Simulated dermal contamination with capillary samples and field cholinesterase biomonitorinc

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 35-55

  Yuknavage, Kathy L ^a   Fenske, Richard A ^a   Kalman, David A ^a   Keifer, Matthew C ^a   Furlong, Clement E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CONTAMINATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTOXICATION; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN SURFACE; TOXICITY TESTING; VOLUNTEER; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE; CAPILLARIES; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ERYTHROCYTES; ESTERASES; FINGERS; HUMANS; INSECTICIDES; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; REAGENT KITS, DIAGNOSTIC; SKIN; SKIN ABSORPTION;

EID: 0030954271     PISSN: 00984108     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00984109708984010     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Aldridge, W. N. 1953. An enzyme hydrolyzing diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (E600) and its identity with the A-esterase of mammalian sera. Biochem. J. 53:117-124.
2. Allender, W. J., and Brit, A. G. 1994. Analyses of liquid diazinon formulations and breakdown products: An Australia-wide survey. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 53:902-906.
3. Brealey, C. J., Walker, C. H., and Baldwin, B. C. 1980. A-esterase activities in relation to the differential toxicity of pirimiphos-methyl to birds and mammals. Pestic. Sci. 11:546-554.
4. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation Worker Health and Safety Branch. Extracts from California Code of Regulations. 1991. Title 3. Food and Agriculture. Division 6. Pesticides and Pest Control Operators. Chapter 3. Pest Control Operations. Subchapter 3. Pesticide Worker Safety, pp. 415-424.1. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency.
5. Callaway, S., Davies, D. R., and Rutland, J. P. 1951. Blood cholinesterase levels and range of personal variation in a healthy adult population. Br. Med. J. 2:812-816.
6. Costa, L. G., Richter, R. J., Murphy, S. D., Omenn, G.S., Motulsky, A. G., and Furlong, C. E. 1987. Species differences in serum paraoxonase correlate with sensitivity to paraoxon toxicity. In Toxicology of pesticides: Experimental, clinical and regulatory perspectives, eds. L. G. Costa, C. L. Galli, and S. D. Murphy. Series H: Cell Biology, Vol. H 13, pp. 98-100, 263-266. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
7. Costa, L. G., MeDonald, B. D., Murphy, SD., Omenn, G. S., Richter, R. J., Motulsky, A. G., and Furlong, C. E. 1990. Serum paraoxonase and its influence on paraoxon and chlorpyri-fos-oxon toxicity in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103:66-76.
8. Costello, J., Gibbons, D., O’connell, L., Smith, C., Bissell, S., and Carr, J. 1989. Worker Exposure to Malathion, Sulfur and Nuisance Dust During Date Harvest. Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker Safety, Worker Health and Safety Branch.
9. Coye, M. J., Lowe, J. A., and Maddy, K. T. 1986. Biological monitoring of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides: J.Cholinesterase activity determinations. J. Occup. Med. 28:619-627.
10. Davies, H. G., Richter, R. J., Keifer, M. C., Broomfield, C. A., Swoalla, J., and Furlong, C. E. 1996. The effect of the human serum paraoonase polymorphism is reversed with diazinon, soman and sarin. Nature Cenet. 14:334-336.
11. Davis, J. E., Stevens, E. R., Staiff, D. C., and Butler, L. C. 1982. Potential exposure of apple thinners to phosalone. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 29:592-598.
12. Davis, J. E., Stevens, E. R., Staiff, D. C., and Butler, L. C. 1983a. Potential exposure of apple thinners to azinphosmethyl and comparison of two methods for assessment of hand exposure. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 31:631-638.
13. Davis, J. E., Stevens, E. R., Staiff, D. C., and Butler, L. C. 1983b. Potential exposure to diazinon during yard applications. Environ. Monit. Assess. 3:23-28.
14. EQM Research, Inc., Test-Mate OP Kit, Instruction Book IB-15. 1991. Package insert. Cincinnati, OH.
15. Fenske, R. A., and Elkner, K. P. 1990. Multi-route exposure assessment and biological monitoring of urban pesticide applicators during structural control treatments with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol. Ind. Health 6:349-371.
16. Fenske, R. A., and Lu, C. 1994. Determination of handwash removal efficiency: Incomplete removal of the pesticide chlorpyrifos from skin by standard handwash techniques. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.55:425-431.
