. Kraut, R., and Levine, M. (1991). Spatial regulation of the gap gene giant during Drosophila development. Development 111, 601-609.
121. Kristensen, N. P. (1991). Phylogeny of extant hexapods. In "The Insects of Australia" (Div. of Entomology CSIRO, Eds.), pp. 125-140. Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne, Australia.
122. Kühnlein, R. P., Götz, F., Markus, F., Gonzalez-Gaitan, M., Weber, A., Wagner-Bernholz, J. F., Gehring, W. J., Jäckle, H., and Schuh, R. (1994). spall encodes and evolutionary conserved zinc finger protein of novel structure which provides homeotic gene function in the head and tail region of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 13, 168-179.
123. Kukalová-Peck, J. (1987). New carboniferous Diplura, Monura, Thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic side lobes in the origins of wings (Insecta). Can. J. Zool. 65, 2327-2345.
124. Kukalová-Peck, J. (1992). The "Uniramia" do not exist: The ground plan of the Pterygota as revealed by Permian Diaphanoptera from Russia (Insecta: Paleodictyopteroidea). Can. J. Zoo/. 70, 236-255.
125. Kuziora, M., and McGinnis W. (1988). Autoregulation of a homeotic selector gene. Cell 55, 477-485.
126. Lardelli, M., and IsH-Horowicz, D. (1993). Drosophila hairy pair-rule gene regulates embryonic patterning outside its apparent stripe domains. Development 118, 255-266.
127. Lawrence, P. A. (1988). The present status of the parasegment. Development 104(SuppI.), 61-65.
128. Lawrence, P. A., and Johnston, P. (1989). Pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo: Allocation of cells to parasegments by even-skipped and fiishi tarazii. Development 105, 761-767.
129. Lee, J. J., von Kessler, D. P., Parks, S., and Beachy, P. A. (1992). Secretion and localized transcription suggest a role in positional signaling for products of the segmentation gene hedeghog. Cell 71, 33-50.
130. Lewis, E. B. (1978). A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature 276, 565-570.
131. Li, X., and Noll, M. (1994). Evolution of distinct developmental functions by three Drosophila genes by aquisition of different as-regulatory regions. Nature 367, 83-87.
132. Lindsley, D. L., and Zimm, G. G. (1992). "The Genome of Drosophila melanogaster." Aca-demic Press, San Diego.
133. Lutz, B., Lu, H., Eichle, G., Miller, D., and Kaufman, T. C. (1996). Rescue of Drosophila labial null mutant by the chicken ortholog Hox-bl demonstrates that the function of Hox genes is phylogenetically conserved. Genet. Dev. 10, 176-184.
134. MacDonald, P. M., Ingham, P., and Struhl, G. (1986). Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: A second pair-rule gene of Drosophila containing a homeobox. Cell 47, 721-734.
135. Macias, A., and Morata, G. (1996). Functional hierarchy and phenotypic suppression among Drosophila homeotic genes: The labial and empty spiracles genes. EMBO J. 15, 334-343.
136. Mahaffey, J. W., Diederich, R. J., and Kaufman, T. C. (1989). Novel patterns of homeotic protein accumulation in the head of the Drosophila embryo. Development 105, 167-174.
137. Mahr, E. (1960). Normale Entwicklung, Pseudofurchung und die Bedeutung des Furchungszentrums im Ei des Heimchens(Gry//;(.domesticus). Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere 49, 263-311.
138. Manak, J., and Scott, M. (1994). A class act: Conservation of homeodomain protein functions. In "The Evolution of Developmental Mechanisms" (M. Akam, P. Holland, P. Ingham, and G. Wray, Eds.), pp. 61-71. Company of Biologists, Cambridge, UK.
139. Mann, R. S. (1995). The specificity of homeotic gene function. BioEssays 17, 855-863.
140. Manoukian, A. S., and Krause, H. M. (1992). Concentration-dependent activities of the evenskipped protein in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 6, 1740-1751.
141. Manoukian, A. S., and Krause, H. M. (1993). Control of segmental asymmetry in Drosophila. Development 118, 785-796.
142. Martinez Arias, A. (1993). Development and patterning of the larval epidermis of Drosophila. In "The Development of Drosophila melnnogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 517-60S.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
143. Martinez Arias, A., and Lawrence, P. A. (1985). Parasegments and compartments in the Drosophila embryo. Nature 313, 639-642.
144. Mathies, L. D., Kerridge, S., and Scott, M. P. (1994). Role of teashirt gene in Drosophila midgut morphogenesis: Secreted proteins mediate the action of homeotic genes. Development 120, 2799-2809.
145. Matsuda, R. (1965). Morphology and evolution of the insect head. In "Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute," Vol. 4. The American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, MI.
146. McCormick, A., Core, N., Kerridge, S., and Scott, M. P. (1995). Homeotic response elements are tightly linked to tissue-specific elements in a transcriptional enhancer of the teashirt gene. Development 121, 2799-2812.
147. McGinnis, W., and Krumlauf, R. (1992). Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 68, 283-302.
148. Melnick, M. B., Perkins, L. A., Lee, M., Ambrosio, L., and Perrimon, N. (1993). Developmental and molecular characterization of mutations in the Drosophila-izl serine/threonine protein kinase. Development 118, 127-138.
149. Merrill, V. K. L., Turner, F. R., and Kaufman, T. C. (1987). A genetic and developmental analyisis of mutaions in the Deformed locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 122, 379-395.
150. Merrill, V. K. L., Diederich, R. J., Turner, F. R., and Kaufman, T. C. (1989). A genetic and developmental analysis of mutations in labial, a gene necessary for proper head formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev. Biol. 153, 376-391.
151. Mohler, J. (1993). Genetic regulation of CNC expression in the pharyngeal primordia of Drosophila blastoderm embryos. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 202, 214-223.
152. Mohler, J. (1995). Spatial regulation of segment-polarity gene expression in the anterior terminal region of the Drosophila blastoderm embryo. Mech. Dev. 50, 151-161.
153. Mohler, J., and Vani, K. (1992). Molecular organization and embryonic expression of the hedgehog gene involved in cell-cell communication in segmental patterning of Drosophila. Development 115, 957-971.
154. Mohler, J., Mahaffey, J. W., Deutsch, E., and Vani, K. (1995). Control of Drosophila head segment identity by the bZIP homeotic gene cnc. Development 121, 237-247.
155. Morata, G., and Lawrence, P. (1975). Control of compartment development by the engrailed gene. Nature 255, 614-617.
156. Morrissey, D., Askew, D., Raj, L., and Weir, M. (1991). Functional dissection of the paired segmentation gene in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev. 5, 1684-1696.
157. Müllen, J. R., and DiNardo, S. (1995). Establishing parasegments in Drosophila embryos: Roles of the odd-skipped and naked genes. Dev. Biol. 169, 295-308.
158. Nagy, L., and Carroll, S. (1994). Conservation of wingless patterning functions in the shortgerm embryos of Tribolium castaneum. Nature 367, 460-463.
159. Nellen, D., Burke, R., Struhl, G., and Basler, K. (1996). Direct and long-range action of a DPP morphogen gradient. Cell 85, 357-368.
160. Newcomer, W. S. (1948). Embryological development of the mouthparts and related structures of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. J. Morphol. 82, 365-411.
161. Newman, M. J. (1993). Transforming growth factor beta and the cell surface in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 12, 239-254.
162. Niisslein-Volhard, C., Wieschaus, E., and Kluding, H. (1984). Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Zygotic loci on the second chromosome. Roiix's Arch. Dev. Dial. 193, 267-282.
163. Niisslein-Volhard, C., Kluding, H., and Jürgens, G. (1985). Genes affecting the segmental subdivision of the Drosophila embryo. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50,145-154.
164. O'Hara, E., Cohen, B., Cohen, S. M., and McGinnis, W. (1993). Distal-less is a downstream gene of Deformed required for ventral maxillary identity. Development 117, 847-856.
165. Panganiban, G., Nagy, L., and Carroll, S. B. (1994). The role otDistalless gene in the development and evolution of insect limbs. Curr. Biol. 4, 671-675.
166. Panganiban, G., Sebring, A., Nagy, L., and Carroll, S. (1995). The development of crustacean limbs and the evolution of arthropods. Science 270, 1363-1366.
167. Pankratz, M. J., and Jäckle, H. (1993). Blastoderm segmentation. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 467-516. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
168. Panzer, S., Weigel, D., and Beckendorf S. K. (1992). Organogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Embryonic salivary gland determination is controlled by homeotic and dorsoventral patterning genes. Development 114, 49-57.