17. Furlong, C. E., Richter, R.J., Seidel, S. L., and Motulsky, A. G. 1988. Role of genetic polymorphism of human plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase in hydrolysis of the insecticide metabolites chlorpyrifos oxon and paraoxon. Am. J. Hum. Cenet. 43:230-238.
18. Furlong, C. E., Richter, R. J., Seidel, S. L., Costa, L. G., and Motulsky, A. G. 1989. Spectrophotometric assays for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the active metabolites of chlorpyrifos and parathion by plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase. Anal. Biochem. 180:242-247.
19. Gage, J. C. 1955. Blood cholinesterase values in early diagnosis of excessive exposure to phosphorus insecticides. Br. Med. J. 1:1370-1372.
20. Gallo, M. A., and Lawryk, N. J. 1991. Organic phosphorus pesticides. In Handbook of pesticide toxicology, eds. W. J. Hayes, Jr., and E. R. Laws, Jr., Vol. 2, pp. 917-957. San Diego: Academic Press.
21. Geldmacher-von Mallinckrodt, M., and Diepgen, T. L. 1988. The human serum paraoxonase-poly-morphism and specificity. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 18:79-196.
22. Gomaa, H. M., Suffet, J.H., and Faust, S. D. 1969. Kinetics of hydrolysis of diazinon and diaz-oxon. Res. Rev. 29:171-190.
23. Gysin, H., and Margot, A. 1958. Chemistry and toxicological properties of 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-iso-propyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate (Diazinon).J. Agric. Food Chem. 6:900-903.
24. Jeyaratnam, J. 1985. Health problems of pesticide usage in the third world. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42:505-506.
25. Jeyaratnam, J., and Maroni, M. 1994. Organophosphorous compounds. Toxicology 91:15-27.
26. Kansouh, A. S. H., and Hopkins, T. L. 1968. Diazinon absorption, translocation, and metabolism in bean plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 16:446-450.
27. Kraus, J. F., Richards, D. M., Borhani, N. O., Mull, R., Kilgore, W. W., and Winterlin, W. 1977. Physiological response to organophosphate residues in field workers. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5:471-485.
28. Lewis, P. J., Lowing, R. K., and Gompertz, D. 1981. Automated discrete kinetic method for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase. Clin. Chem. 27:926-929.
29. Li, W.-F., Costa, L. G., and Furlong, C. E. 1995. Paraoxonase protects against chlorpyrifos toxicity in mice. Toxicol. Lett. 76:219-226.
30. London, L., Thompson, M. L., Sacks, S., Fuller, B., Bachmann, O. M., and Myers, J. E. 1995. Repeatability and validity of a field kit for estimation of cholinesterase in whole blood. Occup. Environ. Med. 52:57-64.
31. Machin, A. F., Anderson, P. H., Quick, M. P., Waddell, D. F., Skibniewska, K. A., and Howells, L. C. 1976. The metabolism of diazinon in the liver and blood of species of varying susceptibility of diazinon poisoning. Xenobiotica 7:104.
32. Mackness, M. I., and Walker, C. H. 1983. Partial purification and properties of sheep serum "A"-esterases. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32:2291-2296.
33. Maddy, K. T., and Meinders, D. D. 1987. Monitoring and Observation of Peach Tree Limb Proppers to Estimate Potential Exposure to Guthion® and Zolone®: Stanislaus County, 1985. HS-1360. Sacramento: Worker Health and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture.
34. Magnotti, R. A. 1996. The compound responsible for blocking PChE from reacting with the AChE substrate is Astra-1397 (10-a-diethyl amino propionyl phenothiazine). A compound developed in the 1950s and distributed by Research Biochemicals. Personal communication, 9 January.
35. Magnotti, R. A., Eberly, J. P., Quarm, D. E. A., and McConnell, R. S. 1987. Measurement of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes in the field. Clin. Chem. 33:1731-1735.
36. Magnotti, R. A., Dowling, K., Eberly, J. P., and McConnell, R. S. 1988. Field measurement of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase. Clin. Chim. Acta 176:315-332.
37. Margot, A., and Gysin, H. 1957. Diazinon, seine zersetzungsprodukte und ihre eigenschaften. Helv. Chem. Acta 40:1562-1573.
38. McConnell, R., Cedillo, L., Keifer, M., and Palomo, M. R. 1992. Monitoring organophosphate insecticide-exposed workers for cholinesterase depression. J. Occup. Med. 34:34-37.