169. Patel, N. H. (1994a). Developmental evolution: Insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266, 581-590.
170. Patel, N. H. (1994b). The evolution of arthropod segmentation: Insights from comparisons of gene expression patterns. In "The Evolution of Developmental Mechanisms," pp. 201-207. Company of Biologists, Cambridge, UK.
171. Patel, N. H., Kornberg, T., and Goodman, C. (1989a). Expression of engrailed during segmentation in grasshopper and crayfish. Development 107, 210-212.
172. Patel, N. H., Martin-Blanco, E., Coleman K. G., Poole, S. J., Ellis, M. C, and Kornberg, T. B. (1989b). Expression of engrailed proteins in arthropods, annelids, and chordates. Cell 58, 955-968.
173. Patel, N. H., Ball, E. E., and Goodman, C. S. (1992). Changing role of the even-skipped during the evolution of insect pattern formation. Nature 357, 339-342.
174. Patel, N. H., Condron, B. G., and Zinn, K. (1994). Pair-rule expression patterns are found in both short- and long-germ beetles. Nature 367, 429-434.
175. Pattatucci, A. M. (1991). The genetic analysis of the homeotic gene Sex combs reduced of the Antennapedia-complex of Drosophila melanogaster: Toward an understanding of the nature in which developmental processes are regulated. Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington.
176. Pattatucci, A. M., and Kaufman, T. C. (1991). The homeotic gene Sex combs reduced of Drosophila melanogaster is differentially regulated in the embryonic and imaginai stages of development. Genetics 129, 443-461.
177. Pattatucci, A. M., Otteson, D., and Kaufman, T. C. (1991). A functional and structural analysis of the Sex combs reduced locus of Drosophila melanogater. Genetics 129, 423-441.
178. Pignoni, F., Steingrimsson, E., and Lengyel, J. A. (1992). bicoid and the terminal system activate tailless expression in the early Drosophila embryo. Development 115, 239-251.
179. Popadfc, A., Rusch, D., Peterson, M., Rogers, B. T., and Kaufman, T. C. (1996). Origin of the arthropod mandible. Nature 380, 395.
180. Pöpperl, H., Bienz, M., Studer, M., Chan, S., Aparicio, S., Brenner, S., Mann, R. S., and Krumlauf, R. (1995). Segmental expression of Hoxb-1 is controlled by a highly conserved autoregulatory loop dependent upon exd/pbx. Cell 81, 1031-1042.
181. Pultz, M. A., Diederich, R. J., Cribbs.D. L., and Kaufman,T. C. (1988).Theproboscipedia locus of the Antennapedia Complex: A molecular and genetic analysis. Genes Dev. 2, 901-920.
182. Raff, R. A., and Kaufman, T. C. (1983). "Embryos, Genes and Evolution. The DevelopmentalGenetic Basis of Evolutionary Change." Macmillan, New York.
183. Raftery, L. A., Twombly, V., Wharton, K., and Gelbart, W. M. (1995). Genetic screens to identify elements of the decapentaplegic signaling pathway in Drosopliila. Genetics 139, 241-254.
184. Randazzo, F. M, Cribbs, D. L., and Kaufman, T. C. (1991). Rescue and regulation ofproboscipedia: A homeotic gene of the Antennapedia Complex. Development 113, 257-271.
185. Regulski, M., McGinnis, N., Chadwick, R., and McGinnis, W. (1987). Developmental and molecular analysis of Deformed: A homeotic gene controlling Drosopliila head development. EMBO J. 6, 767-777.
186. Reinitz, J., and Levine, M. (1990). Control of the initiation of homeotic gene expression by the gap genes giant and tailless in Drosopliila. Dev. Biol. 140, 57-72.
187. Rempel, J. G. (1975). The evolution of the insect head: The endless dispute. Quaestiones Entonwl. 11, 7-25.
188. Reuter, R. (1994). The gene serpent has homeotic properties and specifies endoderm versus ectoderm within the Drosopliila gut. Development 120, 1123-1135.
189. Riddihough, G., and Is-Horowicz, D. (1991). Individual stripe regulatory elements in the Drosopliila hairy promoter respond to maternal, gap, and pair-rule genes. Genes Dev. S, 840-854.
190. Riley, P., Carroll, S., and Scott, M. (1987). The expression and regulation of the Sex combs reduced protein in Drosopliila embryos. Genes Dev. 1, 716-730.
191. Roberts, J. R., and Hartberg, W. K. (\919).proboscipedia, a homeotic mutant in Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News 39, 348-359.
192. Rodeck, U. (1993). Growth factor independence and growth regulatory pathways in human melanoma development. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 12, 219-226.
193. Röder, L., Vola, C, and Kerridge, S. (1992). The role of the teashirt gene in trunk segmental identity in Drosopliila. Development 115,1017-1033.
194. Rogers, B. T., and Kaufman, T. C. (1996). Structure of the insect head as revealed by the EN protein pattern in developing embryos. Development 122, 3419-3432.
195. Rogers, B. T., Peterson, M. D., and Kaufman, T. C. (1997). Evolution of the insect body plan as revealed by the Sex combs reduced expression pattern. Development 124,149-157.
196. Ronchi, E., Treisman, J., Dostatni, N., Struhl, G., and Desplan, C. (1993). Down-regulation of the Drosopliila morphogen bicoid by the torso receptor-mediated signal transduction cascade. Cell 74, 347-355.
197. Ross, M. H., and Tanaka, A. (1988). Genetic variability in the german cockroach. XII: A third mutant that suggests chromosome 9 carries a highly conserved group of closely linked genes. J. Hered. 79, 439-443.
198. Royet, J., and Finkelstein, R. (1995). Pattern formation in Drosopliila head development: The role of the ortlwdenticle homeobox gene. Development 121, 3561-3572.
199. Sander, K. (1988). Studies in insect segmentation: From teratology to phenogenetics. Development 104(SuppI.), 112-121.
200. Schmidt-Ott, U., and Technau, G. M. (1992). Expression of en and \vg in the embryonic head and brain of Drosopliila indicates a refolded band of seven segment remnants. Development 116, 111-125.
201. Schmidt-Ott, U., González-Gaitan, M., Jäckle, H., and Technau, G. (1994a). Number, identity, and sequence of the Drosopliila head segments is revealed by neural elements and their deletion patterns in mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 91, 8363-8367.
202. Schmidt-Ott, U., Sander, K., and Technau, G. (1994b). Expression of engrailed in embryos of a beetle and five dipteran species with special reference to the terminal regions. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 203, 298-303.
203. Schmidt-Ott, U., González-Gaitan, M., and Technau, G. (1995). Analysis of neural elements in head-mutant Drosopliila embryos suggests segmental origin of the optic lobes. Rottx's Arch. Dev. Biol. 205, 31-44.
204. Schneitz, K., Spielmann, P., and Noll, M. (1993). Molecular genetics of aristaless, a prd-type homeo box gene involved in the morphogenesis of proximal and distal pattern elements in a subset of appendages in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 7, 114-129.
205. Schneuwly, S., Klemenz, R., and Gehring, W. J. (1987). Redesigning the body plan of Drosophila by ectopic expression of the homoeotic gene Antennapedia. Nature 325, 816-818.
206. Scholtz, G. (1995). Head segmentation in Crustacea-An immunocytochemical study. Zoology 98, 104-114.
207. Seeger, M. A., and Kaufman, T. C. (1990). Molecular analysis of the bicoid gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura: Identification of conserved domains within coding and noncoding regions of the bicoid mRNA. EMBO J. 9, 2977-2987.
208. Sharov, A. G. (1966). "Basic Arthropodan Stock with a Special Reference to Insects." Pergamon, Elmsford, NY.
209. Siegfried, E., and Perrimon, N. (1994). Drosophila Wingless: A paradigm for the function and mechanism of Wnt signaling. BioEssays 16, 395-404.
210. Simeone, A., Gulisano, M., Acampora, D., Stornaiuolo, A., Rambaldi, M., and Boncinelli, E. (1992). Two vertebrate homeobox genes related to the Drosophila empty spiracles gene are expressed in the embryonic cerebral cortex. EMBO J. 11, 2541-2550.
211. Simeone, A., Acampora, D., Mallamaci, A., Stornaiuolo, A., D'Apice, M. R., Nigro, V., and Boncinelli, E. (1993). A vertebrate gene related to orthodenticle contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and demarcates anterior neuroectoderm in the gastrulating mouse embryo. EMBO J. 12, 2735-2747.