39. McCurdy, S. A., Hansen, M. E., Weisskopf, C. P., Lopez, R. C., Schneider, F., Spencer, J., Sanborn, J. R., Krieger, R. I., Wilson, B. W., Goldsmith, D. F., and Schenker, M. B. 1994. Assessment of azinphosmethyl exposure in California peach harvest workers. Arch. Environ. Health 49:289-296.
40. Milby, T. H., Ottoboni, F., and Mitchell, H. W. 1964. Parathion residue poisoning among orchard workers. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 189:97-102.
41. Nigg, H. N., Allen, J. C., Brooks, R. F., Edwards, G. J., Thompson, N. P., King, R. W., and Blagg, A. H. 1977. Dislodgeable residues of ethion in Florida citrus and relationships to weather variables. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6:257-267.
42. Racke, K. D. 1993. Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 131:1-153.
43. Ralls, J. W., Gilmore, D. R., and Cortes, A. 1966. Fate of radioactive 0,0-diethyl 0-(2-iso-propyl-4-methylpyridmidin-6-y/phosphorothioate on field-grown experimental crops. J. Agric. FoodChem. 14:387-392.
44. Rasmussen, W. A., Jensen, J. A., Stein, W. J., and Wayland, J. H., Jr. 1963. Toxicological studies of DDVP for disinfection of aircraft. Aero. Med. 34:593-431.
45. Schneider, F., Spencer, J., Sanborn, J., Alcoser, D., Garza, R., Margetich, S., and de Valle, M. 1990. Dermal and Urinary Monitoring of Nectarine Harvesters Exposed to Azinphos-Methyl Residues in Fresno County, California, 1988. HS-1532. Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection, and Worker Safety.
46. Sigma Diagnostics. 1994. Sigma Diagnostics Cholinesterase [PTC] (Procedure No. 422). Package insert.
47. Spear, R. C., Jenkins, D. L. and Milby, T. H. 1975. Pesticide residues and field workers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:308-313.
48. Spear, R. C., Popendorf, W. J., Leffingwell, J. T., Milby, T. H., Davies, J. E., and Spencer, W. F. 1977a. Fieldworker’s response to weathered residues of parathion. J. Occup. Med. 19:406-410.
49. Spear, R. C., Popendorf, W. J., Spencer, W. F., and Milby, T. H. 1977b. Worker poisonings due to paraoxon residues.J. Occup. Med. 19:411-414.
50. Spencer, J. R., Alcoser, D., and Margetich, S. S. 1989. Monitoring the Exposure of Workers During the Mixing, Loading and Application of Azinphosmethyl to Stone Fruit. Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker Safety, Worker Health and Safety Branch.
51. Spencer, J. R., Sanborn, J. R., Hernandez, B. Z., Schneider, F. A., and Margetich, S. S. 1991. Long and Short Intervals of Dermal Exposure of Peach Harvesters to Foliar Azinphos-Methyl Residues. HS-1578. Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Pest Management. Environmental Protection, and Worker Safety, Worker Health and Safety Branch.
52. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. 1989. Exposure factors handbook, EPA/600/8-89/043, pp. 4-27 and 4-31. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
53. Wester, R. C., Maibach, H. I., Bucks, D. A. W., McMaster, J., and Mobayen, M. 1990. Percutaneous absorption and skin decontamination of PCBs: In vitro studies with human skin and in vivo studies in the rhesus monkey. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 31:235-246.
54. Wetstone, H. J. and Lamotta, R. V. 1965. The clinical stability of serum cholinesterase activity. Clin. Chem. 11:653-663.
55. Wolfe, H. R., Armstrong, J. F., and Durham, W. F. 1966. Pesticide exposure from concentrate spraying. Arch. Environ. Health 13:340-344.
56. Wolfe, H. R., Armstrong, J. F., Staiff, D. C., Comer, S. W., and Durham, W. F. 1975. Exposure of apple thinners to parathion residues. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 3:257-267.
57. World Health Organization Permanent Commission and International Association on Occupational Health, Subcommittee on Pesticides. 1972. Epidemiological toxicology of pesticide exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 25:399-405.
58. Yager, J., McLean, H., and Hudes, M. 1976. Components of variability in blood cholinesterase assay results. J. Occup. Med. 18:242-244.