212. Simpson-Brose, M., Treisman, J., and Desplan, C. (1994). Synergy betwen the hunchback and bicoid morphogens is required for anterior patterning in Drosophila. Cell 78, 855-865.
213. Slack, J. M., Holland, P. W., and Graham, C. F. (1993). The zootype and the phylotypic stage. Nature 361, 490-492.
214. Small, S., Kraut, R., Hoey, T., Warrior, R., and Levine, M. (1991). Transcriptional regulation of a pair-rule stripe in Drosophila. Genes Dev. 5, 827-839.
215. Snodgrass, R. E. (1935). "Principles of Insect Morphology." McGraw-Hill, New York.
216. Snodgrass, R. E. (1953). The metamorphosis of a fly's head. Smitlisonian Miscellaneous Collections 122(3), 1-25.
217. Sommer, R., and Tautz, D. (1991). Segmentation gene expression in the housefly Musca domestica. Development 113, 419-430.
218. Sommer, R., and Tautz, D. (1993). Involvement of an orthologue of the Drosophila pair rule gene hairy in segment formation of the short germ-band embryo of Trtbolium (Coleoptera). Nature 361, 448-450.
219. Sprenger, F., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1993). The terminal system of axis determination in the Drosophila embryo. In "The Development of Drosophila melanogaster" (M. Bate and A. Martinez Arias, Eds.), pp. 365-386. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
220. St. Johnston, R. D., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (1992). The origin of pattern and polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 68, 201-219.
221. Strecker, T. R., Yip, M. L., and Lipshitz, H. D. (1992). Genetic control of cell fate in the termini of the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Biol. ISO, 422-426.
222. Stuart, J. J., Brown, S. J., Beeman, R. W., and Denell, R. E. (1991). A deficiency of the homeotic complex of the beetle Tribolium. Nature 350, 72-74.
223. Struhl,G., Struhl, K., and Macdonald, P. M. (1989). The gradient morphogen bicoid is a concentration-dependent transcriptional activator. Cell 57, 1259-1273.
224. Struhl, G., Johnston, P., and Lawrence, P. A. (1992). Control of Drosophila body pattern by the hunchback morphogen gradient. Cell 69, 237-249.
225. Sulston, I. A., and Anderson, K. V. (1996). Embryonic patterning mutants in Tribolium castaneum. Development 122, 805-814.
226. Sunkel, C. E., and Whittle, J. R. S. (1987). Brista: A gene involved in the specification and differentiation of distal cephalic and thoracic structures in Drosophila melanogaster. Roiix's Arch. Dev. Biot. 196, 124-132.
227. Tabata, T., Eaton, S., and Kornberg, T. B. (1992). The Drosophila hedgehog gene is expressed specifically in posterior compartment cells and is a target of engrailed regulation. Genes Dev. 6, 2635-2645.
228. Tautz, D., and Pfeifle, C. (1989). A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for the localization of specific RNAs in Drosophila embryos reveals translation control of the segmentation'gene hunchback. Chromosoma 98, 81-85.
229. Tautz, D.( and Sommer, R. J. (1995). Evolution of segmentation genes in insects. Trends Genet. 11, 23-27.
230. Tautz, D., Lehmann, R., Schnurch, H., Schuh, R., Seifert, E., Kienlin, A., Jones, K., and Jäckle, H. (1987). Finger protein of novel structure encoded by hunchback, a second member of the gap class of Drosophila segmentation genes. Nature 327, 383-389.
231. Treier, M., Pfeifle, C., and Tautz, D. (1989). Comparison of the gap segmentation gene hunchback between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis reveals novel modes of evolutionary change. EMBO J. S, 1517-1525.
232. Tremml, G., and Bienz, M. (1992). Induction of lab expression in the Drosophila endoderm: Response elements for dpp signaling and for autoregulation. Development 116, 447-456.
233. Tsai, C., and Gergen, J. P. (1995). Pair-rule expression of the Drosophila fitshi tarazii gene: A nuclear receptor response element mediates the opposing regulatory effects of runt and hairy. Development 121, 453-462.
234. Turner, F. R., and Mahowald, M. P. (1979). Scanning electron microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis. Dev.BioI. 68, 96-109.
235. Vachon, G., Cohen, B., Pfeifle, C, McGuffin, M. E., Botas, J., and Cohen, S. M. (1992). Homeotic genes of the Bithorax-Complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene Distal/ess. Cell 71, 437-450.
236. Valentine, J. W., Erwin, D. H., and Jablonski, D. (1996). Developmental evolution of metazoan bodyplans: The fossil evidence. Dev. Biol. 173, 373-381.
237. Vandendries, E. R., Johnson, D., and Reinke, R. (1996). orthodenticle is required for photoreceptor cell development in the Drosophila eye. Dev. Biol. 173, 243-255.
238. van den Heuvel, M., Nusse, R., Johnston, P., and Lawrence, P. (1989). Distribution of the wingless gene product in Drosophila embryos: A protein involved in cell-cell communication. Cell 59, 739-749.
239. van den Heuvel, M., Klingensmith, J., Perrimon, N., and Nüsse, R. (1993). Cell patterning in the Drosophila segment: engrailed and wingless antigen distributions in segment polarity mutant embryos. In "Signals, Polarity and Adhesion in Development," pp. 105-114. Com-pany of Biologists, Cambridge, UK.
240. Vider, B. Z., Zimber, A., Chastre, E., Prevot, S., Gespach, C, Estlein, D., Wolloch, Y., Tronick, S. R., Gazit, A., and Yaniv, A. (1996). Evidence for the involvement of the Wnt2 gene in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 12,153-158.
241. Walldorf, U., and Gehring, W. J. (1992). empty spiracles, a gap gene containing a homeobox involved in Drosophila head development. EMBO J. 11, 2247-2259.
242. Warren, R., and Carroll, S. (1995). Homeotic genes and diversification of the insect body plan. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 459-465.
243. Warren, R. W., Nagy, L., Selegue, J., Gates, J., and Carroll, S. (1994). Evolution of homeotic gene regulation and function in flies and butterflies. Nature 372, 458-461.
244. Weigel, D., Jürgens, G., Klingler, M., and Jäckle, H. (1990). Two gap genes mediate maternal terminal pattern information in Drosophila. Science 248, 495-498.
245. Wieschaus, E., Nüsslein-Volhard, C., and Jürgens, G. (1984). Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Zygotic loci on the X-chromosome and fourth chromosome. Roiix's Arch. Dev. Biol. 193, 296-307.
246. Wieschaus, E., Perrimon, N-, and Finkelstein, R. (1992). orthodenticle activity is required for the development of medial structures in the larval and adult epidermis. Development 115,801-811.
247. Williams, J. A., and Carroll, S.B. (1993). The origin, patterning and evolution of insect appendages. BioEssays 15, 567-577.
248. Wimmer, E. A., Jäckle, H., Pfeifie, C, and Cohen, S. M. (1993). A Drosophila homologue of human Spl is a head-specific segmentation gene. Nature 366, 690-694.
249. Wimmer, E. A., Simpson-Brose, M., Cohen, S. M., Desplan, C, and Jäckle, H. (1995). Trans-and cis-acting requirements for the blastoderm expression of the head gap gene bitttonhead. Mech. Dev. 53, 235-245.
250. Wolff, C, Sommer, R., Schröder, R., Glaser, G., and Tautz, D. (1995). Conserved and divergent expression aspects of the Drosophila segmentation gene hunchback in the short germ band embryo of the flour beetle Tribolium, Development 121, 4227-4236.
251. Younossi-Hartenstein, A., Tepass, U., and Hartenstein, V. (1993). Embryonic origin of the imaginai discs of the head of Drosophila melanogaster. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 203,60-73.
252. Yu, Y., and Pick, L. (1995). Non-periodic cues generate seven ftz stripes in the Drosophila embryo. Mech. Dev. 50, 163-175.
253. Zecca, M., Basler, K., and Struhl, G. (1995). Sequential organizing activities of engrailed, hedgehog and decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing. Development 121, 2265-2278.
254. Zuo, P., Stanojevic, D., Colgan, J., Han, K., Levine, M., and Manley, J. L. (1991). Activation and repression of transcription by the gap proteins hunchback and Krüppel in cultured Drosophila cells. Genes Dev. 5, 254-264.